Anaphy Lecture Quiz 2

Cells
- Are the structural units of all living things.

- Smallest living unit
- Whatever its form, however it behaves, the cell is the microscopic package that contains
all the parts necessary to survive in an ever changing world.
- Thus, loss of cellular homeostasis underlies virtually every disease.
- Made up of CHON and smaller amounts of other elements.
- Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
- The activity of an organism depends on the collective activities of its cell.
- According to the principle of complementarity, the activities of the cell are dictated by
their structure (anatomy), which determines function (physiology). \
- Continuity of life has a cellular basis
Robert Hooke (1600’s)

- English Scientist
- Coined the term “cell”
- Observed plant cells (cork) using a crude microscope
Matthias Scleiden and Theodore Schwann.(1830’s)

- German Scientists
- Proposed that all living things are composed of cells
Rudolf Virchow
- German Pathologist
- Proposed that cells arise only from other cells
Cell theory
1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms.
3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Types of Cells
● Nerve cell = Neuron
● RBC erythrocyte
● Fat cell
● Sperm cell
● Egg cell
● Epithelial cell
● Smooth muscle cells
The Cell
Generalized cell
- Cells differ from each other but they have the same typical features.
A human cell has 3 main parts

1. Plasma membrane
- Outer boundary, a selectively permeable barrier
2. Cytoplasm
- Intracellular fluid packed with organelles with specific functions
3. Nucleus
- Organelle that controls cellular activities, typically lies near or at the
center.
● Extracellular Materials
- Are substances contributing to body mass that are found outside the cells
- 3 classes
1. Body fluids (extracellular fluid)
2. Cellular secretions
3. Extracellular matrix- a substance that glues the cell to each other.
1. PLASMA MEMBRANE
- a.k.a cell membrane
- A fragile transparent barrier that contains all cell contents and separates them
from the surrounding environment.
- Flexible, segregates intracellular fluid from the extracellular fluid.
- Plays a dynamic role in cellular activities
- Glycocalyx (a glycoprotein) (plays a role in cell-to-cell recognition and
interaction) bordering the cell that provides highly specific biological markers by
which the cell recognizes one another.
- Fluid mosaic model
● 7-10 nanometer bilayer
● Made up of liquid molecules
● With protein molecules “plugged into” or dispersed in it.
● The proteins that float in the fluid bilayer form a constantly
changing mosaic pattern, this the name of the model
● Head = hydrophilic
● Tail = hydrophobic
- Plasma membrane plays many functions
1. Transport
- A protein that spans the membrane provide a hydrophilic channel
across the membrane that is selective for a particular solute
- Some transport proteins hydrolyze ATP as an energy source to
activity pump substances across the membrane.
2. Receptors for Signal transduction

- A membrane protein exposed to the outside of the cell may have a
binding site that fits the shape of a specific chemical messenger,
such as a hormone.
- When bound, the chemical messenger may cause a change in
shape in the protein that initiates a chain of chemical reactions in
the cell.
3. Attachment to the Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix

- Elements of the cytoskeleton ( cell’s internal supports) and the
extracellular matrix (fibers and other substances outside the cell)
may anchor to the membrane proteins, which helps maintain cell
shape and fix the location of certain membrane proteins.
- Others play a role in cell movement or bind adjacent cells
together.
4. Enzymatic Activity
- A membrane protein may be an enzyme with its active site
exposed to substances in the adjacent solution.
- A team of several enzymes in a membrane may catalyze
sequential steps of a metabolic pathway as indicated here.
5. Intercellular Joining
- Membrane proteins of adjacent cells may be hooked together in
various kinds of intercellular junctions.
- Some membrane proteins (cell adhesion molecules or CAM’s) of
this group provide temporary binding sites that guide cell migration
and other cell-to-cell interactions.
6. Cell-cell Recognition
- Some glycoproteins (proteins bonded to short chains of sugar
which help to make up the glycocalyx) serve as identification tags
that are specifically recognized by other cells.
● The Glycocalyx
- Consist of glycoproteins and glycolipids
- Form a fuzzy, sticky, carbohydrate rich area at the cell surface
- Provides highly specific biological markers by which approaching cells recognize each
other (e.g. a sperm may recognize an ovum b the ovum’s unique glycocalyx)
● Cell Junctions
- Most important factor that secures the cells together.
- 3 ways cells are bound together
1. Glycoproteins in the glycocalyx act as an adhesive or cellular glue
2. Wavy contours of the membranes of adjacent cells fit together in a
tongue-and-groove fashion
3. Special cell membrane junctions are formed
- 3 types of cell membrane junctions
1. Tight junctions- impermeable junctions that encircle the cells and bind
them together. Adjacent plasma membranes fuse together tightly like a
zipper and prevent substances from passing through the extracellular
space between cells.
2. Desmosomes- (binding bodies)- serves as anchoring junctions

scattered like rivets along the sides of adjacent cells. Prevent cells
subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart.
- Plaque, Cadherins, Keratin Filaments
- Acts like a molecular “velcro” and also help form an
internal tension-reducing network of fibers.
3. Gap Junctions (communicating junctions)- function mainly to allow

communication. The neighboring cells are connected by hollow cylinders
composed of proteins (connexons) that span the entire width of the
abutting membranes. Nutrients can pass directly through the connexons.
- Communicating junctions allow ions and small molecules
to pass are particularly important for communication in
heart cells and embryonic cells.
● Membrane Transport
- Passive Transport
- Diffusion- tendency of molecules or ions to move from an area where
they are in higher concentration to an are where they are in lower
concentration.
-All molecules possess kinetic energy, and as the molecule
moves about randomly at high speeds, they collide and
change in direction with each collision. The overall effect of
this erratic movement is that the molecules move Down or
along their concentration gradient
-influenced by molecule size (the smaller, the faster) and
temperature ( the warmer , the faster)
-In order for molecules to pass, they should be
Lipid soluble molecules
Small enough to pass through the membrane
channel, or assisted by a certain carrier molecule
- Types of Passive Transport
A. Simple diffusion- of fat soluble molecules through the phospholipid
bilayer. From high to low concentration by going down their
concentration gradient
B. Carrier-Mediated Facilitated Diffusion- via protein carrier specific for
one chemical; binding of substance causes transport protein to change
shape. Same with simple diffusion but the diffusing substance is
attached to a lipid-soluble membrane carrier protein.
C. Channel- Mediated facilitated Diffusion- through a channel protein;
mostly ions selected on basis of size and change. Same with simple
diffusion but the diffusing substance passess through a membrane
channel
D. Osmosis- diffusion of a solvent such as water through a specific
channel protein (aquaporin) or through the lipid bilayer. Diffusion of
water through a selectively permeable membrane.
- Osmosis- diffusion of a solvent (usually water) through the membrane.

Osmolarity- total concentration of all solute particles in a solution
Osmotic Pressure- the tendency of water to move into the cell by
osmosis.
Hydrostatic Pressure- the back pressure exerted by water
against the membrane.
Tonicity- refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape or
tone of cells by altering the cells internal water volume
(tono=tension)
- Isotonic, Hypertonic, Hypotonic
- Active Transport- when a cell uses ATP to move substances across the
membrane
- Substances moved actively are unable to pass through diffusion
because;
1. Too large
2. Membrane may lack special protein carriers
3. May not be able to dissolve in the fat core
4. May have to move “uphill”, move against concentration
gradient.
- Requires carrier proteins
- A.k.a. Solute pumps
- 2 most important active processes
1. Active transport- similar to facilitated diffusion, but this transport is
driven by ATP to energize protein carriers called solute pumps.
- Distinguished according to source of energy
a. Primary active transport- the energy to do work comes directly
from hydrolysis of ATP.(eg. sodium -potassium pump)
- Sodium-potassium pumps- pushes the sodium out
the cell with solute pumps using ATP then potassium
outside the cell binds in the solute pump to enter the
cell. This process is called phosphorylation.
b. Secondary active transport- transport is driven indirectly by
energy stored in the concentration gradient of ions by primary
active transport pumps.
- Sodium moves back into the cell with the help of a
carrier protein, other substances are dragged along or
contrasported by the same carrier protein.
- Coupled systems- they move more than one
substance at a time
Symport System- same direction
Antiport System- opposite direction
2. Vesicular transport- when substances cannot get through the

membrane via active and passive transport., vesicular transport
involves the help from ATP to fuse or separate membrane vesicles
and the cell membrane; moves substances into or out of cells in bulk
without their actually crossing the plasma membrane.
- Fluids containing large macromolecules are transported
across the cellular membrane inside bubble-like membranous
sacs called vesicles.
- Exocytosis- (out of cell)- is the mechanism that cells use to
actively secrete the hormones, mucus, and other products or
to reject certain cellular wastes.
- Endocytosis- (into the cell)- cells take up or engulf
extracellular substances by enclosing them in a vesicle.
- Phagocytosis (cell-eating)
- Pinocytosis (Cell-drinking)
- Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
THE CYTOPLASM
- The cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
- Site of most cellular activities
- Composed of 3 major elements
1. Cytosol- gel like fluid. Semitranparent fluid that suspends the other elements.
2. Inclusions- includes lipid droplets. Cellular pantry where items are kept on hand
until needed.
3. Organelles- specialized cellular compartments.

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Cells

- Are the structural units of all living things.

Robert Hooke (1600’s)

Matthias Scleiden and Theodore Schwann.(1830’s)

A human cell has 3 main parts

2. Receptors for Signal transduction

3. Attachment to the Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix

2. Desmosomes- (binding bodies)- serves as anchoring junctions

3. Gap Junctions (communicating junctions)- function mainly to allow

- Osmosis- diffusion of a solvent (usually water) through the membrane.

2. Vesicular transport- when substances cannot get through the

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