Disaster Readiness

and
Risk Reduction
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Risk Factors Underlying
Disasters
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Risk Factors Underlying Disasters

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Published by the Department of Education Secretary:

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Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Rodgem A. Barairo

Ginalyn H. Aquino
Editors: Ma. Fe Lorelei E. Amon
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Vanessa R. Ambas
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Disaster Readiness
and
Risk Reduction
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Risk Factors Underlying
Disasters
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the (Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Grade 11/12)

Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Risk Factors Underlying Disasters!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed, and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body
of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Alternative- Grade 11/12
Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Risk Factors Underlying Disasters!

The content of the modules are activities that focus in providing concrete
understanding and application of scientific knowledge on Disaster Readiness and
Risk Reduction and the solution of practical problems in a physical environment.
It is designed to bridge the gap between theoretical science and daily living,
where the learners can answer the activities at their own pace within the
specified time allotment to complete a specific section of self-learning material
on a particular content.

Indeed, learning is fun! So, make the most meaningful journey towards
independent learning and self-discovery of knowledge.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to check

what you already know about the lesson to take. If you get all the
answers correct (100%), you may decide to skip this module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current
lesson with the previous one.
What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to
you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson.

This aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and
skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent practice

to solidify your understanding and skills of the topic. You may check
the answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or

blank sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will help

you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life situations or
concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of

mastery in achieving the learning competency.

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 Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given
to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you
are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

This module is intended to help you understand the risk factors underlying
disasters. This course focuses on the application of scientific knowledge and the
solution of practical problems in a physical environment.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify the risk factors underlying disasters.

2. describe each Risk factors underlying disasters.
3. utilize the gained knowledge in real life situations to avoid harm and
assure safety.
4. appreciate the importance of understanding the risk factors underlying
disasters to mitigate the effects of disaster and practice mitigation measures
as early as necessary.

What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is the process or condition, often development-related,

that influence the level of disaster risk by increasing levels of exposure and
vulnerability or reducing capacity?
a. risk factor
b. disaster risk
c. natural hazard
d. man-made hazard

2. Which of the following is NOT an element which causes disaster?

a. exposure
b. hazard
c. risk
d. vulnerability

3. Which of the following BEST describes hazard?

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 a. loss of life or injury naturally
b. a phenomenon or human activity
c. potentially damaging physical event
d. reduction of vulnerability and exposure

4. Which of the following risk factors BEST describes the cause of COVID-
19 pandemic?
a. climate change
b. weak governance
c. globalized economic development
d. poorly- planned and managed urban development

5. It refers to the changes that can be attributed “directly or indirectly to

human activity altering the composition of the global atmosphere and
additionally to the natural climate variability observed over comparable
periods of time”?
a. deforestation
b. climate change
c. global warming
d. carbon footprint

6. How will reduction of the level of vulnerability and exposure be

possible?
a. proper knowledge on disaster risk
b. potentially damaging physical even
c. increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of
hazard
d. by keeping people and property as distant as possible from
hazards

7. Which of the following risk factors affect with inequality?

a. poverty
b. climate change
c. weak governance
d. globalized economic development

8. Unwillingness to assume their roles and responsibilities in governing

disaster risk unit, falls under which of the following risk factors?
a. climate change
b. weak governance
c. poverty and inequality
d. environmental degradation

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9. Which among the groups suffer more adverse effects when an
earthquake causing disaster occurs?
a. men and women
b. children and women
c. old persons and women
d. old persons and children
10. The occurrence of landslides in the Philippines is increasing. This kind
of disaster will fall under which of the following risks?
a. poverty and inequality
b. climate change and weak governance
c. climate change and environmental degradation
d. climate change and globalized economic development

11. The ages below are average years ranges affected by specific
situations happening as a disaster occurs. Which of the following age
ranges are “Most Stressed-Out” after a disaster according to Asian
Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC)?
a. 16-20
b. 20-30
c. 30-40
d. 40-60

12. Which of the following risk factors is the result in an increased

polarization between the rich and poor on a global scale?
a. climate change
b. poverty and inequality
c. environmental degradation
d. globalized economic development

13. Which of the following is NOT a contributor to the worst outcomes

when a disaster happened?
a. displacement
b. can handle stress
c. death of someone close
d. massive loss of property

14. Who among the following groups of people are more likely to live in
hazard-exposed areas and are less able to invest in risk-reducing
measures based on most studies in Asian Disaster Preparedness Center
(ADPC)? a. middle class
b. senior citizens
c. young professionals
d. impoverished people

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15. It is a risk factor that is both a driver and a consequence of disasters,
reducing the capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological
needs, what is it?
a. climate change
b. weak governance
c. poverty and inequality
d. environmental degradation

Lesso Differentiating Risk

n 1 Factors Underlying
Disaster
In this module, the learner will understand that disaster can bring about
many devastating effects. Upon identifying the risk factors underlying disaster,
this will provide ideas to mitigate the effects of disasters that can lead to death,
destruction of infrastructures, loss of livelihoods, and even non-physical events
like emotional and psychological aspects.

What’s In

At Risk…

Disaster can affect everyone. It does not discriminate between and among
social classes, gender, creed, race, and nationality. But certain risk factors put
those affected in a position where they will have graver or longer-lasting post-
disaster stress reactions. These aggravating factors contribute to evident
differences in the stress reactions of certain individuals with certain
characteristics.

Activity 1.1:
Direction: Read the scenario below. Based on your understanding of disaster
from the previous module, enumerate or list down the risks that are reflected
from the text.

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Gina, an 18-year-old resident of
Tacloban City, just got laid off from
her job as a sales clerk in a
medium sized hardware store. She
and her siblings could barely
Composite Art Background:
survive each day with their limited Medico International (2013) Taifun-Nothilfe
resources. Then Typhoon Yolanda Philippinen
struck, it killed her 2 younger 2013. Photograph. https://www.flickr.com/photos/
35576425@N08/11190702586 Licensed underCC BY-
sisters. Their home was destroyed SA
by the storm surge. In her 2.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/?
barangay alone, 2000 residents ref=ccsearch&atype=rich

were killed, including her

childhood friends and
former playmates.

Identified Risks:
1. __________________________________ 4. __________________________________
2. __________________________________ 5. __________________________________
3. __________________________________

What’s New

Activity 1.2 Identifying Risk Factors

Direction: Read the news article about an earthquake. After you have read the
article, answer the guide questions.

6.4-Magnitude Earthquake Shakes Southern Philippines

MANILA • A strong 6.4-magnitude earthquake shook the southern Philippines

yesterday, sending frightened residents fleeing from buildings, officials and
eyewitnesses said.

The quake struck off the coast of the southern town of Manay at 3.16 pm at a
depth of 14km, the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
(PHIVOLCS) said in a statement.

While there were no immediate reports of serious destruction, the institute said it
expects the earthquake to have caused some damage.

A lot of people ran from their homes because a lot of items were falling inside,"
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) is a service
institute of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) that is principally
mandated to mitigate disasters that may arise from volcanic eruptions,
earthquakes, tsunami and other related geotectonic phenomena. PHIVOLCS
science researcher John Deximo said.

The Philippines lies on the so-called Ring of Fire, a vast Pacific Ocean region
where many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur.

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At least two people were killed and scores injured when a 6.5-magnitude quake
struck the central Philippines in July last year.

The most recent major quake to hit the Philippines was in 2013, when a
7.1magnitude quake left more than 220 people dead and destroyed historic
churches in the central islands.

France-Presse, Agence, “6.4-Magnitude Earthquake Shakes Southern Philippines”THE STRAIT TIMES

ASIA, 09 September 2018, SGT https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/64-magnitudeearthquake-
shakes-southern-philippines

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Guide Questions:
1. What risk/s can you identify from the news article?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. What do you think are the factors that affect the disaster risks from the
preceding article?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

What is It

RISK FACTORS

Disaster risk as defined in the first module, has three important elements
such as:

1. Exposure - the “elements at risk from a natural or man-made

hazard event (Quebral, 2016).

2. 2. Hazard-a potentially dangerous physical occurrence,

phenomenon or human activity that may result in loss of life or injury, property
damage, social and economic disruption, or environmental degradation.

3. Vulnerability - the condition determined by physical, social,

economic and environmental factors or processes, which increase the
susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazard (Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United nation, FAO 2008).
Reduction of the level of vulnerability and exposure is possible by keeping
people and property as distant as possible from hazards. We can not avoid
natural events from occurring, but we can concentrate on addressing the
reduction of risk and exposure by determining the factors causing disasters.
Risk Factors are processes or conditions, often development-related, that
influence the level of disaster risk by increasing levels of exposure and
vulnerability or reducing capacity.
The following are also taken into consideration when risk factors underlying
disaster are involved:

⚫ Severity of exposure - which measures those who experience disaster

firsthand which has the highest risk of developing future mental
problems, followed by those in contact with the victims such as rescue

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 workers and health care practitioners and the lowest risk are those most
distant like those who have awareness of the disaster only through news.

⚫ Gender and Family - the female gender suffers more adverse effects.
This worsens when children are present at home. Marital relationships are
placed under strain.

⚫ Age - adults in the age range of 40-60 are more stressed after disasters
but in general, children exhibit more stress after disasters than adults do.
Magbool, Irfan, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, ADPC, 31 December
2012, https://www.adpc.net/igo/contents/adpcpage.asp?
pid=1266&dep=RIG

⚫ Economic status of country - evidence indicates that severe mental

problems resulting from disasters are more prevalent in developing
countries like the Philippines. Furthermore, it has been observed that
natural disasters tend to have more adverse effects in developing
countries than do mancaused disasters in developed countries.
Magbool, Irfan, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, ADPC, 31 December 2012,
https://www.adpc.net/igo/contents/adpcpage.asp?pid=1266&dep=RIG

Factors which underlie disasters:

1. Climate Change - can increase disaster risk in a variety of ways – by
altering the frequency and intensity of hazards events, affecting vulnerability to
hazards, and changing exposure patterns. For most people, the expression
“climate change” means the alteration of the world’s climate that we humans
are causing such as burning of fossil fuels, deforestation and other practices that
increase the carbon footprint and concentration of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere. This is in line with the official definition by the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that climate change is the
change that can be attributed “directly or indirectly to human activity that alters
the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural
climate variability observed over comparable time periods”
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, “Climate Change and Disaster Risk
Reduction”, September 2008
https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/dra/vcp/documents/7607_Climate-Change-DRR.pdf

2. Environmental Degradation - changes to the environment can influence

the frequency and intensity of hazards, as well as our exposure and vulnerability
to these hazards. For instance, deforestation of slopes often leads to an increase
in landslide hazard and removal of mangroves can increase the damage caused
by storm surges (UNISDR, 2009b). It is both a driver and consequence of
disasters, reducing the capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological
needs. Over consumption of natural resources results in environmental
degradation, reducing the effectiveness of essential ecosystem services, such as

4
the mitigation of floods and landslides. This leads to increased risk from
disasters, and in turn, natural hazards can further degrade the environment.

Prevention Web. Editor, “Environmental Degradation”, Prevention Web. The Knowledge

Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, 12 November 2015
https://www.preventionweb.net/risk/environmental-degradation

3. Globalized Economic Development - It results in an increased

polarization between the rich and poor on a global scale. Currently increasing the
exposure of assets in hazard prone areas, globalized economic development
provides an opportunity to build resilience if effectively managed. By
participating in risksensitive development strategies such as investing in
protective infrastructure, environmental management, and upgrading informal
settlements, risk can be reduced. Dominance and increase of wealth in certain
regions and cities are expected to have increased hazard exposure (Gencer,
2013).

Prevention Web. Editor, “Globalized Economic Development”, Prevention Web. The

Knowledge Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, 12 November 2015
https://www.preventionweb.net/risk/globalized-economic-development

4. Poverty and Inequality - Impoverished people are more likely to live in

hazardexposed areas and are less able to invest in risk-reducing measures. The
lack of access to insurance and social protection means that people in poverty
are often forced to use their already limited assets to buffer disaster losses,
which drives them into further poverty. Poverty is therefore both a cause and
consequence of disaster risk (Wisner et al., 2004), particularly extensive risk,
with drought being the hazard most closely associated with poverty (Shepard et
al., 2013). The impact of disasters on the poor can, in addition to loss of life,
injury and damage, cause a total loss of livelihoods, displacement, poor health,
food insecurity, among other consequences. Vulnerability is not simply about
poverty, but extensive research over the past 30 years has revealed that it is
generally the poor who tend to suffer worst from disasters (DFID, 2004; Twigg,
2004; Wisner et al., 2004; UNISDR, 2009b).
Prevention Web. Editor, “Poverty and inequality”, Prevention Web.
The Knowledge Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, 12 November
2015 https://www.preventionweb.net/risk/poverty-inequality

5. Poorly planned and Managed Urban Development - A new wave of

urbanization is unfolding in hazard-exposed countries and with it, new
opportunities for resilient investment emerge. People, poverty, and disaster risk
are increasingly concentrated in cities. The growing rate of urbanization and the
increase in population density (in cities) can lead to creation of risk, especially
when urbanization is rapid, poorly planned and occurring in a context of

5
widespread poverty. Growing concentrations of people and economic activities in
many cities are seen to overlap with areas of high-risk exposure.
Prevention Web editor, “Poorly planned and managed urban development “, Prevention Web. The
Knowledge Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, 12 November 2015
https://www.preventionweb.net/risk/poorly-planned-managed-urban-development

6. Weak Governance - weak governance zones are investment

environments in which public sector actors are unable or unwilling to assume
their roles and responsibilities in protecting rights, providing basic services and
public services. Disaster risk is disproportionately concentrated in lower-income
countries with weak governance (UNISDR, 2015a). Disaster risk governance
refers to the specific arrangements that societies put in place to manage their
disaster risk (UNISDR, 2011a; UNDP, 2013a) within a broader context of risk
governance (Renn, 2008 in UNISDR, 2015a). This reflects how risk is valued
against a backdrop of broader social and economic concerns (Holley et al.,
2011).
Prevention Web. Editor, “ ”Prevention Web. The Knowledge Platform for Disaster Risk
Reduction. Nov. 12, 2015 https://www.preventionweb.net/risk/weak-governance

Certain factors are related to a survivor’s background and recovery is

hampered if survivors: were not functioning well before the disaster; have no
experience dealing with disasters; must deal with other stressors after the
disaster; have low self-esteem; feel uncared for by others; think they exercise
little control over what happens to them; and unable to manage stress.
More factors contributory to worse outcomes: death of someone close;
injury to self or family member; life threat; panic, horror, or similar feelings;
separation from family; massive loss of property; and displacement.

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 What’s More

Activity 1.3: What is the Risk Factor?

Direction: Analyze the given situation by identifying the correct risk factor.
Write only the letter that corresponds to your answer. To facilitate your task,
accomplish the given table below:

A.
Climate Change
B.
Environmental Degradation
C.
Globalized Economic Development
D.
Poverty and Inequality
E.
Poorly planned and Managed Urban Development
F.
Weak Governance

Situation Factor Underlying

Disaster

unwillingness to assume their roles and

responsibilities in governing disaster risk department
rising sea levels
cities located in low-altitude estuaries such as
Marikina City, Philippines are exposed to sea-level rise
and flooding.
houses are built with lightweight materials

effects in developing countries

deforestation that can lead to landslide

global Warming
garbage slide killed that over 200 people in an
informal settlement in Manila, the Philippines,
fragmented responsibilities for drought risk
management

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 Stop and Reflect

Now review your previous activities 1.3. Do you think that the given

ideas/concepts are clear for you to differentiate risk factors

underlying disasters? Agree or Disagree?

What I Have Learned

Exit Ticket

Have you learned so much from this module? What are the three
things that you learned today? What are the two things you found
interesting?

3 Things I learned Today 1. _______________________________________

_______________________________________
2.

3. ________________________________________

2 Things I Found Interesting 1. ____________________________________

What I Can Do2.

____________________________________

1 Question I have 1. ________________________________________

w
Now that you have already learned and understand the lessons, focusing on risk
factors underlying disasters. It is time to work to demonstrate your learning
gains. Are you ready? Sure, you are!

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Activity 1.4 Am I Ready?
Direction: Suppose you are invited by the SK Chairman in your barangay as a
resource speaker to your fellow age group during an Environmental Awareness
Activity and you were asked to give emphasis on the risk factors underlying
disasters so that young people will be equipped with knowledge on how to
mitigate the effects of a disaster. Have a concept in mind of how you are going
to deliver the information. Write down what you want to deliver to the audience.
The given rubrics below will be used for scoring.

Rubrics for creating a speech.

4 3 2 1

The speech is The speech is

The speech The speech is
on topic but on topic and
adheres to neither on topic
Content the the
the nor has
substance is substance is
theme/topic. substance.
satisfactory. fair.

Ideas and pieces

Some pieces
The speech is of information
of
very well seem to be
Organization Clear words information
organized randomly
of Thoughts are used. are not clear
and arranged and
and hard to
informative. improvement is
follow.
needed.
Cox, Janelle. "Writing Rubrics." ThoughtCo, Feb. 19, 2020,
thoughtco.com/writingrubric-2081370.

Additional Activities

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Activity 1.5 Fill Me!
Direction: Supply the missing letters to complete the word/s that
described the various effects of disaster. Statements are provided as
clues.

1. The elements at risk from a natural or man-made hazard event.

_X__S__E

2. These are processes or conditions, often development-related, that

influence the level of disaster risk by increasing levels of exposure and
vulnerability or reducing capacity.

D_S___E_ R___

3. The conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and

environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of
a community to the impact of hazard.

_U_N__A__L__Y

4. Damage to both public and private infrastructures

I_F__S_R__T_R_ D__A_E

5. Many people must abandon their homes and seek shelter in other
regions which may cause large influx of refugees that disrupt
accessibility of health care and education, as well as food supplies and
clean water

P__E_T__L D_S__A__M_N_

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References

France-Presse, Agence, “6.4-Magnitude Earthquake Shakes Southern

Philippines” , 09 September 2018.
https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/64magnitude-earthquake-
shakes-southern-philippines

Magbool, Irfan, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, ADPC, 31 December 2012.

https://www.adpc.net/igo/contents/adpcpage.asp?pid=1266&dep=RIG

International Stratgegy for Disaster Reduction, “Climate Change and Disaster Risk
Reduction”, September 2008. https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/dra
/vcp / documents/7607_Climate-Change-DRR.pdf

Prevention Web. Editor, “Environmental Degradation”, 12 November 2015.

https://www.preventionweb.net/risk/environmental-degradation

Prevention Web. Editor, “Globalized Economic Development”, 12 November 2015.

https://www.preventionweb.net/risk/globalized-economic-development

Prevention Web. Editor, “Poverty and inequality”, Prevention Web”, 12 November

2015. https://www.preventionweb.net/risk/poverty-inequality

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Prevention Web editor, “Poorly planned and managed urban development “, 12
November 2015. https://www.preventionweb.net/risk/poorly-
plannedmanaged-urban-development

Prevention Web. Editor, “The Knowledge Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction”, 12
November 2015. https://www.preventionweb.net/risk/weak-governance

International Stratgegy for Disaster Reduction, “Climate Change and Disaster

Risk
Reduction”, September 2008, https://www.wmo.int/pages
/prog/dra/vcp/documents/7607_Climate-Change-DRR.pdf

Patrick Mahar | Julia A. Lynch | Joseph Wathen | Eric Tham | Stephen Berman
|Sathyanarayanan Doraiswamy | Allen G.K. Maina “Disasters and their
Effects on the Population: Key Concepts,”
https://www.aap.org/enus/Documents/disasters_dpac_PEDsModule1.pdf

Magbool, Irfan, “Asian Disaster Preparedness Center”, 31 December 2012,

https://www.adpc.net/igo/contents/adpcpage.asp?pid=1266&dep=RIG

Backer Jonathan, “Studies on Emergencies and Disaster Relief Guidance Note on

Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction in to the CCA and UNDAF”, UNDG
p.107, https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/97142/10
/10_chapter%202.pdf

Cox, Janelle. "Writing Rubrics." ThoughtCo, Feb. 19, 2020,

thoughtco.com/writingrubric-2081370.

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex

Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

Email Address: [email protected] * [email protected]

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