D Single Phase Fully: Esign of Controlled Converter Using Cosine Wave Crossing Control With Various Protections

Geno Peter / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Vol.
2(9), 2010, 4222-4227
DESIGN OF SINGLE PHASE FULLY

CONTROLLED CONVERTER USING COSINE WAVE CROSSING CONTROL WITH VARIOUS PROTECTIONS
GENO PETER .P
Assistant Professor, Department of EEE ,Loyola Institute of Science and Technology, Loyola Nagar, Thovalai, Tamil Nadu, 629 302,India Abstract: The single phase fully controlled converter is used to convert single phase A.C supply to D.C supply. Such converter finds application in dc motor loads for motoring and electrical braking of the motor. There are two types of control schemes to control the firing of thyristors, they are Cosine wave crossing control and Ramp comparator control. In this paper, cosine wave crossing control is used for the control circuit. The advantage of this scheme is that the output voltage is proportional to the control voltage ie., the output voltage is independent of the variation of input voltage. The various protections such as over current, short circuit, under voltage protections etc are included. The main objective of this project is to design an efficient, simple, robust and economical control circuit thereby making the fully controlled converter. The fully controlled converter uses four thyristors . It is a two quadrant converter was voltage polarity can reverse, but current direction cannot reverse because of unidirectional nature of thyristors. In this paper, I have presented the control circuit for the thyristors along with the protection circuits to control Dc Motors of rating 220V,5.8 A and 1500rpm . Keywords: Electrical braking; Cosine wave crossing control; Motoring. 1. Schemes For Generating Gating Pulses There are numerous approaches of designing gate pulses and the required delay angle. The purpose of this section is not to give an exhaustive treatment of generating gate pulses but rather mention broad schemes mostly commonly used in the firing pulse generator. They are Cosine wave crossing control Ramp comparator control
2. Cosine Wave Crossing Control A linear output voltage control is obtained by this method. This scheme also provides automatic negative feedback to the change in supply voltage. A control voltage (Ec) generates a firing pulse at the crossing of the control voltage and a cosine voltage derived from supply voltage. The phase angle () is given by = cos-1[EC/ Emax] The output voltage of the converter is Vo= Vomax * cos = Vomax *cos[cos-1[EC/ Emax]] Vomax =2VM / = Vomax*[ EC/ Emax ] Emax = VM /K
Eq. (1) Eq. (2) Eq. (3) Eq. (4)
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Geno Peter / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Vol. 2(9), 2010, 4222-4227
Vo = K1* EC K1=[2*K/]
Eq. (5) Eq. (6)
Vo EC Hence the output voltage is not effected by supply voltage and it remains constant as long as control voltage (EC) is constant. . 2.1. Operation of the Control Circuit A (230/6V) step down transformer is given as input to the inverting terminal of the cosine wave generator .The cosine wave generator shifts the sine wave by 90 degrees and converts into a cosine wave as shown in fig 1and fig 2
Fig. 1 Cosine Wave Crossing Control Firing Circuit
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Geno Peter / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Vol. 2(9), 2010, 4222-4227
Fig 2 Control Circuit Waveforms
This cosine wave is fed as input to the inverting terminal of the comparator. The comparator converts the cosine wave into a square wave. The negative portion of the square wave is clipped off by the voltage limiter. This square wave is fed as input to the monostable multivibrator. The monostable gives two output each of 10 ms duration delay for each halfcycle this output is fed as input to the AND gate, where the monostable output is compared with the carrier frequency pulses of 10 KHz generated using an astable multivibrator, thus the pulses required for triggering the thyristors were obtained. This is fed as input to the transistor which acts as a current amplifier. Thus amplified gate pulses are obtained as output to trigger the thyristors. 3.1.1. Design for monostable multivibrator Time delay, T= 1.1 R*C Eq. (7) Required time delay, T= 10ms C=0.1F R=90K Design for carrier frequency generator Frequency ,F=(1/T) =(1/(0.693(Ra+2Rb))*C) Here Ra=4.7K Rb=4.7K C=0.01 F Hence we get frequency, F=10 Khz
Eq. (8)
3.1.2. Design of Driver Circuit RG and R3 form a potential divider. RG limits the gate current whereas R3 limits the voltage across the gate and cathode. RG is generally 100 in small SCR and R3< 1000 . Let RG =100 and R3=500 The maximum voltage at the gate and cathode is VGK= ((VC - VV )-0.7)/( R3 + RG )* R3 ` )= 4V Eq. (9) Maximum gate current IGM =( VGK 0.7)/ RG =33mA Eq. (10)
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Geno Peter / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Vol. 2(9), 2010, 4222-4227 3. Fully Controlled Converter 3.1. Design of Power Circuit Form Factor=1.11 =(Iac/Idc ) Eq. (11) Idc = 12/1.11 =10A As the motor current is 5.8A, The thyristor rating of 12A, 600V is sufficient Voltage rating of SCR= 2*230 =325V Hence a PIV rating of 600V is sufficient. So we use TYN612 thyristor, which is of 600V, 12 A
3.2. Design of Snubber Circuit A snubber is a simple electrical circuit used to suppress electrical transients. Snubbers are frequently used with an inductive load where sudden interruption of current flow would lead to a sharp rise in voltage across the device creating the interruption. Frequently, a snubber can consist of just a small capacitor in series with a small resistor. This combination can be used to suppress the rapid rise in voltage across thyristor, preventing erroneous turn-on of the thyristor, it does this by limiting the rate of rise in voltage across the thyristor to a value which will not trigger it. Snubbers are also often used to prevent arcing across the contacts of relays dV / dt = Vm /(R*C) Eq. (12) where Vm is the peak voltage = 325V dV / dt = 50V/s C=0.1F R= 60
3.3. Operation for Motor Load
Fig 3 Fully Controlled Converter
When the single phase fully controlled bridge converter is connected with the motor load , during positive half cycle thyristor T1 and T3 are forward biased and these two thyristors are fired simultaneously at t=, the load is connected to the supply through T1 and T3. Due to inductive load T1 and T3 will continue to conduct till t=+, even though the input voltage is already negative as shown in the fig 3. During the negative half cycle of the
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Geno Peter / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Vol. 2(9), 2010, 4222-4227 input voltage the thyristors T2 and T4 at t=+, will apply supply voltage across thyristors T1 and T3 as reverse blocking voltage. T1 and T3 will be turned off due to line or natural commutation and load current will be transferred from T1 and T3 to T2 and T4 respectively. During the period from + , the input voltage and input current is positive and the power flows from the supply to the load. The converter is said to be operated in rectification mode. During the period from to + input voltage is negative and the input current is positive , and there will be reverse power from the load to the supply. The converter is said to be operated in inversion mode
4. Over Load Protection
Fig 4 Over Load Protection Circuit
The power converters may develop short circuits or faults and the resultant fault currents must be cleared quickly. Fast acting fuses are normally used to protect the semiconductor devices. As the fault current increases the fuse opens, and clears the fault current in a few milliseconds.
4.1. Design of Shunt resistance The load current IL = 5A Required Drop = 2.5 V Hence R=0.5 As seen in fig 4 the required voltage drop is set by adjusting the preset pot. Under normal conditions i.e., when the load current is less than 5A we get logic high at the output of the optocoupler. This is given to the clear pin of the monostable multivibrator . When the load current increases IL >5A then the output of the optocoupler will give logic low. Hence the generation of pulses is stopped. Thus providing overload protection
5. Conclusions 5.1. Control Obtained The output voltage of the converter Eq.(13) Vo= (2VM /)* cos The thyristor firing angle control was obtained from 30 degrees to 150 degrees, the output voltage control obtained was When = 30 Vo= (2VM /)* cos 30 Vo= 180V When = 150 Vo= (2VM /)* cos 150 Vo= (-180V)
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Geno Peter / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Vol. 2(9), 2010, 4222-4227 It was possible to vary the output voltage from +180V to -180V The output voltage is not affected by supply voltage and it remains constant as long as control voltage (EC) is constant
Acknowledgments The author wishes to thank Mr. P.Jeba Peace, Nokia Siemens, India and Dr. M.T Nicholas, Principal, LITES for their support.
References
[1] [2] [3] Bimbhra,P.S. Power Electronics, Khanna Publishers, India, 1999 pp. 190-197. Mohammad H. Rashid. (1994): Power Electronics-circuits device and Application, Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd, India. Singh M.D. (1998). Power Electronics, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd, India.
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D Single Phase Fully: Esign of Controlled Converter Using Cosine Wave Crossing Control With Various Protections

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Geno Peter / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Vol.

2(9), 2010, 4222-4227

DESIGN OF SINGLE PHASE FULLY

Eq. (1) Eq. (2) Eq. (3) Eq. (4)

Eq. (5) Eq. (6)

Fig. 1 Cosine Wave Crossing Control Firing Circuit

Fig 2 Control Circuit Waveforms

3.3. Operation for Motor Load

Fig 3 Fully Controlled Converter

4. Over Load Protection

Fig 4 Over Load Protection Circuit

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