GE 4 – THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

GLOBALIZATION
divina o. laureta/2021

Definition of Globalization

 The increasing interaction of people, states, or countries through the growth of the international flow
of money, ideas, and culture
 The interconnectedness of people and business across the world that eventually lead to global,
cultural, political and economic integration.
 The ability to move and communicate easily with others all over the world in order to conduct
business internationally.
 The free movement of goods, services, and people across the world in seamless and integrated
manner.

` *World without borders

According to Martin Albrow & Elizabeth King

 Globalization refers to those processes by which people of the world are incorporated into a single
world society

According to Roland Robertson (Professor of Sociology)

 Globalization is the compression of the world and the intensification of the consciousness of the world
as a whole.

HISTORICAL FOUNDATION OF THE TERM “Globalization”

 1820s – large-scale globalization began

 Late 19th & early 20th centuries – the connectivity of the world’s economies and cultures grew very
quickly
 1897 – the term “corporate giants” was coined referring to large enterprises
 1930 – the word “globalize” denoted a holistic view of human experience in education
 Late 1970s – the word “globalization” was coined.
 1981 – it was used in its economic sense
 Late 1980s – it was brought into the business audience
 2000 – IMF identified 4 aspects of globalization (trade and transactions, capital and investment
movements, migration of knowledge & dissemination)
 2017 – Globalization was often used in teaching, in discussion, in meetings and conferences, in
lectures and so on.
 2018 – the phenomenon of globalization is now on full swing in all academic disciplines
 MERITS AND DEMERITS OF GLOBALIZATION

By Louise Gaille (2018)

Merits of Globalization

1. Globalization allows us to pool all our resources together.

 EX: Construction of the International Space Station. The cost to construct the ISS was $150 billion. The
United States, Russia, Canada, Europe, and Japan are all involved in the financing and continued
operations of the program.

2. Globalization would also reduce labor exploitation issues.

 Reduce child labor issues.

 Human trafficking - limited because of more border freedom. People could live, work, or go where they
please with fewer restrictions, making it easier to chase their dreams.

3. Globalization reduces the prospects of tyranny.

 A concentrated power with one administration results to tyranny.

 When we’re able to move toward a global-centric society instead of a nation-centric one, these issues
will continue to decline over time.

4. Globalization improves communication access.

 By reducing border restrictions, we improve communication access because we’re no longer restricting
the movements and actions of people on a per-nation basis.

5. Globalization would remove tax havens for wealthy individuals and businesses.

 -it eliminates the administrative structures in place which allow the wealthy to hide their funds from
being taxed
 Greater transparency

6. Globalization would help the developing world progress faster.

 struggling countries will have higher income

 more people could improve their way of life

7. Globalization would reduce currency manipulation problems.

 -three primary currencies traded in the world today: the Dollar, the Euro, and the Pound Sterling
 -economic growth occurs on a global scale instead of in only local economies.

8. Globalization encourages free trade.

 borders create restrictions to the free flow of goods and services – higher taxes
  Globalization –lower taxes on imported goods

9. Globalization could create more employment opportunities.

 Consumers would benefit from the lower prices, consume more, and create additional job
opportunities around the world. By creating an environment where free trade encouragement readily
exists, more innovation, creativity, and engagement would occur at every level of society.

Demerits of Globalization

1. Globalization may encourage more off shoring instead of less.

 With fewer restrictions in place at the national level, some businesses may use off shoring to their
advantage.
 Developing countries – increase in wages
 Developed countries – decrease in wages

2. Globalization benefits the wealthy more than the poor.

 People with power: dictate policy and reap the most significant rewards.
 Those with money to invest: bank accounts continue to rise.

3. Globalization would encourage disease transfer.

 exposure to smallpox, chickenpox, syphilis, malaria, COVID-19, monkey pox

 Tuberculosis, certain influenza strains, and other communicable disease could produce outbreaks at
epidemic levels.

4. Globalization could reduce social safety net programs.

 Most nations today offer those in extreme poverty access to safety net programs for basic supplies –
shift in social programs for rich countries

5. Globalization would create a new system of politics.

 -only the richest and most influential would influence laws which would impact everyone.

6. Globalization would not prevent resource consumption.

 The wealthiest nations will still consume the most resources.

 The 20 richest countries in the world today consume almost 90% of the planet’s resources each year.

7. Globalization would make it easier for people to cheat.

 -Americans eat almost 200 billion more calories per day as a nation than they require, which means 80
million people are hungry needlessly because of these consumption habits.

8. Globalization doesn’t fix a lack of skills.

 The future of employment involves programming, robotics, and artificial intelligence.

  Workers who adapt to automation with their skill set are the most likely to find employment in the
coming generations

9. Globalization changes how humans would identify themselves.

 humans - global citizens

 Share the same planet and are united with one common ground.
 Lose a piece of our culture, ethnicity, or family heritage.

10. Globalization would negatively impact the environment.

 Greenhouse gas emissions

 Micro-plastics invaded our oceans- negative impacts on marine life.
 Waters of our planet - slowly acidifying, creating economic and health impacts

STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION

According to anthropologists Arjun Appadurai, globalization occurs on multiple and intersecting dimensions
of integration that he calls “scapes”

 Ethnoscape: Global movement of people

 Mediascape: Flow of culture
 Technoscape: Circulation of goods and software
 Financescape: Global circulation of money
 Ideoscape: Interaction of political ideas

The Globalization of World Economics

 Global Economy: It refers to the world economy. This term also pertains to the international exchange
of goods and services that is expressed in monetary units. It may also mean as the free movement of
goods, capital, services, technology, and information.
 Global Economy or Economic Globalization: It is concerned on the globalization of production, finance,
markets, technology, organizational regimes, institutions, corporations, and labor.
 Market Integration: It exists when prices among different location or related goods follow the patterns
over a long period of time. When group of prices often move proportionally to each other and when
this relation is very clear among different markets it is said that markets are integrated.

ROLE OF IFIs (International Financial Institutions

 Chartered by more than one country and therefore are subjects to international law.
 Owners or shareholders: national governments, international institutions, and organizations
 Creations of multiple nations
 Bilateral financial institutions (created by two countries)

World’s Largest IFIs:

 1. International Monetary Fund (IMF)*
2. Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs)
 World Bank Group*
 African Development Bank**
 Asian Development Bank**
 Inter-American Development Bank**
 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development**

* Global ** single world region (Regional Development Bank)

Main Objectives of IFIs

 -temporary financial assistance to member countries to ease balance of payments

 Long term loans (20 years)
 Very long term loans/Credits (30 to 40 years)
 Grant financing – projects or services

INTERNATIONAL VS GLOBAL VS MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION/COMPANY

INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION

 Involved in exporting and selling its goods and/or services to other nations
 Has no other investment in other nations
 Business functions and headquarters remain in the country of origin
 No branches of the company overseas
 Decision-making process is streamlined
 Examples of International Companies
 APPLE – produces consumer electronics such as computers, tablets, mobile phones, etc. It sells
its products around the world, but the headquarters and all product development are located
within the US
 NIKE – decisions for the Nike brand are all made within the US and Nike products are exported
to other nations.

GLOBAL COMPANY

 Has investment and business in the countries in which it chooses to operate.

 Have subsidiaries in many nations, meaning dozens of sites around the world
 Central headquarters of the business makes the decisions for driving the business
 Same products are offered in every country, regardless of culture and tastes
 Examples of Global Companies
 McDonald’s – restaurants are located across the globe. Serve the same menu in all of their
locations
 Hyatt and Hilton Hotels – rooms are the same no matter what nation the hotel is in

MULTINATIONAL COMPANY
  Has establishments in the nations it chooses to operate in, not just sales
 The company will choose to establish branches and operations in these nations, to oversee the sales
and/or importations
 There is still a central headquarters, but the branches are in charge of localizing and marketing the
product
 Examples of Multinational Co:
 STARBUCKS – most of the menu is the same. Offerings change based on local tastes. Provides
different seating and set up to make local customers more comfortable.
 HONDA – headquarters is in Japan but has branches all over the world. Product line up varies
by country (ex. Honda trucks were developed for the US market)

THE UNITED NATIONS AND CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

Global Governance or World Governance

 A movement towards political cooperation among transnational actors

 Aimed at negotiating responses to problems that affect more than one state or region
 Ex: UN, WB, ICC (International Criminal Court)

International Organizations

 It refers to international intergovernmental organizations or groups that are primarily made up of

member-states
 United Nations, International Monetary Fund, and World Bank
 One of the criticisms is IOs were just avenues where contradicting agenda of countries were discussed -
no more than talk shops.
 IOs can become influential as independent organizations.
 According to Michael N. Barnett and Martha Finnemore, the following are the powers of IOs:
 Classification – IOs can invent and apply categories, they create powerful global standards. UN
High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) defines what a refugee is. And since states are
required to accept refugees entering their borders, this power to establish identity has concrete
effects.
 Fix Meanings – IOs are legitimate source of information. The meanings they create have effects
on various policies. For example, security as not just safety from violence, but also safety from
environmental harm
 Diffuse Norms – norms are accepted codes of conduct that may not be strict law, but
nevertheless produce regularity in behavior.
 IOs can be sources of great good and great harm.
 After the collapse of League of Nations at the end of World War II, countries were worried about
another global war. The result was the creation of United Nations

UNITED NATIONS (UN)

  Main Function: maintain peace and security for all its member-states (peacekeeping force are
supplied by member states)
 Other Functions:
 Protect human rights and provide humanitarian assistance
 Provides technical assistance in elections
 Helps improve judicial structures and draft constitutions
 Trains human rights officials
 Provides food, drinking water, shelter and other humanitarian services to people displaced by
famine, war & natural disaster

YG LAWS: ORGANS OF UNITED NATIONS

1. The General Assembly (GA)

 It is UN’s main deliberative policymaking and representative organ.
 Makes decisions on important questions such as those in peace and security, admission of new
members, and budgetary matters
 General Assembly elects a GA President who will serve a one-year term of office. There are 193
member states. The Philippines played a prominent role in the GA’s early years when Filipino diplomat
Carlos P. Romulo was elected GA president from 1949-1950.

2. SECURITY COUNCIL
 This body consists of 15 member states. The GA elects ten (10) of these 15 to two-year terms, the
other five (5) sometimes referred to as the Permanent 5 (P5) - are China, France, Russia, the United
Kingdom, and the United States. They cannot be replaced through election.
 Its main role is to determine the existence of a threat to the peace or an act of aggression. Disputes are
settled through the act of peaceful means and recommends methods of adjustment or terms of
settlement.
 It can resort to imposing sanctions or even authorizing the use of force to maintain or restore
international peace and security.
 It only takes one veto from P5 member to stop an SC action dead in tracks.

3. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL (ECOSOC)

 The principal body for coordination, policy review, policy dialogue, and recommendations on social and
environmental issues, as well as the implementation of internationally agreed development goals.
 It has 54 members elected for three-year terms.
 It is the UN’s central platform for discussion on sustainable development.
 The task is to settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes submitted to it by states and
to give advisory opinions referred to it by authorized UN organs and specialized agencies.
 Cases of the court: Disputes between states that voluntarily submit themselves to the court of
arbitration.

4. TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL
  Assigned to supervise the administration of Trust Territories placed under the International
Trusteeship System.
 The main goals of the ITS were to promote the advancement of the inhabitants of Trust Territories and
their progressive development towards self-government or independence.
 The Trusteeship Council is made up of the five permanent members of the Security Council -- China,
France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States.

5. SECRETARIAT
 It consists of the secretary-general and tens of thousands of international UN staff members who carry
out the day-to-day work of the UN as mandated by the GA and the organization’s other principal
organs.

CHALLENGES OF THE UNITED NATIONS

 It is not a world government and its functions primarily because of voluntary cooperation from states.
If the states refuse to cooperate, the influence of the UN can be severely restricted.
 Biggest challenge of United Nations is related to security.

AGENCIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS

1. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION

 The FAO coordinates international efforts to fight hunger and improve nutrition and food security by
supporting research, facilitating the exchange of information and best practices, and by encouraging
countries to adopt legislative and regulatory frameworks to promote sustainable agricultural
development.

2. INTERNATIONAL FUND FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

 IFAD was established in 1977 to work directly with the rural poor in developing countries, empowering
them improve their agricultural practices, raise their productivity and incomes, and thereby eliminate
poverty, hunger, and malnutrition.

3. INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION

 The ILO develops policies and practices to promote safety and equality in the workplace and maintains
a database of national laws governing labor and employment practices. The ILO was designated as the
first specialized agency of the UN in 1946.

4. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

 The IMF's core mission is to maintain the stability of the international monetary system and mitigate
the impact of financial crises. It does so by providing temporary financial assistance to national
governments to help them cope with balance-of-payments adjustments and discourage them from
resorting to competitive currency devaluations, which prolonged the Great Depression of the 1930s.

5. UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION

  UNESCO promotes international cooperation in the fields of education, science, and culture. It places
particular emphasis on recognizing the equal dignity of all cultures, the protection of cultural heritage
in all its forms, and maintaining the right to freedom of expression.

6. UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION

 UNIDO's core mission is the promotion of industrial development for poverty reduction, inclusive
globalization, and environmental sustainability. It accomplishes these goals through research and
analysis, the development of normative standards, networking, knowledge transfer, and technical and
industrial cooperation.

7. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

 The WHO coordinates efforts among its member states to improve the health of individuals and the
provision of healthcare services. WHO's current priorities include increasing access to universal health
coverage, the prevention and treatment of communicable and non-communicable diseases, and
capacity-building measures to enable countries to manage health emergencies and prevent pandemics.

8. WORLD BANK
 The World Bank is an international financial organization which aims to reduce poverty by providing
financing, policy advice, and technical assistance to developing countries

OTHERS:

9. ICAO – International Civil Aviation Organization

10. IMO – International Maritime Organization
11. ITU – International Telecommunications Union
12. UNWTO – United Nations World Tourism Organization
13. UPU – Universal Postal Union
14. WIPO – World International Property Organization
15. WMO – World Meteorological Organization

A WORLD OF REGIONS

Peter J. Katzenstein (Cornell University Press)

 Argues that regions have become critical to contemporary world

 Regions are interacting closely with an American imperium that combines territorial and non-territorial
powers
 Regions may provide solution to issues such as markets, security, nationalism, and cosmopolitanism

NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDES (socio-economic & political)

GLOBAL NORTH
 United States
 Canada
 Western Europe
  Australia
 New Zealand
 home of the G8 (Group of Eight)
 Canada Japan
France* United Kingdom*
Germany Russia*
Italy United States*
 home of four of the members of P5
 rich, industrialized, wealthy nations

 Mostly covers the West and the First World, along with much of the Second World
 Richer, more developed region
 Has enough food and shelter

GLOBAL SOUTH

 Africa
 Latin America
 Asia
 Middle East
 Connotes developing countries
 Corresponds with the Third World
 Poorer, less developed region
 “lacks appropriate technology, has no political stability, economies are disarticulated and depends on
exports”

GLOBAL SOUTH VS THIRD WORLD

 Martin Lewis – “There is no Third World. There is no global south.”

 1960s, 1970s and 1980s
 Scholars divided the earth into three parts: the First World, the Second World and the Third World

FIRST WORLD

 Encompassed all industrialized, democratic countries which were assumed to be allied with the United
States
 Stable economy, high standard of living
 NATO-aligned countries
 Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, West Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands,
Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom and United States
 Neutral Countries
 Austria, Finland, Ireland, Sweden, Switzerland, Australia, Israel, Japan, New Zealand and South
Korea

SECOND WORLD
  Anchored on the industrialized, communist realm of the Soviet Union and its eastern European
satellites; “Communist Bloc”
 China: it ceased to be a Soviet ally in 1961 and by the 1980s was no longer an enemy of the US
 Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Mongolia, North Korea, Poland, Romania, the Soviet
Union, and the German Democratic Republic.

THIRD WORLD

 Non-aligned world and as the global realm of poverty and underdeveloped poor Soviet allies –
Mongolia, Cuba, North Korea and Vietnam
 “Developing”, low income countries, inferior, non-white, less-educated and “primitive”
 Coined in 1952 by Alfred Sauvy, a French demographer, anthropologist and economic historian
 These countries have weaknesses in nutrition, education, and literacy, have economic vulnerabilities,
and have widespread poverty.
 Mexico, India, Brazil, Thailand, Philippines, Jamaica, Peru, etc.

GLOBALIZATON

 Integration of economics across state borders all around the world

 Free market, international trade
 Multiculturalism (free and inexpensive movement of people)
 Willing to come to aid
 Advances in technology

REGIONALISM

 Divides an area into smaller segments

 Monopolies are likely to develop
 Does not support multiculturalism
 Does not get involved in the affairs
 Advanced technology is rarely available

REGIONAL INTEGRATION

 Process in which neighboring states enter into an agreement to upgrade cooperation through common
institutions and rules
 Removing barriers to free trade
 Increasing the free movement of people, labor, goods, and capital
 Reducing the possibility of armed conflict
 Adopting cohesive stances on policy issues on environment, climate change and migration
 ASEAN, EU (European Union)

GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURE

Global Media Culture

 Explores the relationship between the media, culture and globalization.

  Covers past and current challenges concerning international communication
 Explores the power of media representation.
 Global media - is “the mass communication on a global level, allowing people across the world to share
and access the same information.” It is indeed that technologies made people's lives easier all over the
globe (Shahida / November 30, 2015)

TYPES OF GLOBAL MEDIA

 electronic communications (telephones, e‐mail, fax machines),

 the mass media (television, radio, film),
 the news media
 the Internet
 music

Effects of Global Media Culture

 Firstly, the media provide an extensive transnational transmission of cultural products

 Secondly, they contribute to the formation of communicative networks and social structures

IMPORTANCE OF GLOBAL MEDIA

1. Promote a restructuring of cultural and social communities

2. Media (such as the press, radio, TV) have been very important in the formation of national
communities.
3. The internet facilitates communication across the globe and also supports the formation of new social
communities in which members can interact with each other.
4. Satellite TV and radio allow immigrants to be in close contact with their homeland’s language and
culture.

NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF GLOBAL MEDIA

 These negative impacts include: cyber-bullying

 Relaying false information, and
 The coordination of terrorist groups.

GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION

 Religion became an integral part of colonization and later on globalization. Religion has been a major
feature in some historical conflicts and the most recent wave of modern terrorism.
 The major religions of the world are Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Confucianism, Christianity, Taoism,
and Judaism

The Impact of Globalization on Religion

 Because of globalization, communication and transportation technology became easier, so

dissemination of religious information became easier.
  Websites – opportunity to contact others worldwide and hold debates and allow religious ideas to
spread
 TV – religious channels that provide visual religious teachings and practices
 The Impact of Globalization on Religion
 Flattens cultural differences
 Erodes local customs and beliefs
 Spreads secular, capitalist way of life

Tools in uniting people all over the world on religious basis:

 Books  Charity funds

 Movies  Special internet sites
 Cellphone apps  Religious schools
 Social networks

What is Religion Nowadays?

1. It is no longer a set of beliefs that people arrive by reflection

2. It is a symbolic system which carries our identity and marks out social ethic and other boundaries
3. It marks crucial moments in the life cycle with rituals.
4. It provides powerful mechanisms for psychological and social tension.

The Role of Religion in Promoting World Peace

1. The moral principles and values contained in the teachings of great religious teachers are essential
factors for the reduction of and ultimate eradication of greed, hatred and delusion – which form the
root cause of conflicts and wars.
2. Religion inspires and guides people and also provides them with the necessary tools to reduce greed
with the practice of charity; to overcome hate and aversion with loving kindness; and to remove
ignorance with the development of wisdom and insight.

Negative Aspects:

1. Madness of some so-called religionists who try to convert and win followers
2. Misinterpretations of scriptural texts
3. Religious persecutions, inquisitions, “holy wars” and terrorism

GLOBAL CITY

GLOBAL CITY (WORLD CITY, ALPHA CITY, WORLD CENTER)

 A city generally considered to be an important node in the global economic system.

 Linkages binding a city have a direct and tangible effect on global affairs through socio-economic
means.
 Popularized by sociologist Saskia Sassen in 1991
  City involved with large amounts of global business
 City with influence and “financial capital”

TOP GLOBAL CITIES FOR 2022

1. New York 6. Hong Kong

2. London 7. Los Angeles
3. Paris 8. Chicago
4. Tokyo 9. Singapore
5. Beijing 10. Washington, DC

CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBAL/WORLD CITIES

1. A variety of international financial services, notably in finance, insurance, real estate, banking,
accountancy and marketing
2. Headquarters of several multinational corporations
3. The existence of financial headquarters, a stock exchange, and major financial institutions
4. Domination of the trade and economy of a large surrounding area
5. Major manufacturing centers with port and container facilities
6. Considerable decision-making power on a daily basis and at a global level
7. Centers of new ideas and innovation in business, economics, culture and politics
8. Centers of media and communications for global networks
9. Dominance of the national region with great international significance
10. High percentage of residents employed in the services sector and information sector
11. High quality educational institutions, including renowned universities, international student attendance
and research facilities
12. Multi-functional infrastructure offering some of the best legal, medical, and entertainment facilities in
the country
13. Highly diverse in terms of language, culture, religion, and ideologies.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Sustainable Development

 Refers to the organizing principle for meeting human development goals while at the same time
sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services upon
which the economy and society depend.
 the utilization of resources, without compromising the other, of the future generation.

Sustainable Development Goals

 In September 2015, the United Nations General Assembly formally adopted the “universal,
integrated and transformative” 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, asset of Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs). The goals are to be implemented and achieved in every country from
year 2016 to 2030.
1. Sustainable Environment
 concerns the natural environment and how it endures and remains diverse and productive. This
entails using water sustainability, utilizing renewable energy, and sustainable material supplies
(e.g. harvesting wood from forests at a rate that maintains the biomass and biodiversity)

2. Sustainable Agriculture
– consists of environment friendly methods of farming that allow the production of crops or
livestock without damage to human or natural systems.

3. Sustainable Development on Environment Economies

the total environment includes not just the biosphere of earth, air and water, but also human
interactions with these things, with nature and what humans have created as their surroundings.

4. Sustainable Energy
renewable energy sources like hydroelectric, solar and wind energy produce far less pollution.

5. Sustainable Technology
a. refers to open-source appropriate technology (OSAT) that is used to assist people meet their
developmental needs as can be freely found in the internet.

6. Sustainable Transport
a. can help create jobs, improve commuter safety through investment in bicycle lanes and
pedestrian pathways, make access to employment and social opportunities more affordable
and efficient.

7. Corporate Sustainability
a. -constitutes a firm’s efficient use of natural capital.

8. Sustainable Income
a. Sustaining financial balanced budget), environmental (living conditions) and social (equality of
income) means to eliminate poverty.
 9. Sustainable Architecture
a. Promotes a sustainable approach towards construction that appreciates and develops smart
growth, architectural tradition and classical design.

10. Sustainable Politics

a. domain of practices and meanings associated with basic issues of social power as they pertain
to the organization, authorization, legitimating and regulation of a social life held in common.

11. Sustainable Education

a. And empowering education that builds the human resources we need to be productive, to
continue to learn, to solve problems, to be creative, and to live together and with nature in
peace and harmony.

12. Sustainable progress

a. Aims at reconciling the economic and environmental goals of the global community and
eliminating inequalities around the world.

Global Citizenship

Refers to the rights, responsibilities and duties that come with being a member of global entity
as a citizen of a particular nation or place.

As global citizens, individuals must:

Be aware of the wider world

Respect and value diversity

Have an understanding of how the world works economically, politically, especially, culturally,
technologically, and environmentally

Outraged by social injustices

Participate and contribute to the community at all levels from local to global

Be willing to act to make the world a more equitable and sustainable place
 Take responsibility for their actions

(Douglas, 2001)

Global Citizenship Responsibilities

1. Responsibility to understand one’s own perspective and the perspectives of others on global
issues.

2. Responsibility to respect the principle of cultural diversity

3. Responsibility to make connections and build relationships with people from other countries and
cultures

4. Responsibility to understand the ways in which the peoples and countries of the world are inter-
connected and interdependent

5. Responsibility to know global issues

6. Responsibility to advocate for greater international cooperation with other nations

7. Responsibility for advocating for the implementation of international agreements, conventions, and
treaties related to global issues

8. Responsibility for advocating for more effective global equity and justice in each of the value
domains of the world community.