TCW(FINALS) Cultural differentialism - views cultures as in-

herently & strongly unique and largely unaf-

fected by globalization.
A WORLD OF IDEAS: Global Media Cultures
Cultural hybridization – a creative process
Culture - way of life manifested in tangible ob- which yields combinations of local and global
jects and intangible ideas we hold. cultures when external inputs interact with in-
ternal inputs.
- in simple terms terms , refers to humans' way
Glocalization – gives birth to a hybridized form
of life - how we present ourselves.

-are articulated in symbols or illustrations that

Cultural convergence - cultures across nation
convey meanings
states a little more similar and homogenous.
Media cultures - culture that emerges due to
Isomorphic - uniform culture
the proliferation of mass media; the intersection
between media and culture. Cultural imperialism -when cultures consciously
impose themselves on other cultures.
Material culture- tangible objects like clothes &
infrastructures . Deterritorialization -when a culture is not any-
more tied to the restrictions of the geographical
Non-material culture - intangible ideas that we space where it originates.
hold like our beliefs, our traditions and our prac-
tices. Globalization & Media can be captured in five
distinct eras; oral communication, script, print-
Cultural socialization -observation and partici- ing press, electronic media, & digital media.
pation in community affairs
Nick Stevenson – stated that “much of the mod-
Cultural exchange - when we go out and inter- ern culture is transmitted by the media of mass
act with people from other groups, we experi- communication “.
ence a different culture.
Issues in Media Cultures
Acculturation - they adopt to certain values and
practices of the new culture. In the age of globalization, there are a few is-
sues to address: access, production and con-
Accommodation - adopt the new culture only
sumption, inclusion and participation, and cul-
when we are in public
tural integrity.
Assimilation - a larger degree such that we
GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGIONS
begin to resemble the people in the other
group. Religion - a unified system of beliefs and prac-
tices related to faith, the sacred, higher moral
Globalization - facilitates sharing of ideas, atti-
values
tudes, and values across national borders
Secularization - diminishing role of religion in
Cultural flows - is a term often used to refer to
the society.
this dynamics of culture in the age of globaliza-
-the hypothesized demise of religion and its
tion.
value in societies, manifested, for instance, in
the separation of the church and state.

Christian Joy Bugtong

Glocalization of religion - intermingling of uni- Nationalization - universal religion and local,
versal and local religions. national particularism.

Size of Major Religious Groups (2010)

Transnationalization - absorption of a universal
Christians - 31.5% Unaffiliated - 16.3 %
religion into ones one's own culture; naturaliza-
Muslims - 23.2 % Hindus - 15.0% Bud-
tion of religion.
dhists - 7.1% Folk Religionists - 5.9% Other
Religions - 0.8% Jews - 0.2% GLOBAL POPULATION AND MOBILITY

Affiliation motivation - to have positive social

Global cities - central sites for advanced ser-
interaction.
vices and facilities of telecommunication which
Religious coping- is a form of coping with are necessary for the execution and the man-
stressful situations. agement of global economic activities.

Lastly, religion provides a mechanism promot- - are major nodes in the interconnected systems
ing self-control and moral behavior. of information and money.
Cultural pluralism - a small group of shared
identity maintains their cultural practices as Globalization and World Cities(GaWC)- ranked
long as it aligns with the larger society's norms. cities based on provision of "advanced producer
services" such as accountancy, advertising, fi-
Religious tolerance - to abide by their own reli- nance, and law by international corporations.
gious practices and beliefs, is quintessential in
fostering peace in the community.
Alpha world cities (full service world cities)
Religious Fundamentalism - The belief that
there is one set of religious teachings . 12 points: London, New York, Paris, Tokyo

10 points: Chicago, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, Los

Religious Fundamentalism manifests in two
Angeles, Milan, Singapore
ways:

Nonviolent intolerance – extreme identification

with a particular religion Beta world cities (major world cities)

Violent intolerance- direct use of physical vio- • 9 points: San Francisco, Sydney, Toronto, Zur-
lence subjectively defined religious missions. ich

Glocalization of religion — universal religion is • 8 points: Brussels, Madrid, Mexico City, Sao
thematized alongside local particularity. Paulo

• 7 points: Moscow, Seoul

Four forms of Glocalization?
Vernacularization - religious universalism with
vernacular language.
Gamma world cities (minor world cities)
Indigenization - religious universalism with local • 6 points: Amsterdam, Boston, Caracas, Dallas,
particularism. Dusseldorf, Geneva, Houston, Jakarta,

Christian Joy Bugtong

Johannesburg, Melbourne, Osaka, Prague, San- 3. Cultural interaction - refers to trendsetting
tiago, Taipei, Washington potential, accommodation environment, dining
and shopping, and volume of interaction.
• 5 points: Bangkok, Beijing, Montreal, Rome,
Stockholm, Warsaw 4. Livability - refers to working environment,
cost of living, security and safety, and life sup-
• 4 points: Atlanta, Barcelona, Berlin, Budapest,
port functions
Buenos Aires, Copenhagen ,Hamburg, Istanbul,
Kuala Lumpur, Manila, Miami, Minneapolis, Mu- 5.Environment - refers to ecology, pollution,
nich, Shanghai and natural environment

6.Accessibility - refers to international transport

Global City Index- consists of indicators and pa-
infrastructure and inner city transportation in-
rameters used to determine and measure the
frastructure.
categories of global cities;

1. Business activity - presence of headquarters,

Top 10 Global Power Cities
services firms, number of international confer-
ences, value of goods through ports and air- 1. London 6. Seoul
ports.
2. New York City 7. Amsterdam
2. Human capital - size of foreign-born popula-
tion, quality of universities, number of interna- 3. Tokyo 8. Berlin
tional schools, international student population 4. Paris 9. Hong Kong
3. Information exchange - accessibility of major 5. Singapore 10. Sydney
TV news, number of international news bureaus
GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
4. Cultural experience - number of sporting
events, museums, performing arts venues Demography - scientific study of the determi-
nants and consequences of human population
5. Political engagement - number of embassies, trends.
consulates, international organizations, political
conferences. Demographic transition - refers to the transition
from high birth and death rates to low birth and
death rates as a country develops from a pre-in-
Global Power City Index - evaluates and ranks dustrial to an industrialized economic system.
the major cities of the world ; Thomas Malthus - was the first person to draw
1. Economy - refers to market attractiveness, widespread attention to the two components of
economic vitality, business environment, regula- natural increase-births and deaths.
tions, and risk
- He formulated an essay titled “Essay on the
2.Research and development - refers to re- Principle of Population.”
search background, readiness for accepting and
supporting researches, and research achieve- Malthusian Theory- postulated that population
ment. tended to grow geometrically, while the means
of subsistence grew only arithmetically.

Christian Joy Bugtong

Demographic Transition framework illustrates 2. Fewer children are needed for work
population growth in terms of discrepancies and
changes in two crude vital rates— mortality and
Reasons for the changes in the death rate
fertility.
1. Improvements in medical care
Stage 1: Preindustrial Society - high and unsta-
ble birth and death rates, population growth 2. Water
rate slow, importance of children, low life ex-
pectancy. 3. Supply and sanitation

Reasons for the changes in birth rate 4. Fewer children die

1. Children are needed for farming. Stage 4: Post Industrial Society - low birth and
2. They die at an early age due to illnesses. death rates, low population
3. No family planning and conception/giving Reasons for the changes in birth rate
birth is encouraged by religion and society.
1. Family planning
Reasons for the changes in death rate
2. Good health
1. Disease 2. Famine
3. Later marriage.
3.Poor medical knowledge
4. Improving status of women

Stage 2: Early Industrial Society - high birth Reasons for the changes in death rate
rates, falling death rate, high population growth
1. Good health care
Reasons for the changes in birth rate
2. Reliable food supply
1. Children are needed for farming
3.People are living much longer
2. They die at an early age due to illnesses.
Fertility Transition Theory - states that fertility
3. No family planning and conception/giving is declining in the less developed countries.
birth is encouraged by religion and society.

Reasons for the changes in death rate

1. Improvements in medical care SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

2. Water Sustainable development – is a development

that can meet the needs of the present genera-
3. Supply and sanitation
tion without compromising the ability of future
4. Fewer children die generations to meet their own needs.
- coined by Word Commission on Environment
Stage 3: Late Industrial Society - low death rate,
and Development(WCED) on 1987.
falling birth rate, high population growth

Reasons for the changes in birth rate

1. Improved medical care and diet

Christian Joy Bugtong

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) : Prevalence of Undernourishment (PoU) -
measures hunger through data on food availa-
1. to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger:
bility, consumption, and energy requirements.
2. to achieve universal primary education
3. to promote gender equality and empower
Global Hunger Index (GHI) - assesses under-
women.
nourishment, child wasting, stunting, and child
4. to reduce child mortality:
mortality.
5. to improve maternal health:
6. to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other dis-
Hunger Reduction Commitment Index (HRCI)-
eases:
evaluates the government’s political commit-
7. to ensure environmental sustainability, and
ments to food security.
8. to develop a global partnership for develop-
ment.
Some Factors Affecting Food Security
Challenges to Sustainable Development
Food Supply - Food goes through a complex
Poverty - is usually referred to as the lack and process of production. Local producers must be
deprivation of important basic needs of people. supported by the government to continue the
Income Inequality - the gap between the rich supply of sufficient food to the population.
and the poor. Food Prices - changes in national and global
Unsustainable patterns of Production and Con- economic policies and process may lead to in-
sumption -we must maintain sustainable con- creases in oil and food prices.
sumption to minimize ecological footprint that
exceeds the capacity of the planet to provide. People’s Income - Poverty limits people's access
to food, despite its availability, making them vul-
Environmental Destruction - leading to exces- nerable to food insecurity and price increases.
sive carbon dioxide emissions and unsustainable
use of water and land resources. Changes and Shocks in Social and Natural Envi-
Economic Globalization - the enhancement of ronments - Variability in climate and conflicts
trading among countries. disrupt food production, accessibility, and stabil-
ity, leading to transitory food insecurity for af-
GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY fected populations.

Food security - the condition of which everyone Globalization and Food Security - Globalization
is able to access sufficient, safe, and nutritious affects food production, distribution, and con-
food anytime. sumption patterns. Trade policies and economic
reforms can either support or undermine food
Food Insecurity - when people do not have ad- security efforts, emphasizing the need for equi-
equate physical, social, or economic access to table globalization.
food.

Undernourishment – condition by which a per-

son has insufficient access to food required for
their dietary needs.

Christian Joy Bugtong

 GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP Moral Global Citizenship - focuses more on the
ethical aspect.

Citizenship - how residents live in a particular Sociopolitical Global Citizenship – emphasizes

area with previously agreed upon rights and re- the social and governmental systems & struc-
sponsibilities. tures around the world.

Rights- any lawful, social, or moral principle of

Issues in Global Citizenship
autonomy or entitlement.
Conflict between global citizenship and individ-
Duty - an obligation or expectation to perform
ual differences - Challenges arise in classifying
an action based on the law, social norms, or a
non-citizens who perform citizen duties, leading
moral standard.
to disparities in rights.
Global citizenship - the belief that all people
have rights and civic responsibilities based on Slow progress in developing a global imagina-
the reason that they reside in the world. tion - Slow progress in fostering a global imagi-
nation, leading to neglect of minority experi-
Three Types of Rights ences.

Civil Rights – an entitlements provided by a cer- Conflict between global citizenship and na-
tain locality to its public constituents. tional citizenship - Citizens often live in their
own cultural context, posing conflicts between
Political Rights - an administrative entitlements global and national citizenship.
provided by specific government.

Social Rights – the entitlements related to pub-

lic services and to social protection.

Three Types of Duties

Conscription – obligation to register as reserve

force in army.

Taxation - duty to pay compulsory contribution

to a state or the government.

Participation – obligation to take part in the

community.

Three Categories of Global Citizenship

Open Global Citizenship – believes nation still

exist, recognizes interdependence between na-
tions while preserving cultural diversity.

Christian Joy Bugtong