Gen Bio W3-5

Charisse Alyson C.
Escudero, 11-STEM-Electra
General Biology Week 3-5

ACTIVITY # 1:
Part 1:
AEROBIC RESPIRATION ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
How are they alike?
Both use glucose as starting molecules.
Both produce ATP.
Both oxidize food.
Both release energy.
Both take place inside cells.
AEROBIC RESPIRATION ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
How are they different?
Respiration takes place in the Respiration takes place in the

presence of absence of
oxygen. oxygen.
It involves the exchange of gases Exchange of gases is absent.

between the
organism and the outside
environment.
The end product is CO2 and H2O. The end product is alcohol.
Produces more energy. Produces less energy.
Seen in the cytoplasm and the Seen only in the cytoplasm.

mitochondria.
Can only be found in higher Can only be found in lower

organisms like organisms like
mammals. bacteria.
Charisse Alyson C. Escudero, 11-STEM-Electra General Biology (Week 3-5)
Summary and Conclusion:

Ergo, both have their own advantages under certain situations.
Aerobic respirations produce more ATP than anaerobic respirations, but
are sensitive when exposed to oxygen toxicity, whilst, anaerobic
respirations are less energy-efficient, but can survive in habitats that are
lacking of oxygen.
Part 2:
METABOLIC PATHWAYS OUTSIDE THE MITOCHONDRIA: GLYCOLYSIS

(NOTE: ARRANGE THE PATHWAYS IN ORDER 1 TO 7.)
1 Splitting of the 6-carbon sugar produces 3-carbon molecules.
2 Two ATP molecules are used to start glycolysis.
3 Substrate-level ATP synthesis occurs (also called as substrate-level

phosphorylation).
4 Two Pyruvate molecules (3-carbon) are produced as the end products

of glycolysis.
5 G3P is oxidized as NAD+ receives high energy-electrons coming from

hydrogen atoms of C6H12O6.
6 Substrate-level ATP synthesis occurs.
7 Water is released as 3PG is oxidized.
METABOLIC PATHWAYS OUTSIDE THE MITOCHONDRIA:

FERMENTATION (NOTE: ARRANGE THE PATHWAYS IN ORDER 1 TO 6.)
1 Splitting of the 6-carbon sugar produces 3-carbon molecules.
2 Two ATP molecules are used to start glycolysis.
3 G3P is oxidized as NAD+ receives high energy-electrons coming from

the hydrogen atoms of C6H12O6
4 NAD+ is “freed” to return to the glycolytic pathway to pick up more

electrons.
5 Splitting of BPG in two molecules of pyruvate is coupled to

substrate-level ATP synthesis.
6 Two molecules of pyruvate are converted to ethanol (with CO2 as

by-product) and lactate.
Part 3:
1. Explain how NAD+, pyruvate, oxygen and ATP are involved in aerobic
cellular respiration.
NAD+ is an electron shuttle that carries electrons from
glycolysis and citric acid cycle to electron transport chain; it produces
ATP by breaking down energy molecules. Pyruvate is broken down
during the link reaction to produce Acetyl-CoA, which then
continues to the Citric Acid Cycle and then to Oxidative
Phosphorylation. Oxygen is the only molecule that grabs the reactive
electron from NADH or FADH2 through hydrogen transporter
molecules and changes to water. During aerobic cellular respiration,
the glucose reacts with oxygen which forms ATP that is used by the
cell. Glucose and oxygen react to form ATP.
2. What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

Oxygen is the final electron receiver of the electron transport
chain in the final step of cellular respiration. It combines with
hydrogen ions and electrons to produce H2O.
3. What are the members of the chain in the electron transport

system?
Four large and multiprotein complexes rooted in the inner
mitochondrial membrane and two small and diffusible electron
carriers transporting electrons between them.
4. What do the cristae (or folds) in the mitochondrion contain?

The electron transport chain.
5. What happens to the hydrogen ions (H+) carried by NADH and

FADH2?
They flow back across the mitochondrial membrane, by ATP
synthase, into the matrix to produce ATP.
6. Contrast the energy-investment step with the energy-payoff step of

glycolysis.
The energy investment phase of glycolysis contains the
investment of two ATP molecules which results in the construction
of two molecules of glyceraldehyde phosphate, while the energy
payoff phase of glycolysis consists of five additional steps and fallouts
in the formation of four ATP, two NADH + H+, and two pyruvate
molecules.
7. How is aerobic cellular respiration different between prokaryotic and

eukaryotic organisms?
The difference of aerobic cellular respiration is that it produces
more energy. Eukaryotes need to do aerobic cellular to get the
necessary amount of oxygen, while prokaryotes are much simpler,
since anaerobic cellular respiration is often sufficient for it.
8. What happens during electron transport and what it has to do with a

proton pump?
Proton pumping produces a proton gradient during electron
transport chain and is used in synthesizing ATP. Protons flow down
their concentration gradient into the matrix through the membrane
protein ATP synthase, causing it to spin and catalyze adaptation of
ADP to ATP.
9. Using arrows show in a simple diagram the metabolic for glycolysis.

10. Explain how ATP can continue to be produced in the absence of

oxygen.
Through fermentation; as there are some organisms that are
able to constantly change energy without the existence of oxygen.
They go through glycolysis, followed by the anaerobic procedure of
fermentation to make ATP.
Part 4: Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration by accomplishing

the Venn diagram below.
Part 5: Directions: Compare fermentation with anaerobic and aerobic

respiration by analyzing the diagram below.
The processes have different final electron acceptors; O2 and NO3 in
cellular respiration, and an organic molecule (pyruvate) in fermentation.
However, instead of ending with glycolysis, as fermentation does,
anaerobic respiration creates pyruvate and then continues on the same
path as aerobic respiration.
Part 6: Provide the best answer(s) for each question.

1. What are the three kinds of enzyme-controlled reactions so that the
chemical-bond energy from a certain nutrient is released to the cell
in the form of ATP?
Catabolism, anabolism, and metabolism.
2. What are the hydrogen electron acceptors for aerobic and anaerobic
respiration as well as in fermentation?
The hydrogen electron acceptor for aerobic is O2 (oxygen); anaerobic
is inorganic molecules, while in fermentation is organic molecules.
3. These are the by-products of aerobic respiration that are considered

low-energy molecules.
During aerobic cellular respiration, glucose reacts with oxygen,
which leads to formation of ATP. Carbon dioxide and water are then
created as by-products.
4. What are the outputs produced by anaerobic respiration? What

about fermentation?
The end products of anaerobic respiration are Lactic acid or ethanol
and ATP molecules, while in fermentation, it is ethanol and carbon
dioxide.
5. What are two general metabolic mechanisms by which certain cells

can oxidize organic fuel and generate ATP without the use of
oxygen?
Fermentation and anaerobic respiration.
Part 7:
1. TRUE
2. TRUE
3. Partial or incomplete degradation
4. Cristae or folds
5. TRUE
6. Krebs Cycle
7. TRUE
8. TRUE
9. 7.3 kcal
10. Glycolysis
Part 8: Provide the best answer(s) for each question.

1. How many metabolic pathways are present in aerobic respiration?
There are 2 metabolic pathways present in aerobic respiration.
2. Where in the cell part does glycolysis take place? What about the
formation of Acetyl CoA, Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain
and chemiosmosis?
The glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm, while the formation of
Acetyl CoA, Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain and
chemiosmosis takes place in the mitochondria.
3. How many reduced NADH molecules are produced after the glucose
has been completely broken down to ATP? And what stage of the
aerobic respiration is glucose completely broken down to carbon
dioxide?
Glucose (6-carbon atoms) is split into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
(3-carbons each). This produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH. This breaks down
the pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide. Then the glucose is completely
broken down to carbon dioxide in the last part (results) of Krebs
cycle.
4. As glucose is split in the cytosol of the cell, is there a release of
carbon dioxide as a by-product of the reaction?
Yes, refer to answer number 3.
5. What molecule accepts the hydrogen atoms at the end of the
electron transport chain?
Oxygen.
6. What is the major goal of NADH and FADH2 in aerobic respiration?

To move electrons into the electron transport chain.
7. Why do you think the cell needs to digest glucose or any other
nutrients such as protein and fats?
Because cells take energy from the conversion of glucose into lactic
acid or carbon dioxide to power the biosynthesis of other complex
molecules required for life.
8. Among the metabolic pathways of cellular respiration, which phase
is the major contributor of ATP?
Glycolysis.
9. What happens to pyruvate if oxygen is not available in the cell?
If there is no present oxygen, pyruvate will undergo fermentation.
10. How many acetyl-CoAs are produced from each glucose molecule?
2 Acetyl-CoA.
Part 9:
1. B.
2. B.
3. C.
4. D.
5. A.
6. D.
7. B.
8. B.
9. A.
10. D.

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Charisse Alyson C.

General Biology Week 3-5

AEROBIC RESPIRATION ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

How are they alike?

Both use glucose as starting molecules.

Both produce ATP.

Both oxidize food.

Both release energy.

Both take place inside cells.

AEROBIC RESPIRATION ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

How are they different?

Respiration takes place in the Respiration takes place in the

It involves the exchange of gases Exchange of gases is absent.

Produces more energy. Produces less energy.

Seen in the cytoplasm and the Seen only in the cytoplasm.

Can only be found in higher Can only be found in lower

Summary and Conclusion:

METABOLIC PATHWAYS OUTSIDE THE MITOCHONDRIA: GLYCOLYSIS

1 Splitting of the 6-carbon sugar produces 3-carbon molecules.

2 Two ATP molecules are used to start glycolysis.

3 Substrate-level ATP synthesis occurs (also called as substrate-level

4 Two Pyruvate molecules (3-carbon) are produced as the end products

5 G3P is oxidized as NAD+ receives high energy-electrons coming from

6 Substrate-level ATP synthesis occurs.

7 Water is released as 3PG is oxidized.

METABOLIC PATHWAYS OUTSIDE THE MITOCHONDRIA:

1 Splitting of the 6-carbon sugar produces 3-carbon molecules.

2 Two ATP molecules are used to start glycolysis.

3 G3P is oxidized as NAD+ receives high energy-electrons coming from

4 NAD+ is “freed” to return to the glycolytic pathway to pick up more

5 Splitting of BPG in two molecules of pyruvate is coupled to

6 Two molecules of pyruvate are converted to ethanol (with CO2 as

2. What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

3. What are the members of the chain in the electron transport

4. What do the cristae (or folds) in the mitochondrion contain?

5. What happens to the hydrogen ions (H+) carried by NADH and

6. Contrast the energy-investment step with the energy-payoff step of

7. How is aerobic cellular respiration different between prokaryotic and

8. What happens during electron transport and what it has to do with a

9. Using arrows show in a simple diagram the metabolic for glycolysis.

10. Explain how ATP can continue to be produced in the absence of

Part 4: Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration by accomplishing

Part 5: Directions: Compare fermentation with anaerobic and aerobic

Part 6: Provide the best answer(s) for each question.

3. These are the by-products of aerobic respiration that are considered

4. What are the outputs produced by anaerobic respiration? What

5. What are two general metabolic mechanisms by which certain cells

Part 8: Provide the best answer(s) for each question.

6. What is the major goal of NADH and FADH2 in aerobic respiration?

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