UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS

AKOKA-YABA

SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES

FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

MASTERS IN PUBLIC AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

COURSE TITLE: COMPARATIVE FOREIGN POLICIES

COURSE CODE: PIA 809

ASSIGNMENT:
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE FOREIGN POLICY OF USA AND RUSSIA

GROUP 8

S/N NAMES MATRIC NUMBER

1 Tajudeen Aderoju 239088056

2 Emmanuel Akanimo Christian 110903056

3 Ademuyiwa Busayo Joy 150903018

4 Adebayo Muheez Adekunle 239088072

5 ⁠Babatunde Sodiq Olamilekan 239088073

6 ⁠Basheer Olalekan Nurudeen 239088055

7 Adewunmi Ayomikun 239088038

8 ⁠Ajuwa Gabriel 120108027

INTRODUCTION

For more than two centuries, the United States and Russia have shared a complex and
multi-faceted diplomatic relationship. At various points in history, these two global powers
have been both adversaries and allies, each wielding significant influence over international
affairs. This dynamic relationship has been shaped by geopolitical shifts, ideological
differences, and mutual interests, reflecting the broader currents of global politics.

As leading members of various international organizations, their actions and policies often set
the tone for global diplomatic, economic, and security trends.

A Historical Foundation

The roots of U.S.-Russia relations date back to the early 19th century, a time when the two
nations found themselves on opposite sides of the globe yet bound by their mutual desire for
exploration and expansion. One of the most significant early interactions between the two
countries occurred when Russia established a settlement at Fort Ross in California, bringing
the two nations closer than ever before. Although the settlement was short-lived, it marked
the beginning of a diplomatic relationship that would continue to evolve over the next 200
years.

In 1867, the sale of Alaska to the U.S. government by Russia marked a pivotal moment in the
relationship between the two countries. This transaction not only expanded U.S. territory but
also signaled a new phase of interaction, characterized by commercial joint ventures and
mutual support during critical moments in history. Russia’s support for the United States
during the American Civil War is a notable example, demonstrating how the two nations
could set aside differences in pursuit of common goals.

The Twentieth Century: Cooperation and Conflict

The early 20th century witnessed a shift in the U.S.-Russia relationship as the world entered
an era of unprecedented change and turmoil. The Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 and the
subsequent establishment of the Soviet Union created a new ideological divide between the
two nations. Despite this, the United States provided humanitarian assistance to the Soviet
Union during the devastating famine of 1921–1923, illustrating the enduring human
connection that transcended political boundaries.

The alliance between the United States and the Soviet Union during World War II stands as a
testament to the potential for cooperation between these two powerful nations. Faced with the
common threat of Nazi Germany, the U.S. and the Soviet Union joined forces, with the latter
participating in the Lend-Lease program, which provided crucial supplies to the Allies.
However, this period of collaboration was short-lived, as the end of the war gave rise to the
Cold War—a period marked by intense rivalry and the ever-present threat of nuclear conflict.

The Cold War and Beyond

The Cold War era was defined by a stark ideological divide between the capitalist United
States and the communist Soviet Union. The two superpowers engaged in a global struggle
for influence, supporting opposing sides in conflicts across the globe. Despite the tension,
there were moments of détente, as seen in the cultural, sports, scientific, and educational
exchanges that took place during this time. Notable among these was the Apollo-Soyuz
mission in 1975, where U.S. and Soviet astronauts worked together in space, symbolizing a
brief thaw in an otherwise frosty relationship.

The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 marked the end of the Cold War and the
beginning of a new chapter in U.S.-Russia relations. With the emergence of the Russian
Federation, the relationship between the two nations entered a period of transformation. The
early 1990s saw an expansion of contacts between Russian and American citizens, with
collaboration extending into new areas such as counterterrorism, nuclear non-proliferation,
and global health initiatives.

Challenges and Continuities

Despite the end of the Cold War, U.S.-Russia relations have remained complex and at times
contentious. The two nations continue to cooperate on global challenges, yet significant
differences persist. Issues such as human rights, election interference, and regional conflicts
have strained the relationship, demonstrating that even after 200 years, the dynamics between
the United States and Russia are still evolving.

As we look to the future, the history of U.S.-Russia relations serves as a reminder of the
enduring nature of diplomacy. The relationship between these two global powers is a
microcosm of international relations, reflecting the broader themes of conflict, cooperation,
and the ever-changing landscape of global politics.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT: EVOLUTION OF US AND RUSSIAN FOREIGN POLICY

Foreign policy is a critical tool through which countries navigate the complex landscape of
international relations. For global powers like the USA and Russia, foreign policy decisions
resonate worldwide, affecting international stability, economic systems, and the balance of
power.

Evolution of US Foreign Policy: Key Milestones

The foreign policy of the United States has undergone significant transformations since its
inception, shaped by the nation's growth, global conflicts, and ideological shifts. Here are
some key milestones in the evolution of U.S. foreign policy:

1. The Monroe Doctrine (1823): This early cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy declared
that the Western Hemisphere was off-limits to European colonization, positioning the
U.S. as a dominant power in the Americas. It set the stage for the country's future
interventions in Latin America and its role as a regional power.
 2. The Spanish-American War (1898): Marking a shift from isolationism to
imperialism, the U.S. emerged as a global power after defeating Spain, gaining
territories like Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. This war signaled the U.S.'s
expanding influence beyond its borders.
3. World Wars and Wilsonian Idealism (1914-1945): The U.S.'s involvement in World
War I and World War II marked its entry into global leadership. President Woodrow
Wilson's vision of collective security, embodied in the League of Nations, laid the
groundwork for future international cooperation, despite the U.S. initially rejecting
the League.
4. The Cold War (1947-1991): The U.S. adopted a policy of containment to counter the
spread of communism, leading to significant military and economic involvement in
conflicts and regions across the world, including the Korean War, Vietnam War, and
NATO's establishment. This era saw the U.S. solidify its role as a superpower.
5. Post-Cold War and the War on Terror (1991-Present): Following the Soviet
Union's collapse, the U.S. focused on promoting democracy and free markets,
exemplified by its role in the Gulf War. The 9/11 attacks in 2001 further shifted U.S.
foreign policy towards combating terrorism, leading to the wars in Afghanistan and
Iraq.

Evolution of Russian Foreign Policy: Key Milestones

Russia's foreign policy has been influenced by its imperial past, Soviet-era ambitions, and
post-Soviet adjustments. The following are key milestones in its evolution:

1. Tsarist Expansionism (16th-19th Centuries): Russia's imperial foreign policy

focused on territorial expansion, driven by the need for security, access to warm-water
ports, and influence over neighboring regions. This era saw Russia's territorial growth
across Eurasia.
2. Bolshevik Revolution and Soviet Ideology (1917-1945): The Bolshevik Revolution
led to the establishment of the Soviet Union, with a foreign policy aimed at spreading
communism worldwide. The USSR's role in World War II, particularly its victory
over Nazi Germany, positioned it as a global superpower.
3. Cold War and the Iron Curtain (1947-1991): The Soviet Union's foreign policy
during the Cold War was characterized by its rivalry with the United States. The
USSR supported communist regimes and movements globally, leading to proxy wars,
the formation of the Warsaw Pact, and a nuclear arms race.
4. Post-Soviet Transition (1991-2000): The collapse of the Soviet Union resulted in a
significant shift in Russian foreign policy, marked by internal turmoil and a reduced
global presence. Russia sought integration with the West but faced challenges in
adapting to the new world order.
5. Reassertion of Power (2000-Present): Under President Vladimir Putin, Russia has
pursued a more assertive foreign policy, aiming to restore its influence on the global
stage. Key actions include the annexation of Crimea in 2014, involvement in the
 Syrian Civil War, and efforts to counter Western influence through strategic
partnerships with countries like China and Iran.

COMPARING THEIR FOREIGN POLICIES - RUSSIA AND THE UNITED STATES

US Foreign Policy Goals: Democracy Promotion, Economic Interests, Security

Concerns

The United States has consistently prioritized the promotion of democracy, viewing it as
essential to global peace and stability. In addition to this, US foreign policy is heavily
influenced by the need to safeguard and expand economic interests, including securing trade
routes and ensuring access to resources. National security remains a top priority, with efforts
focused on protecting the homeland and preventing the spread of weapons of mass
destruction.

Russian Foreign Policy Goals: Regional Influence, Military Strength, Counteracting

Western Influence

Russia's foreign policy is driven by a desire to maintain and expand its influence within its
region, particularly in former Soviet states. Strengthening its military capabilities is a key
objective, enabling Russia to assert its power and protect its interests. Additionally, Russia
seeks to counteract Western influence, particularly that of the United States and NATO, by
building alliances and engaging in strategic partnerships that challenge Western dominance.

Major Strategies and Tactics

● US Strategies: The United States relies heavily on alliances, particularly NATO, to

project power and protect its interests. Economic sanctions are frequently used to
punish adversaries and influence their behavior. Diplomatic engagements, including
negotiations and international agreements, are central to US efforts to resolve
conflicts and promote stability.
● Russian Strategies: Russia employs military interventions, such as in Ukraine and
Syria, to assert its influence and protect its interests. Energy diplomacy, leveraging its
vast natural gas and oil resources, is a key tool in Russia's foreign policy. Regional
partnerships, particularly with countries like China and Iran, are used to
counterbalance Western influence and expand Russia's global reach.

CASE STUDIES

US Case Studies: Middle East (e.g., Iraq, Syria), China (Trade and Technology)

The US's involvement in the Middle East, particularly in Iraq and Syria, has been driven by a
combination of national security concerns, the promotion of democracy, and the protection of
economic interests, particularly oil. In Iraq, the US led a coalition to overthrow Saddam
Hussein's regime in 2003, citing weapons of mass destruction and the need to promote
democracy. The Syrian conflict saw the US supporting opposition forces against the Assad
regime, partly to counter terrorist groups and prevent the spread of influence by Iran and
Russia.

In its dealings with China, the US has engaged in a prolonged trade and technology dispute,
reflecting broader concerns about China’s growing economic power and its implications for
global economic leadership. Measures such as tariffs and restrictions on technology exports
to China highlight America's efforts to curb China's rise and protect its economic and
technological dominance.

Russian Case Studies: Ukraine Conflict, Involvement in Syria, Relations with China

Russia's involvement in the Ukraine conflict exemplifies its commitment to maintaining

influence over former Soviet states and resisting Western expansion in its perceived sphere of
influence. The annexation of Crimea in 2014 and ongoing support for separatist movements
in Eastern Ukraine demonstrate Russia's readiness to use military force to achieve its foreign
policy goals.

In Syria, Russia has played a pivotal role in supporting the Assad regime, leveraging its
military power to maintain a foothold in the Middle East and counter Western influence. This
intervention has solidified Russia’s status as a key player in the region and demonstrated its
ability to project power beyond its immediate neighborhood.

Russia's relationship with China reflects a strategic partnership aimed at counterbalancing US

and Western influence. The two countries have cooperated on various economic, military, and
political fronts, presenting a united front against what they perceive as Western encroachment
and dominance.

Domestic Influences on Foreign Policy

Domestic factors significantly shape the foreign policies of both the US and Russia. In the
US, political parties, public opinion, and economic interests play crucial roles in determining
the direction of foreign policy. For example, shifts in the political landscape can lead to
changes in policy emphasis, such as the pivot towards Asia or renewed focus on the Middle
East.

In Russia, foreign policy is heavily influenced by its political structure, with decisions often
centralized around the leadership of President Vladimir Putin. Nationalism and the desire to
restore Russia’s status as a global power also drive its foreign policy. Additionally, economic
conditions, particularly those related to energy resources, play a crucial role in shaping
Russia's interactions with other nations.

SIMILARITIES & DIFFERENCES IN FOREIGN POLICY APPROACHES

The foreign policies of the United States and Russia exhibit both similarities and differences,
shaped by their historical contexts, political structures, and strategic goals.

Similarities:

● National Interests: Both countries prioritize their national interests in foreign policy
decisions, seeking to enhance their security and influence globally. This often
translates into actions that aim to protect their sovereignty and economic well-being.
● Use of Military Power: Both nations are willing to employ military power to achieve
their foreign policy objectives. The US utilizes military interventions and alliances to
secure its interests, while Russia demonstrates a readiness to use military force to
assert dominance in its near abroad and support its allies.
● Strategic Partnerships: Both the US and Russia form strategic partnerships to
bolster their influence. The US engages in alliances like NATO, while Russia forges
ties with countries like China and Iran to counter Western influence and expand its
reach.

Differences:

● Ideological Foundations: The US foreign policy is often driven by a belief in

promoting democracy, human rights, and liberal economic values, reflecting its
ideological stance as a liberal democracy. In contrast, Russian foreign policy is more
focused on nationalism and state sovereignty, emphasizing the protection of its
interests without a commitment to liberal democratic values.
● Engagement vs. Confrontation: The US generally seeks to engage with the
international community through diplomacy, international institutions, and
multilateralism. It aims to build coalitions and foster cooperation on global issues.
Conversely, Russia often adopts a confrontational approach, viewing its actions as
necessary to resist Western encroachment and asserting its influence through direct
interventions.
● Global vs. Regional Focus: The US typically has a global focus, seeking to address
challenges across multiple regions and promote a stable international order. Russia, on
the other hand, tends to concentrate on its immediate neighborhood, particularly
former Soviet states, and emphasizes regional security and influence.
● Economic Tools: The US uses economic sanctions as a primary tool of foreign policy
to pressure states that it views as adversarial, such as Iran and North Korea. Russia,
while also using economic leverage, often relies more on energy diplomacy, utilizing
its vast oil and gas resources to influence other countries.

In summary;
Similarities

1. Global Ambitions: Both nations seek to expand their influence and maintain a
significant role in global governance.
2. Use of Military Power: The USA and Russia both rely heavily on their military
capabilities to achieve foreign policy objectives.
3. Economic Interests: Economic strength and stability are central to the foreign
policies of both nations, though their strategies differ.

Differences

1. Ideological Focus: The USA often promotes democracy and human rights, while
Russia emphasizes state sovereignty and non-interference.
2. Geopolitical Strategies: The USA tends to form broad alliances and coalitions,
whereas Russia focuses on bilateral relationships and regional influence.
3. Global Perception: The USA is often seen as a proponent of a liberal international
order, while Russia is perceived as a challenger to Western hegemony.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

When comparing the foreign policies of the US and Russia, both nations seek to assert their
influence on the global stage, albeit through different means and with varying objectives. The
US tends to focus on building alliances and promoting a global order based on democratic
values and free markets, often advocating for the spread of democracy and human rights as
cornerstones of its foreign policy. This approach is exemplified by its involvement in
international organizations such as NATO and its support for democratic movements
worldwide.

In contrast, Russia prioritizes regional dominance, military strength, and counteracting

Western influence. Its foreign policy is characterized by a more aggressive posture, as seen in
its military interventions in Ukraine and Syria, where it aims to reassert its sphere of
influence and challenge Western narratives. Russia’s use of energy resources as a tool of
diplomacy also underscores its strategy to maintain leverage in regions dependent on its
energy supplies.

The effectiveness of their strategies and the outcomes of their foreign policy actions differ
significantly. The US often exerts a more substantial global influence through its economic
and military power, leveraging its position to shape international norms and policies.
However, this approach can sometimes lead to backlash or resistance, particularly in regions
where US interests clash with local sentiments.

On the other hand, Russia's focus on strategic areas allows it to maintain control and
challenge US hegemony in specific contexts. While its influence may not be as broad as that
of the US, Russia’s ability to project power in its immediate vicinity and create alliances with
countries disillusioned with Western policies has enabled it to remain a significant player on
the global stage.

While both the US and Russia aim to assert their influence globally, they employ contrasting
methods and priorities.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, while the US and Russia share some commonalities in their pursuit of national
interests and use of military power, their ideological foundations, approaches to engagement,
focus areas, and economic strategies reveal significant differences in their foreign policy
approaches.
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