Module 5

Trends, Networks, and Critical Thinking in the
21stCentury
Quarter 3–Module 5:
Global Networks(Part 1)
Did you know that in the early and late 1980’s, one most popular means of reaching out to loved ones
from abroad to their families in the Philippines was through “voice tapes?” You might not be aware of it
though, but it takes about a month or months for a taped recorded voice message to be played by their
families using cassette tape players. Well, that was prior to our era of today when almost anything can
be accessed in real time despite global distance. Now, that gave birth to the present concept of
globalization. Generally, globalization was born out of the inter-linkages of nation – states which has in
varied ways influenced the life of people worldwide.
We mighat not be able to enumerate the effects of globalization in our daily lives but in this module, it
will help you deepen your understanding about globalization. Let us now study the meaning, nature and
various activities in one’s daily life that show some concrete effects of globalization.
Globalization
As cited in the Revisitadestatica (2012), the term globalization refers to the emergence of an
international network, belonging to an economic and social system. One of the earliest uses of the term
"globalization", as known, was in 1930 - in a publication entitled “Towards New Education” to designate
an overview of the human experience in education.
Since the invention of the concept, globalization has inspired numerous definitions and has had a history
going back in time to the great commercial and imperialist movements throughout Asia and the Indian
Ocean since the fifteenth century.
Roland Robertson, a professor of sociology at the University of Aberden, was the first person who
defined globalization as "the understanding of the world and the increased perception of the world as a
whole."
Martin Albrow and Elizabeth King, sociologists, define globalization as "all those processes by which the
peoples of the world are incorporated into a single world society.
It can be linked to the local, the national and the regional. On the one hand, a connection is made
between social and economic relationships and networks, organized on a local or national, on the other
hand, it connects social and economic relationships and networks formed on wider scale the regional
and global interactions.
It is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of
different nations. A process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information
technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic
development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being on societies around the world. For many
developing nations, globalization has led to an improvement in standard of living through improved
roads and transportation, improved health care, and improved education due to the global expansion of
corporations. However, globalization has had a negative effect on individuals who live in developed
nations. Some of the factors that cause globalization are migration and labor.
Migration is a movement to another place, often of a large group of people.
Labor is defined as work, especially hard physical work.
People are more willing to move between different countries today in search for work. Remittances now
play a large role in transfers from developed countries to developing countries.
Types of Globalization
Economic Globalization is the increasing economic integration and interdependence of national,
regional, and local economies across the world through an intensification of cross boarder movement of
goods, services, technologies and capital.
Examples:
• Trans-national trades are companies that extend beyond the borders of one country example of these
are Unilever and McDonalds
• World Trade Organization is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade
between nations. The WTO has 164 members and 24 observer governments.
• Foreign Direct Investment is an investment in the form of a controlling ownership in a business in one
country by an entity based in another country. It is thus distinguished from a foreign portfolio
investment by a notion of direct control. In 2019, China and South Korea followed Singapore as the
largest investors in the Philippines.
Social Globalization is a social transformation or process leading to the achievement of people-centered
development. Human-centered development concept is offered as an alternative strategy to bring about
a more equity development outcome.
Examples:
• UN General Assembly
• Partnership of International Development Programs
• Social Integration, Gender Equity and access to Social Services
• HIV/AIDS Awareness
Political Globalization refers to an increasing trend toward multilateralism in an emerging transnational
state apparatus and the emergence of national and international non-governmental organizations that
act as watchdogs over governments. The government has four distinct roles in addressing sustainability
concerns. These roles are as follows:
1. Policy development
2. Regulation
3. Facilitation
4. Internal sustainability management
Financial Globalization is a collective concept that refers to increasing global linkages created through
cross-border financial flows. Financial integration refers to an individual country's linkages to
international capital markets
Technological Globalization is accelerated in large part by technological transmission, the spread of

technology across borders. Although the Philippines is not the world's least technologically advanced
country, it is far from leading. It ranks 83rd out of 138 countries in terms of technological readiness,
according to the Department of Science and Technology (DOST).
Ecological Globalization occurs when ecosystems are constantly exchanging materials through the
movement of air in the atmosphere, the flow of water in rivers and the migration of animals across the
landscape. The world is also becoming highly interconnected through the movement of people and the
transport of goods locally to globally (EurekAlert.com).
Geographical Globalization is defined as the set of processes (economic, social, cultural, technological,
and institutional that contributes to the relationship between societies and individuals around the
world. It is a progressive process by which exchanges and flows between different parts of the world are
intensified.
Let us now identify some positive and negative effects of Globalization. Positive and Negative
Effects of Globalization
Positive Negative
It creates opportunities for countries to The growth of international trade has
connect to other countries for larger markets. worsened income inequalities between
developed, developing and underdeveloped
countries.
This can lead to more access capital flows, Global commerce is increasingly dominated by
technology, human capital, cheaper imports transnational corporations which seek to
and larger export markets. maximize profits without regard for the
development needs of individual countries.
It allows businesses to become part of Competitions among developing countries are
international production networks and supply races which dangerously lower environmental
chains of different countries. standards.
It allows workers to migrate from their Parents and children can spend a decade
homelands in poorer countries to more apart, where they pass their responsibilities to
developed countries to find work. grandparents.
Technologies are introduced to make a Many developing countries do not have strict
narrower product more efficiently. rules about environmental protection,
resulting in serious air, water, and soil
pollution
Interconnections of People and Nations

Globalization leads to interconnectedness of people and nations, where people refer to a group of
people with commonality, such as religion, culture and language who lives in a specific area, while
nation refers to a larger group of people organized in a specific place, which embodied an independent
government of its country where they can decide on their own.
Try to imagine how can we connect to our loved ones especially in this time of pandemic without
technologies? Cell phones connect people all over the world like never before. There are a multitude of
platforms through which people can communicate too, including Facebook Messenger, WhatsApp,
Instagram, and Snapchat.
Considering the new normal education, how can we enroll in our online educational programs in school
from anywhere in the Philippines without the different platforms and access new information on virtual
topics?
Collaboration means to work together with others to achieve a common goal. Unconditionally sharing
everything and helping each other while mutually working together in cohesive “collective” in unusual
roles embracing talents of each person to synergize or invent something new in a way that:
a. benefits all the groups,
b. serves the whole team’s goal, and
c. may result to creative innovation.
Cooperation is the process of working together to the same end. It is an active help from a person,
organization etc. such as an orderly sharing of space and resources. Cooperation means conditionally
sharing information and resources while functioning together within an independent “connective” in
typical roles with workloads accepted as unequal to change something in a way that:
a. benefits some individuals in a group,
b. meets their personal needs, and
c. may result in disrupted innovation.

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Trends, Networks, and Critical Thinking in the

Technological Globalization is accelerated in large part by technological transmission, the spread of

Interconnections of People and Nations

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