Values Formation

Values Education (Val-Ed) HR-F2

Chapter 1: The Essence and Nature of Values

Introduction

• Anglo-French “valu”, past participle of “valer, valeir” which means “to be worth, to have value”.
• Middle English “valuen” which means “to estimate, be worth”.
• The word “values” comes from the Latin word “valere” which means to measure the worth of
something or to be well, have strength. Values are the elements of life prevailing in any society.
Values is/are:

• Colors our choices.

• Orientation
• Preferences
• Guide Planner
• Policy-makers
• Change agents in the planning and implementation of responsive development programs.
• Shapes and determines our decision to like or dislike, favor or disfavor, change or not change and
etc.
According to Max Scheler (1928), a foremost exponent of axiology, “acts reveal the person’s value
preferences”. Axiology is the philosophical science of value. Like a prism that reflects invisible spectrum
of colors, a person’s acts manifest his invisible order of values.

The followings are true of values:

1. There are positive and negative values.
2. Values create an atmosphere; hence, we say a sense of values.
3. Values are diverse types.
4. Values transcend facts.
5. Values clamor for existence or realization.
6. Man experiences a certain order of values.
Examples of Human Values

• Health and Energy- exercise or workout, healthy diet, drink water, sleep 8 to 10 hours, reduce
screen time
• Love- eros (romantic or sexual love), philia (team or group), storge (family and close friends), ludus
(exciting love), mania (obsessive love), pragma (love of that endures), philautia (self-love), agape
(love of humanity). Love languages (quality time, words of affirmation, physical touch, receiving
gifts, acts of service).
• Gratitude and Appreciation- saying “thank you” towards others.
• Kindness and Compassion- speak with kindness “po” and “opo”, apologize when you have made
a mistake, listen to those who are speaking without judging them, encourage other people, be happy
for someone else’s success, forgive, be patient.
• Integrity- honest and a person who is willing to do what is right, abstain cheating, lying or stealing.
• Giving- helping and giving something without expecting something in return.
• Growth- career growth, educational growth, relationship growth and personal growth.
• Peace- stress-free and calm mind and relationship with self and other people. Peace can help us
survive.
• Family, friendship and connections- you are studying and working hard for your family, friends
and other connections.
• Happiness- complex emotion, it has range of positive feelings from contentment and joy.
Max Scheler’s Emotional Axiology

1. Pleasure Values- pleasant and unpleasant, agreeable and disagreeable.

a. Examples: sensual feeling, experiences of pleasure or pain, enjoying a meal, physical
comfort, sensory feelings like listening to music or podcast.
2. Vital Values- pertaining to the well-being of the individual or of the community, values of vital
feeling.
a. Examples: health, vitality, capability, excellence, physical fitness, emotional and mental
balance
 3. Spiritual Values- independent of the whole sphere of the body and of the environment, grasped in
spiritual acts of preferring, loving and hating. What does it mean to be human? To be me? Love,
compassion, justice and truth.
a. Examples: aesthetic values (beauty against ugliness), values of right and wrong, values of
pure knowledge.
4. Values of the Holy- appear only in regard to objects intentionally given as “absolute objects”.
a. Examples: beliefs, adoration and bliss, religious faith.
Hierarchy of Values
1. Religious Values - religious values reflect the beliefs and practices which a religious adherent
partakes in. Most values originate from sacred texts of each respective religion. The most
significant of them are: God (divine), faith, life, good (kindness), truth, love, mercy, poverty (denial
of material goods), modesty, suffering, compassion, humility, forgiveness, morality.
2. Moral Values- moral values are defined as guidelines that assist a person in deciding between right
and wrong. Moral values include caring, respect, trust, empathy, fairness, love, and acceptance.
3. Infra-moral Values- they are specifically human. They refer to the development of our nature and
the talents and qualities we possess.
a. Economic Values and Values of Well-being:
i. Income, wealth, employment opportunities, access to basic goods and services,
social support, and overall satisfaction with life.
b. Social and Aesthetic Values:
i. Social values include justice, freedom, respect, community, and responsibility.
ii. Aesthetic values include form, content, integrity, harmony, purity, or fittingness of
works.
c. Intellectual values - intellectual value comprises content such as performances; teaching,
training, and coaching; analysis of specific questions applied to specific situations, and
personal attention. Values include reflection, focus, critical thinking, reason and judgment,
curiosity, resourcefulness, open mindedness, wisdom and creativity.
d. Personality values- personal Values are “broad desirable goals that motivate people's
actions and serve as guiding principles in their lives. Values include courage, integrity,
gratitude, generosity, education, honesty, perseverance, and financial security.
4. Infra-human Values - infra-human values are those values that are considered to be below or
inferior to what is typically considered human values or ethical standards. These may include
behaviors or beliefs that are deemed unacceptable or immoral in society.
a. Biological or Vital Values- these are necessary to the physical survival of man. These
include: life and death, food and shelter and work.
b. Sensible Values- it can be used when referring to an opinion or judgement that makes sense
or practical and reasonable. Sensible having the ability to make decisions. (aware,
conscious, and sensitive), (e.g. She was sensible enough to stop driving when she got too
tired.)
Moral Values
Moral values are relative values that are essential to the existence of humans. Regardless of who
we are or where we've come from, they are the result of experiences to which we can all connect. When a
value is meant to preserve, honor, and improve everyone's quality of life, it is considered a moral value.
Phenomenology of Moral Values
1. A description of moral insights into a moral experience shows the following:
a. There is awareness of the difference between right and wrong.
b. Moral experience cannot be reduced to other human experiences.
c. There is a “must” quality, i.e., it is expected and demanded that everyone be moral.
d. We experience an “ought” in doing good and avoiding evil.
e. Yet, we are free to do good and evil.
2. From the phenomenon of dialogue, when we speak of and judge others, we distinguish between
the hero and the villain in myths, history, in everyday experience; we praise some and blame
others. We contrast the hero and the rascal; the faithful and the unfaithful husband.
Characteristics of Moral Values
1. A value becomes moral because it is recognized as reasonable and freely chosen by a human
person.
2. Moral values are pre-eminent over other human values.
3. Moral values are absolute; i.e., independent of other values and preferred for their own sake.
4. Moral values are universal and necessary for everyone; i.e., friendship remains a value to all even
if the friend is a rascal.
5. Moral values are obligatory; i.e., they ought to be realized and cannot be postponed.
Morally Right Values Situations
1. You found a wallet on the ground with cash and other important cards inside of it. You took it to
the nearest lost-and-found or directly contact the owner based on their identification cards. This
action shows honesty and respect for the other people’s property with principles of integrity and
trustworthiness.
2. A friend is in need of emotional assistance. You spent time listening to them, hearing their worries,
and providing support or guidance as required.