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PHYSICS
Chapter 7: Gravitation

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Gravitation

Gravitation
When we talk about gravitation or gravity it is a naturally occurring phenomenon or a force
which exists among all material objects in the universe.
Whenever we throw an object towards the sky it will fall back onto the ground.
For Example: - A ball comes down when thrown up. Rain drops fall towards the ground; Planets
revolve in an elliptical orbit around sun etc.

Planets revolving in the elliptical orbit.

Rain drops falling on the earth.

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Leaves fall off the tree.

There is a force due to which all things are attracted towards the earth. This force is known as
Gravitation.
Gravitation is the force of attraction between all masses in the universe, especially the force of
attraction exerted by the earth on all the bodies near its surface.
In this chapter we will take a look at gravitation force, its laws, and we will also study about the
planetary motion.
Gravitational Constant and Universal Law of Gravitation
We know that the universal law of gravitation was put forth by Sir Isaac Newton in 1687. It is
one of the most important laws of physics. Let us know more about Newton’s universal law of
gravitation and gravitational constant.
Universal Law of Gravitation
According to Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation, the force exerted between two objects by
each other is given by the following relation.

where g is the gravitational force between two bodies, m1 is the mass of one object, m2 is the
mass of the second object and r is the distance between the centres of two objects.
Gravitational Constant
The actual force exerted between two bodies can be given by the following equation

where G is the universal gravitational constant with a value (G = 6.674 × 10-11 N · (m/kg)^{2}).
G here is an empirical constant of proportionality.
What is interesting here is that, even though it is Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation, the
value of G wasn’t given by him. This was calculated by Henry Cavendish in 1798 through a series
of experiments and observations. The influence of the earth’s core on the experiments is
hypothesised to alter its rotational inertia, because of which the value of G given is not always
constant throughout the globe.
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Another theory regarding the universal gravitational constant (fun fact: it is also referred to as
Big G) is that, if it is true that the universe is expanding since the Big Bang, then the value of G
will keep decreasing!
The universal gravitational constant is used in Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation, Einstein’s
General Theory of Relativity and also Kepler’s Third Law of Planetary Motion to calculate the
time period of a planet to complete one full revolution in its orbit.
Acceleration due to gravity of the earth
Acceleration attained due to gravity of earth.
All the objects fall towards the earth because of gravitational pull of the earth.
And when a body is falling freely, it will have some velocity and therefore it will attain some
acceleration. This acceleration is known as acceleration due to gravity.
It is a vector quantity.
Denoted by ‘g’.
Its value is 9.8m/s2.
Example: Stones falling from a rock will have some velocity because of which some
acceleration. This acceleration is due to the force exerted by the earth on the rocks.This is
known as acceleration due to gravity.

Stones falling from rock

Expression for Acceleration due to gravity
Consider any object of mass ‘m’ at a point A on the surface of the earth.
The force of gravity between the body and earth can be calculated as

Newton’s Second law states that

F=ma (2)
Comparing the equations (1) and (2)

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Therefore, the expression for Acceleration due to gravity.

Acceleration due to gravity below the surface of earth

To calculate acceleration due to gravity below the surface of the earth (between the surface
and centre of the earth).
Density of the earth is constant throughout. Therefore,

As entire mass is concentrated at the centre of the earth.

Therefore, density can be written as

Comparing equation (1) and (2)

To calculate Gravitational force (F) between earth and point mass m at a depth d below the
surface of the earth.
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Above figure shows the value of g at a depth d. In this case only the smaller sphere of radius
(Re-d) contributes to g.

Putting the value of Ms from equation (3)

Acceleration due to gravity above the surface of earth

To calculate the value of acceleration due to gravity of a point mass m at a height h above the
surface of the earth.

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Above figure shows the value of acceleration due to gravity g at a height h above the surface of
the earth.
Force of gravitation between the object and the earth will be

By calculating we will get,

The value of acceleration due to gravity varies on the surface, above the surface and below the
surface of the earth.
Inertial and Gravitational Mass
Inertial mass is a mass parameter giving the inertial resistance to acceleration of the body when
responding to all types of force. Gravitational mass is determined by the strength of the
gravitational force experienced by the body when in the gravitational field g.
Inertial Mass: - Inertial mass is defined as the mass of body by virtue of inertia of mass.
By Newton’s Law F=ma
𝐹
𝑚 = where m= inertial mass (as it is because of inertia of a body)
𝑎
Gravitational Mass: -Gravitational mass is defined as the mass of the body by virtue of the
gravitational force exerted by the earth.
By Gravitation Force of attraction
𝐺𝑚𝑀
𝐹 = 2
𝑟
𝐹𝑟 2
M= where
𝐺𝑀
M = mass of the object
F = force of attraction exerted by the earth
R = distance between object and earth
M = mass of the earth
Experimentally, Inertial mass = Gravitational mass
Gravitational Potential Energy
• Potential energy is due to the virtue of position of the object.
• Gravitational Potential Energy is due to the potential energy of a body arising out of the
force of gravity.

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• Consider a particle which is at a point P above the surface of earth and when it falls on the
surface of earth at position Q, the particle is changing its position because of force of gravity.
• The change in potential energy from position P to Q is same as the work done by the gravity.
• It depends on the height above the ground and mass of the body.

Stationary roller-coaster
Expression for Gravitational Potential Energy
Case1:- ‘g’ is constant.
Consider an object of mass ‘m’ at point A on the surface of earth.
Work done will be given as:
WBA = F X displacement where F = gravitational force exerted towards the earth)
= mg (h2 - h1) (body is brought from position A to B)
= mgh2 - mgh1
WAB = VA - VB
where
VA = potential energy at point A
VB = potential energy at point B
From above equation we can say that the work done in moving the particle is just the
difference of potential energy between its final and initial positions.
Case2:-‘g’ is not constant.
Calculate Work done in lifting a particle from r = r1 to r = r2 (r2> r1) along a vertical path,
We will get, W=V (r2) – V (r1)
In general the gravitational potential energy at a distance ‘r’ is given by :
where
V(r) = potential energy at distance ‘r’
Vo = At this point gravitational potential energy is zero.
Gravitational potential energy is ∝ to the mass of the particle.
Gravitational Potential

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Gravitational Potential is defined as the potential energy of a particle of unit mass at that point
due to the gravitational force exerted byearth.
Gravitational potential energy of a unit mass is known as gravitational potential.
Mathematically:
𝐺𝑀
Gpotential = −
𝑅
Planetary Motion
Ptolemy was the first scientist who studied the planetary motion.
He gave geocentric model. It means all the planets, stars and sun revolve around the earth and
earth is at the centre.
Heliocentric model was proposed by some Indian astronomers.
According to which all planets revolve around the sun.
Nicholas proposed the Nicholas Copernicus model according to which all planets move in circles
around the sun.
After Nicholas one more scientist named Tycho Brahe did lot of observations on planets.
Finally came Johannes Kepler who used Tycho Brahe observations, and he gave Kepler’s 3 laws
of Gravitation.
These 3 laws became the basis of Newton’s Universal law of Gravitation.

Kepler’s 1st Law: Law of Orbits

Statement: - The orbit of every planet is an ellipse around the sun with sun at one of the two
foci of ellipse.

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Whenever a planet revolves around sun it traces an ellipse around the sun. The closest point is
P and the farthest point is A, P is called the perihelion and A the aphelion. The semi major axis is
half the distance AP.
Kepler’s 1st law Vs. Copernicus Model
According to Copernicus planets move in circular motion whereas according to Kepler planets
revolve in elliptical orbit around the sun.
Copernicus model is based on one special case because circle is a special case of ellipse whereas
Kepler’s laws aremore of ageneral form.
Kepler’s law also tells us about the orbits which planets follow.
To Show ellipse is a special form of Circle
Select two points F1 and F2.
Take a piece of string and fix its ends at F1 and F2.
Stretch the string taut with the help of a pencil and then draw a curve by moving the pencil
keeping the string taut throughout. Fig. (a).
The resulting closed curve is an ellipse. For any point T on the ellipse, the sum of distances from
F1 and F2 is a constant. F1, F2 are called the foci.
Join the points F1 and F2 and extend the line to intersect the ellipse at points P and A as shown
in Fig. (a).
The centre point of the line PA is the centre of the ellipse O and the length PO = AO, which is
also known as the semimajor axis of the ellipse.
For a circle, the two foci merge onto one and the semi-major axis becomes the radius of the
circle.

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Fig(a)
A string has its ends fixed at F1 and F2. The tip of the pencil holds the string taut and is moved
around and we will get an ellipse.
Kepler’s 2nd law: Law of Areas
Statement: The line that joins a planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of
time.
Area covered by the planet while revolving around the sun will be equal in equal intervals of
time. This means the rate of change of area with time is constant.
Suppose position and momentum of planet is denoted by ‘r’ and ‘p’ and the time taken will be
Δt.
1
𝛥𝐴 = 𝑥𝑟𝑥𝑣𝛥𝑡 (where vΔt is distance travelled by a planet in Δt time.)
2
𝛥𝐴 1
= (𝑟𝑥𝑣)
𝛥𝑡 2
where
(Linear momentum) p=mv or we can write as
𝑝
𝑣 =
𝑚
1
= 𝑚(𝑟 × 𝑝)
2
1𝐿
= 𝑚 where L= angular momentum (It is constant for any central force)
22
𝛥𝐴
= constant (This means equal areas are covered in equal intervals of time).
𝛥𝑡

Kepler’s 3rdLaw: Law of periods

Statement:
According to this law the square of time period of a planet is ∝ to the cube of the semi-major
axisof its orbit.
Suppose earth is revolving around the sun then the square of the time period (time taken to
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complete one revolution around sun) is ∝ to the cube of the semi major axis.
It is known as Law of Periods as it is dependent on the time period of planets.
Derivation of 3rd Law: assumption: The path of the planet is circular.
Let m=mass of planet
M= mass of sun
According to Newton’s Law of Gravitation:
𝐺𝑀𝑚
𝐹= 2
𝑟
𝑚𝑣 2
𝐹𝑐 =
𝑟
Where,
Fc =centripetal force which helps the planet to move around sun in elliptical order.
F = Fc
𝐺𝑀𝑚 𝑚𝑣 2
= where r=radius of the circle
𝑟2 𝑟
𝐺𝑀
= 𝑣 2 (1)
𝑟
𝜋𝑟
𝑣 = 2
𝑇
Squaring both the sides the above equation
𝑣 2 = 4 𝜋 2 𝑟 2 /𝑇 2
putting the value (1)
𝐺𝑀
= 4 𝜋𝑟 2 /𝑇 2
𝑟
T = (4 π2 r3/GM) where (4 π2/GM) = constant
2

T2 = r3 (In ellipse semi-major axis is same as radius of the circle)

Escape Velocity
Escape velocity is the minimum velocity that a body must attain to escape the gravitational field
of the earth.
Suppose if we throw a ball, it will fall back. This is happening due to the force of gravitation
exerted on the ball by the surface of the earth due to which the ball is attracted towards the
surface of the earth.
If we increase the velocity to such an extent that the object which is thrown up will never fall
back. This velocity is known as escape velocity.

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Ball is thrown up but it falls down because of force of gravitation.

The same ball is thrown with a velocity that itescapes the force of gravitation of earth and does
not come back. This velocity is known as escape velocity.

Mathematically:
Suppose we throw a ball and the initial velocity of the ball is equal to the escape velocity such
that ball never comes back.
Final Position will be infinity.
At Final Position: At Infinity

V0 = potential energy at surface of earth, r = ∞ r = distance from the centre of the earth.

Where h= height of the ball from the surface of the earth.

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This is the initial velocity with which if the ball is thrown it will never fall back on the earth
surface.
In terms of ‘g’
g = GM/Re2
Escape velocity can be written as

Earth Satellites
Any object revolving around the earth.

Natural Satellite
Satellite created by nature.
Example: - Moon is the only natural satellite of earth.

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Artificial Satellites:
Human built objects orbiting the earth for practical uses. There are several purposes which
these satellites serve.
Example:- Practical Uses of Artificial satellites
Communication
Television broadcasts
Weather observation
Military support
Navigation
Scientific research

Determining the Time Period of Earth Satellite

Time taken by the satellite to complete one rotation around the earth.
As satellites move in circular orbits there will be centripetal force acting on it.
𝑚𝑣 2
𝐹𝑐 = It is towards the centre.
𝑅𝑒 +ℎ
Where,
H = distance of satellite forms the earth
Fc = centripetal force
𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒
𝐹𝐺 =
(𝑅𝑒 + ℎ)2
Where,
Fg = Gravitation force
M = mass of the satellite
Me = mass of the earth
Fc = F G

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This is the velocity with which satellite revolve around the earth.
The satellite covers distance = 2 π (Re + h) with velocity v.

Special Case:-
h<< Re (satellite is very near to the surface of the earth)

After calculating

Energy of an orbiting satellite

m= mass of the satellite, v=velocity of the satellite
1
E.= mv2
2

P.E. = 2 x K.E.
Total energy is negative. This means the satellite cannot escape from the earth’s gravity.
Geostationary Satellite:

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Geo means earth and stationary means at rest. This means something which is stationary.
Satellites orbiting around the Earth in equatorial plane with time period equal to 24 hours.
Appear to be stationary with respect to earth. They also rotate around earth with time period
of 24 hours.
These satellites can receive telecommunication signals and broadcast them back to a wide area
on earth.
Example: INSAT group of satellites.
Polar Satellites
These are low altitude satellites. This means they orbit around earth at lower heights.
They orbit around the earth in North-South direction. Whereas earth is moving from East to
West.
A camera is fixed above this type of satellite so they can view small strips of earth.
As earth also moves, so at each instance different types of stripes of earth can be viewed.
Adjacent stripes of earth are viewed in subsequent orbits.
They are useful in remote sensing, meteorology and environmental studies of the earth.

In the above image we can see that the orbit of polar satellites is from north to south direction.
Weightlessness
Weightlessness is a condition of free fall, in which the effect of gravity is cancelled by the
inertial (e.g., centrifugal) force resulting from orbital flight. There is no force of gravity acting on
the objects.
It is the condition in which body does not feel its weight at all.
When an apple falls from a tree it won’t feel its weight. This condition experienced by anybody
while in free-fall is known as weightlessness.

Examples: -When we throw an object from the top of building, the object experiences free fall,
that is the object is not under any force. This is weightlessness.
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Weightlessness in the orbital motion of satellites

• In case of a satellite that is rotating around the earth.

• There is an acceleration which is acting towards the centre of the Earth.
• This acceleration is known as centripetal acceleration (ac).
• There is also earth’s acceleration which is balancing this centripetal acceleration.
g = ac they are equal in magnitude and they are balancing each other.
• Inside the satellites there is no acceleration which means everything is moving with uniform
velocity.
• Inside an orbiting satellite weightlessness is experienced.
Top Formulae

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Important Questions
Multiple Choice questions-
1. A body is projected vertically from the surface of the earth of radius R with velocity
equal to half of the escape velocity. The maximum height reached by the body is
(a) R
(b) R/2
(c) R/3
(d) R/4
2. When the planet comes nearer the sun moves
(a) fast
(b) slow
(c) constant at every point
(d) none of the above
3. Keplers second law regarding constancy of arial velocity of a planet is a consequence
of the law of conservation of
(a) energy
(b) angular momentum
(c) linear momentum
(d) none of these
4. The escape velocity for a body projected vertically upwards from the surface of the
earth is 11km/s. If the body is projected at an angle of 45° with the vertical, the escape
velocity will be
(a) 11 /√2 km/s
(b) 11√2 km/s
(c) 2 km/s
(d) 11 km/s
5. The radii of the earth and the moon are in the ratio 10 : 1 while acceleration due to
gravity on the earths surface and moons surface are in the ratio 6 : 1. The ratio of
escape velocities from earths surface to that of moon surface is
(a) 10 : 1
(b) 6 : 1
(c) 1.66 : 1
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(d) 7.74 : 1
6. The escape velocity of a body from the surface of the earth is v. It is given a velocity
twice this velocity on the surface of the earth. What will be its velocity at infinity?
(a) v
(b) 2v
(c) √2v
(d) √3v
7. The period of geostationary artificial satellite is
(a) 24 hours
(b) 6 hours
(c) 12 hours
(d) 48 hours
8. If the radius of the earth were to shrink by 1% its mass remaining the same, the
acceleration due to gravity on the earths surface would
(a) decrease by 2%
(b) remain unchanged
(c) increase by 2%
(d) will increase by 9.8%
9. The mean radius of the earth is R, its angular speed on its own axis is w and the
acceleration due to gravity at earth’s surface is g. The cube of the radius of the orbit of
a geo-stationary satellite will be
(a) r²g / w
(b) R²w² / g
(c) RG w²
(d) R²g / w²
10. If escape velocity from the earth’s surface is 11.2 km/sec. then escape velocity from
a planet of mass same as that of earth but radius one fourth as that of earth is
(a) 11.2 km/sec
(b) 22.4 km/sec
(c) 5.65 km/sec
(d) 44.8 km/sec
Very Short:
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1. What velocity will you give to a donkey and what velocity to a monkey so that both
escape the gravitational field of Earth?
2. How does Earth retain most of the atmosphere?
3. Earth is continuously pulling the moon towards its center. Why does not then, the
moon falls on the Earth?
4. Which is greater out of the following:
(a) The attraction of Earth for 5 kg of copper.
(b) The attraction of 5 kg copper for Earth?
5. Where does a body weigh more – at the surface of Earth or in a mine?
6. How is it that we learn more about the shape of Earth by studying the motion of an
artificial satellite than by studying the motion of the moon?
7. If the Earth is regarded as a hollow sphere, then what is the weight of an object
below the surface of Earth?
8. What is the formula for escape velocity in terms of g and R?
9. What is the orbital period of revolution of an artificial satellite revolving in a
geostationary orbit?
10.Can we determine the mass of a satellite by measuring its time period?
Short Questions:
1. Explain how the weight of the body varies en route from the Earth to the moon.
Would its mass change?
2. Among the known type of forces in nature, the gravitational force ¡s the weakest.
Why then does ¡t play a dominant role in the motion of bodies on the terrestrial,
astronomical, and cosmological scale?
3. Show that the average life span of humans on a planet in terms of its natural years
is 25 planet years if the average span of life on Earth is taken to be 70 years.
4. Hydrogen escapes faster from the Earth than oxygen. Why?
5. In a spaceship moving in a gravity-free region, the astronaut will not be able to
distinguish between up and down. Explain why?
6. Why the space rockets are generally launched from west to east?
7. Explain why the weight of a body becomes zero at the centre of Earth.
8. We cannot move even our little fingers without disturbing the whole universe.
Explain why.
Long Questions:
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1. (a) Derive the expression for the orbital velocity of an artificial Earth’s satellite. Also,
derive its value for an orbit near Earth’s surface.
(b) Derive the expression for escape velocity of a body from the surface of Earth and
show that it √2 times the orbital velocity close to the surface of the Earth. Derive its
value for Earth.
2. (a) Explain Newton’s law of gravitation.
(b) Define gravitational field intensity. Derive its expression at a point at a distance x
from the center of Earth. How is it related to acceleration due to gravity?
3. Discuss the variation of acceleration due to gravity with:
(a) Altitude or height
(b) Depth
(c) Latitude i.e. due to rotation of Earth.
Assertion Reason Questions:
1. Directions: Each of these questions contain two statements, Assertion and Reason.
Each of these questions also has four alternative choices, only one of which is the
correct answer. You have to select one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) given below.
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a correct explanation for
assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is not a correct explanation for
assertion
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
Assertion: Gravitational potential of earth at every place on it is negative.
Reason: Everybody on earth is bound by the attraction of earth.
2. Directions: Each of these questions contain two statements, Assertion and Reason.
Each of these questions also has four alternative choices, only one of which is the
correct answer. You have to select one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) given below.
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a correct explanation for
assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is not a correct explanation for
assertion
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
Assertion: Planets appear to move slower when they are farther from the sun than
when they are nearer.
Reason: All planets move in elliptical orbits with sun at one of the foci of the ellipse.
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✓ Answer Key:
Multiple Choice Answers-
1. Answer: (c) R/3
2. Answer: (a) fast
3. Answer: (b) angular momentum
4. Answer: (d) 11 km/s
5. Answer: (d) 7.74 : 1
6. Answer: (d) √3v
7. Answer: (a) 24 hours
8. Answer: (c) increase by 2%
9. Answer: (d) R²g / w²
10.Answer: (b) 22.4 km/sec
Very Short Answers:
1. Answer: We will give them the same velocity as escape velocity is independent of
the mass of the body.
2. Answer: Due to force of gravity.
3. Answer: The gravitational force between the Earth and the moon provides the
necessary centripetal force to the moon to move around the Earth. This centripetal
force avoids the moon to fall onto the Earth.
4. Answer: Same.
5. Answer: At the surface of Earth, a body weighs more.
6. Answer: This is because an artificial satellite is closer to the Earth than Moon.
7. Answer: Zero.
8. Answer: Ve = √2𝑔𝑅.
9. Answer: It is 24 hours.
10.Answer: Yes.
Short Questions Answers:
1. Answer: When a body is taken from Earth to the moon, then its weight slowly
1
decreases to zero and then increases till it becomes th of the weight of the body on
6
the surface of the moon.

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2ℎ
We know that mgh = mg (1 – )
𝑅
𝑅
As h increases, gh, and hence mgh, decreases. When R = the force of attraction of
2
Earth is equal to the force of attraction of the moon.
1
Then gh = 0, so mg becomes zero, and the value of g on the moon’s surface is th of
6
𝑅
its value on the surface of Earth. Hence on increasing h beyond , mg starts
2
increasing due to the gravity of the moon. f ts mass remains constant.
2. Answer: Electrical forces are stronger than gravitational forces for a given distance,
but they can be attractive as well as repulsive, unlike gravitational force which is
always attractive. As a consequence, the forces between massive neutral bodies are
predominantly gravitational and hence play a dominant role at long distances. The
strong nuclear forces dominate only over a range of distances of the order of 10-14
m to 10-15 m.
3. Answer: Take the distance between Earth and Sun twice the distance between Earth
and planet. According to Kepler’s third law of planetary motion,

where Te, TR is the average life span on Earth and planet respectively.
Rg = distance between Earth and Sun.
Rp = distance between Earth and planet.
Here, Re = 2Rp

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4. Answer: The thermal speed of hydrogen is much larger than oxygen. Therefore a
large number of hydrogen molecules are able to acquire escape velocity than that of
oxygen molecules. Hence hydrogen escapes faster from the Earth than oxygen.
5. Answer: The upward and downward sense is due to the gravitational force of
attraction between the body and the earth. In a spaceship, the gravitational force is
counterbalanced by the centripetal force needed by the satellite to move around
the Earth in a circular orbit. Hence in the absence of zero force, the astronaut will
not be able to distinguish between up and down.
6. Answer: Since the Earth revolves from west to east around the Sun, so when the
rocket is launched from west to east, the relative velocity of the rocket = launching
velocity of rocket + linear velocity of Earth. Thus the velocity of the rocket increases
which helps it to rise without much consumption of the fuel. Also, the linear velocity
of Earth is maximum in the equatorial plane.
7. Answer: We know that the weight of a body at a place below Earth’s surface is given
by
W = mgd …. (i)
Where gd = acceleration due to gravity at a place at a depth ‘d’ below Earth’s
surface and is given

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From Eqn. (i) W = 0 at the center of Earth.

i.e., g decreased with depth and hence becomes zero at the center of Earth, so W =
0 at Earth’s center.
8. Answer: According to Newton’s law of gravitation, every particle of this universe
attracts every other particle with a force that is inversely proportional to the square
of the distance between them. When we move our fingers, the distance between
the particle’s changes, and hence the force of attraction changes which in turn
disturbs the whole universe.
Long Questions Answers:
1. Answer:
1. Let m = mass of the satellite.
M, R = mass and radius of Earth.
h = height of the satellite above the surface of Earth.
r = radius of the robot of the satellite
= R + h.
v0 = orbital velocity of the satellite.
𝑚𝑣02
The centripetal force required by the satellite to move in a circular orbit is
𝑟
proved by the gravitational force between satellite and the Earth.

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 GRAVITATION
08

If the satellite is close to the earth’s surface, then h ≈ 0

2. Escape velocity is the minimum velocity with which a body is projected from
Earth’s surface so as to just escape its gravitational pull or of any other planet. It
is denoted by ve.
Expression: Consider the earth to be a homogenous sphere of radius R, mass M,
center O, and density p.
(29)
 GRAVITATION
08

Let m = mass of the body projected from point A on the surface of Earth with vel.
ve.
1
∴ K.E. of the body at point A = mve2 …(i)
2
Let it reaches a point P at a distance x from O. If F be the gravitational force of
attraction on the body at P, then

𝐺𝑀𝑚
F= …(ii)
𝑥2

Let it further moves to Q by a distance dx.

If dW be the work done in moving from P to Q, then

If w be the total work done in moving the body from A to ∞,

Then

(30)
 GRAVITATION
08

∴ According to the law of conservation of energy

K.E. = RE

Relation between ve and vo: Also we know that the orbital velocity around Earth
close to its surface is given

(31)
 GRAVITATION
08

by v0 = √𝑔𝑅
and ve = √2𝑔𝑅 = √2 √𝑔𝑅
= √2v0
Hence proved.
2. Answer:
(a) We know that Newton’s law of gravitation is expressed mathematically as:

where r̂ = unit vector along F

It was found that law is equally applicable anywhere in the universe between
small and big objects like stars and galaxies. The value of G remains the same
everywhere. (Some scientists have claimed that as the size of the object under
consideration becomes big like a galaxy, the value of G also changes). Hence this
law of Newton is also called Newton’s universal law of gravitation.
The force of attraction is called the force of gravitation or gravitational force.
This force is only attractive and is never repulsive. The force is both ways i.e.,
particle 1 attracts particle 2 and so does particle 2 attracts particle 1.
Hence F12 = – F21.
The law is a direct outcome of the study of acceleration of bodies. Newton
wondered how Moon revolves around the Earth or other planets revolve around
the Sun. His calculations showed that the Moon is accelerated by the same
amount as does any other object towards the Earth.
His famous narration of the apple falling from the tree and noticing every other
object fall towards Earth led to the announcement of his famous law of
gravitation about 50 years later in his book ‘Principia’.
Out of the known forces in nature, the Gravitational force is the weakest, yet it is
the most apparent one as it acts for long distances and between objects which
are visible to us. The law of gravitation has been used to determine the mass of
heavenly bodies. It has been used to study the atmosphere of planets. Man-
made satellites remain in the orbits due to gravitation.
(b) The gravitational field intensity at a point is defined as the force acting on a unit
mass placed at that point in the field.

(32)
 GRAVITATION
08

Thus, the gravitational field intensity is given by:

𝐹
E=
𝑚
Now at distance x from the centre of Earth, the gravitational force is

So, the intensity of the gravitational field at the surface of Earth is equal to the
acceleration due to gravity.
3. Answer:
Let M, R be the mass and radius of the earth with centre O.
g = acceleration due to gravity at a point
An on Earth’s surface.

(a) Variation of g with height: Let g0h be the acceleration due to gravity at a point B
at a height h above the earth’s surface

(33)
 GRAVITATION
08

If h << R, then using Binomial Expansion, we get

Thus, from Eqn. (3), we conclude that acceleration due to gravity decreases with
height.
(b) With depth: Let the Earth be a uniform sphere.

Let gd = acceleration due to gravity at a depth d below earth’s surface i.e., at point
B.
Let ρ = density of Earth of mass M.

(34)
 GRAVITATION
08

Also, let M’ = mass of Earth at a depth d, then

From equation (iv), we see that acceleration due to gravity decreases with depth.
Special case: At the centre of Earth, d = R
∴ gd = 0
Hence an object at the centre of Earth is in a state of weightlessness.
(c) Variation of g with latitude:
Let m = mass of a particle at a place P of latitude X.
ω = angular speed of Earth about axis NS.

(35)
 GRAVITATION
08

As the earth rotates about the NS axis, the particle at P also rotates and describes a
horizontal circle of radius r,
where r = PC = OP cos λ, = R cos λ
Let g’ be the acceleration due to gravity at P when the rotation of Earth is taken
into account. Now due to the rotation of the earth, two forces that act on the
particle at P are:
Its weight mg, acting along with PO.
Centrifugal force mroo2 along PO’.
∴ The angle between them = 180 – λ
∴ According to the parallelogram law of vector addition

Using binomial expansion, we get

⇒ g decreases with the rotation of the earth.

At poles, λ = 90°, ∴ g’ = gp = g
At equator, λ = 0, g’ = ge = g- Rω2.

(36)
 GRAVITATION
08

Clearly gp > ge.

Assertion Reason Answer:
1. (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a correct explanation for
assertion.
Explanation:
Because gravitational force is always attractive in nature, and everybody is bound
by this gravitational force of attraction of earth.
2. (b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is not a correct explanation for
assertion.
Explanation:
Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not correct explanation of the assertion.
Case Study Questions-
1. If a stone is thrown by hand, we see it falls back to the earth. Of course using machines
we can shoot an object with much greater speeds and with greater and greater initial
speed, the object scales higher and higher heights. A natural query that arises in our
mind is the following: can we throw an object with such high initial speeds that it does
not fall back to the earth ? Thus minimum speed required to throw object to infinity
away from earth’s gravitational field is called escape velocity.
ve = √2𝑔𝑟
Where g is acceleration due to gravity and r is radius of earth and after solving ve 11.2
km/s. This is called the escape speed, sometimes loosely called the escape velocity.
This applies equally well to an object thrown from the surface of the moon with g
replaced by the acceleration due to Moon’s gravity on its surface and r replaced by the
radius of the moon. Both are smaller than their values on earth and the escape speed
for the moon turns out to be 2.3 km/s, about five times smaller. This is the reason that
moon has no atmosphere. Gas molecules if formed on the surface of the moon having
velocities larger than this will escape the gravitational pull of the moon. Earth satellites
are objects which revolve around the earth. Their motion is very similar to the motion
of planets around the Sun and hence Kepler’s laws of planetary motion are equally
applicable to them. In particular, their orbits around the earth are circular or elliptic.
Moon is the only natural satellite of the earth with a near circular orbit with a time
period of approximately 27.3 days which is also roughly equal to the rotational period
of the moon about its own axis.
i. Time period of moon is
a. 27.3 days
b. 20 days

(37)
 GRAVITATION
08

c. 85 days
d. None of these
ii. Escape velocity from earth is given by
a. 20 km/s
b. 11.2 km/s
c. 2 km/s
d. None of these
iii. Define escape velocity. Give its formula
iv. Why moon don’t Have any atmosphere?
v. What is satellite? Which law governs them?
2. Satellites in a circular orbits around the earth in the equatorial plane with T = 24 hours
are called Geostationary Satellites. Clearly, since the earth rotates with the same
period, the satellite would appear fixed from any point on earth. It takes very powerful
rockets to throw up a satellite to such large heights above the earth but this has been
done in view of the several benefits of many practical applications. Thus radio waves
broadcast from an antenna can be received at points far away where the direct wave
fails to reach on account of the curvature of the earth. Waves used in television
broadcast or other forms of communication have much higher frequencies and thus
cannot be received beyond the line of sight. A Geostationery satellite, appearing fixed
above the broadcasting station can however receive these signals and broadcast them
back to a wide area on earth. The INSAT group of satellites sent up by India is one such
group of geostationary satellites widely used for telecommunications in India. Another
class of satellites is called the Polar satellites. These are low altitude (500 to 800 km)
satellites, but they go around the poles of the earth in a north-south direction whereas
the earth rotates around its axis in an east-west direction. Since its time period is
around 100 minutes it crosses any altitude many times a day. However, since its height
h above the earth is about 500-800 km, a camera fixed on it can view only small strips
of the earth in one orbit. Adjacent strips are viewed in the next orbit, so that in effect
the whole earth can be viewed strip by strip during the entire day. These satellites can
view polar and equatorial regions. at close distances with good resolution. Information
gathered from such satellites is extremely useful for remote sensing, meterology as
well as for environmental studies of the earth.
i. Time period of geospatial satellite is
a. 24 hours
b. 48 hours
c. 72 hours

(38)
 GRAVITATION
08

d. None of these
ii. Polar satellites are approximately revolving at height of
a. 500 to 800km
b. 1500 to 2000 km
c. 3000 to 4000 km
d. None of these
iii. Which satellite used to view polar and equatorial regions?
iv. Write note on polar satellites
v. Write a note on geostationary satellite. Give its applications.

Case Study Answer-

1. Answer
i. (a) 27.3 days
ii. (b) 500 to 800km
iii. Polar satellites are used to view polar and equatorial regions as they rotate on poles
of earth.
iv. The escape speed for the moon turns out to be 2.3 km/s, about five times smaller
than that of earth. Therefore all atmospheric gas can go easily out of atmosphere of
moon. This is the reason that moon has no atmosphere.
v. Earth satellites are objects which revolve around the earth. Their motion is very
similar to the motion of planets around the Sun and hence Kepler’s laws of
planetary motion are equally applicable to them.
2. Answer
i. (a) 24 hours
ii. (a) Pascal’s law
iii. Polar satellites are used to view polar and equatorial regions as they rotate on poles
of earth.
iv. Polar satellites are low altitude (500 to 800 km) satellites, but they go around the
poles of the earth in a north-south direction. Since its time period is around 100
minutes it crosses any altitude many times a day. Information gathered from such
satellites is extremely useful for remote sensing, meterology as well as for
environmental studies of the earth.

(39)
 GRAVITATION
08

v. Satellites in circular orbits around the earth in the equatorial plane with time period
same as earth are called Geostationary Satellites.
Applications:- Radio waves broadcast. Satellites widely used for
telecommunications in India. GPS system, navigation system , defence etc.

(40)
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