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    Net 11

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    Net 11

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    net11

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    Net 11

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    of 6

    net11.

    md

    OSI Model in Networking


    Refer Here for osi model

    1/6
    net11.md

    Each layer adds some protocol additions as well as some networking concept additions

    Layer 2: Ethernet and Wifi

    Reference

    The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework used to understand and
    standardize the functions of a telecommunication or computing system into seven distinct layers. Each layer
    has specific protocols associated with it, which facilitate various aspects of network communication. Below is
    an overview of the protocols commonly associated with each layer of the OSI model.

    1. Physical Layer (Layer 1)

    Function: Deals with the physical connection between devices, including the transmission of raw
    bitstreams over a physical medium.
    Protocols/Technologies:

    2/6
    net11.md

    Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)


    RS-232
    Token Ring
    USB

    2. Data Link Layer (Layer 2)

    Function: Responsible for node-to-node data transfer and error detection and correction from the
    Physical layer.
    Protocols:
    Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
    Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
    Frame Relay
    HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control)

    3. Network Layer (Layer 3)

    Function: Manages the routing of data packets between devices across different networks.
    Protocols:
    Internet Protocol (IP)
    Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
    Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
    IPv6

    4. Transport Layer (Layer 4)

    Function: Ensures reliable data transfer between end systems, providing error recovery and flow
    control.
    Protocols:
    Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
    User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
    Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)

    5. Session Layer (Layer 5)

    Function: Manages sessions between applications, handling the opening, closing, and management of
    connections.
    Protocols:
    NetBIOS
    RPC (Remote Procedure Call)
    PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol)

    6. Presentation Layer (Layer 6)

    Function: Translates data between the application layer and the network, including data formatting,
    encryption, and compression.
    Protocols:
    Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)

    3/6
    net11.md

    Transport Layer Security (TLS)


    JPEG, GIF (for image formats)

    7. Application Layer (Layer 7)

    Function: Provides network services directly to end-user applications, facilitating user interaction with
    the network.
    Protocols:
    Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
    File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
    Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
    Domain Name System (DNS)

    Each layer of the OSI model plays a crucial role in the overall network communication process, and the
    protocols associated with each layer ensure that data is transmitted efficiently and reliably across diverse
    network environments

    HTTP

    HTTP, or Hypertext Transfer Protocol, is the foundational protocol used for transmitting data over the web. It
    defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and how web servers and browsers should respond to
    various commands.

    Key Features of HTTP

    Protocol Type: HTTP is an application layer protocol in the OSI model, facilitating communication
    between clients (like web browsers) and servers.

    Request-Response Model: HTTP operates on a request-response model. A client sends an HTTP


    request to the server, which then responds with the requested resource, typically in the form of HTML
    pages, images, or other data types.

    Statelessness: HTTP is stateless, meaning each request from a client to a server is treated as an
    independent transaction, unrelated to previous requests. This simplifies server design but requires
    additional mechanisms (like cookies) for maintaining state across multiple requests.

    Methods: HTTP supports several request methods, including:

    GET: Retrieve data from the server.


    POST: Send data to the server, often used for form submissions.
    PUT: Update existing resources.
    DELETE: Remove resources from the server.

    Security Concerns

    While HTTP is widely used, it is inherently insecure because it transmits data in plain text, making it vulnerable
    to interception and attacks such as man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks. This is where HTTPS (Hypertext
    Transfer Protocol Secure) comes into play, which adds a layer of security through encryption using SSL/TLS
    protocols, ensuring that data exchanged between the client and server is encrypted and secure from
    eavesdropping and tampering
    4/6
    net11.md

    Status Codes

    URI/URLs

    Refer Here

    Conclusion

    In summary, HTTP is a crucial protocol for web communication, enabling the transfer of hypertext documents
    and other resources. However, due to its lack of security features, HTTPS is recommended for any website that
    handles sensitive information, as it provides encryption and ensures data integrity and confidentiality during
    transmission.

    Load Balancers
    When your application is Highly available (multiple servers running the same application), we would
    have a load balancer which forwards the traffic to one of the server

    5/6
    net11.md

    Refer Here for types of load balancing


    We have two types of Load Balancers
    Layer 4 load Balancer
    Layer 7 Load Balancer
    Layer 4: layer4 is aware of
    ip address
    tcp/udp
    port
    Layer 7: Layer 7 is aware of
    ip address
    tcp/udp
    port
    http(s)

    6/6

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