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    Tawabe

    Uploaded by

    Mohamed Pauzi
    Arabic Grammar

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Tawabe

    Uploaded by

    Mohamed Pauzi
    3 views7 pages
    Arabic Grammar

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    Arabic Grammar

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    3 views7 pages

    Tawabe

    Uploaded by

    Mohamed Pauzi
    Arabic Grammar

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 7

    Nahw Meer English: 8.

    1 – Dependency
    Attributes ‫تَ َوابِ ُع‬

    This chapter includes three sections covering several subjects that


    are important to know:

    Section 8.1 – Dependency Attributes – ١ . ٨ ‫ﺼ ٌﻞ‬


    ْ َ‫ﻓ‬
    ‫ت ََوا ِب ُع‬

    A dependent word ‫ اَلتﱠا ِب ُع‬is a word that occurs after another word
    and it is given status or flexibility ٌ‫ ِإع َْراب‬of the first word. The first
    word is called independent ُ‫ا َ ْل َم ْتب ُْوع‬. The second word is called
    Dependent ‫اَلتﱠا ِب ُع‬.

    The rule of the Dependent word is that it follows the independent


    word in flexibility ٌ‫ ِإع َْراب‬.

    Dependent words ‫ اَلتﱠ َوا ِب ُع‬are of five kinds:

    Dependent No.1 ‫اَلتﱠا ِب ُع ْاﻷ َ ﱠو ُل‬: It is the adjective ُ‫ﺼفﱠة‬


    ّ ِ ‫ اَل‬and it is of two
    types. First: This dependent word ‫ اَلتﱠا ِب ُع‬indicates the meaning in the
    independent word ٌ‫ َم ْتب ُْوع‬. For example, ‫ َجا َءنُ ْي َرجْ ٌﻞ َعا ِل ٌم‬meaning “a
    man came to me who was a scholar”. Second: This dependent word
    ‫ اَلتﱠا ِب ُع‬indicates the meaning in the word which is about the
    independent word ٌ‫ َم ْتب ُْوع‬. For example,
    ُ or ُ‫أَب ُْوه‬meaning “a man came to me whose servant
    َ ‫غ َﻼ ُمهُ َﺣ‬
    ‫ﺴ ٌﻦ َرجْ ٌﻞ َجا َء ِن ْي‬
    was good looking or his father was good looking”.

    Kinds of Type 1: This dependent word ‫ تَا ِب ٌع‬follows the


    independent word ٌ‫ َم ْتب ُْوع‬in ten things: in Definite and
    Indefinite Nouns ‫ْف َو التﱠ ْن ِكي ُْر‬ ُ ‫اَلتﱠ ْع ِري‬, Male ‫اَلتﱠ ْذ ِكي ُْر‬, Female ‫ْث‬
    ُ ‫اَلتﱠاْنِي‬,
    Singular ٌ‫ ُم ْف َرد‬, Duality ُ‫اَلت ﱠ ْث ِن َية‬, Plurality ‫ا َ ْل َج ْم ُع‬, nominative ‫لر ْﻓ ُع‬ ‫ا َ ﱠ‬,
    Accusative ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ﺼ‬ ْ ‫اَلنﱠ‬, Jussive ‫ َجزَ ٌم‬as in:

    – ‫ ٰهذَا زَ ْيدٌ ْالعَا ِل ُم‬meaning “this is Zaid who is a scholar”. Both Zaid
    and scholar have a commonality in all four characteristics
    required to define a Noun which are capacity, gender,
    quantity, flexibility (Definite Noun, male, singular, and
    Nominative).

    َ ‫ ِع ْندِي َرجْ ٌﻞ‬meaning “I have with me a man who is a


    – ‫عا ِل ٌم‬
    scholar” (Indefinite Noun male, singular, and Nominative)

    – ‫ان‬ َ ‫ َر ُج َﻼ ِن‬meaning “two (male) scholars” (Indefinite Noun


    ِ ‫عا ِل َم‬
    male, dual, and Nominative)

    – َ‫عا ِل ُم ْون‬
    َ ‫ ِر َجا ٌل‬meaning “scholarly men” (Indefinite Noun male,
    plural, and Nominative)

    – ٌ‫ اِ ْم َرأَة ٌ َعا ِل َمة‬meaning “scholarly woman” (Indefinite Noun


    female, plural, and Nominative)

    – ‫َان‬
    ِ ‫عا ِل َمت‬ ِ ‫ إ ْم َرأت‬meaning “two scholarly women” (Indefinite
    َ ‫َان‬
    Noun female, dual, Nominative)

    َ ٌ ‫ ِنﺴ َْوة‬meaning “scholarly women” (Indefinite Noun


    – ٌ‫عا ِل َمات‬
    female, plural, and Nominative)

    Kinds of Type 2: Where type 2 is concerned, the dependent


    word ‫ تَا ِب ٌع‬follows the independent word ٌ‫ َم ْتب ُْوع‬in five things: in
    Definite and Indefinite Nouns ‫ْف َو التﱠ ْن ِكي ُْر‬ ُ ‫اَلتﱠ ْع ِري‬, nominative ‫لر ْﻓ ُع‬
    ‫ا َ ﱠ‬,
    Accusative ‫ب‬ ْ ‫اَلنﱠ‬, and Genitive ‫ا َ ْل َج ﱡر‬. Other than these five, no
    ُ ‫ﺼ‬
    other attributes are required to be followed as in:

    - ُ‫عا ِل ٌم أَب ُْوه‬


    َ ‫ َجا َء ِن ْي َر ُج ٌﻞ‬meaning “A man came to me whose father
    is a scholar”. For example, Allah SWT Says in Surah An-
    Nisaa, Ayah 75
    ﴾‫الم أ َ ْهلُ َها‬ ‫﴿ َر ﱠبنَا أ َ ْخ ِرجْ نَا ِم ْﻦ ٰه ِذ ِه ْالقَ ْر َي ِة ﱠ‬
    ِ ‫الظ‬
    meaning “Our Lord, get us out from this village whose
    people are oppressors”.
    And adjective is required to be an Indefinite Noun ُ ‫ اَل ﱠن ِك َرة‬in a Verbal
    Sentence ُ‫ اَ ْل ُج ْملَةُ ْال َخ َب ِر ﱠية‬as in ‫ َعا ِل ٌم أَب ُْوهُ َر ُج ٌﻞ َجا َء ِن ْي‬meaning “a man came
    to me whose father was a scholar”. When this happens, there must
    be a Pronoun ‫ض ِمي ٌْر‬ َ that points toward the Indefinite Noun ٌ ‫ َن ِك َرة‬.
    Here the Pronoun (ُ‫ )ه‬is pointing towards the Indefinite Noun ‫رجْ ٌﻞ‬. َ

    Dependent No.2 ‫اَلتﱠا ِب ُع الثﱠا ِن ْي‬: It is the word for emphasis ُ‫ اَلتﱠاك ْيد‬. It
    establishes the status of dependent word ‫ اَلتﱠا ِب ُع‬to follow its
    independent word ُ‫ ا َ ْل َم ْتب ُْوع‬such that no doubt remains for the
    listener.

    ‫ لَ ْف ِظ ﱞ‬and Implied ‫ي‬


    Emphasis ُ‫ اَلتﱠا ِك ْيد‬is of two kinds, Literal ‫ي‬ ‫ َم ْع َن ِو ﱞ‬.

    -Literal Emphasis ‫ض ْي‬ ِ ‫ اَلتﱠا ِك ْيد ُ ْاللﱠ ْف‬is achieved by repetition of


    words, as in ‫ زَ ْيدٌ زَ ْيدٌ قَا ِئ ٌم‬meaning “Zaid is
    definitelystanding”, or ‫ب‬ َ ‫ض َر‬ َ ٌ‫ب زَ ْيد‬ َ meaning “Zaid
    َ ‫ض َر‬
    definitely hit” or ‫ ِإ ﱠن زَ ْيدًا قَا ِئ ٌم ِإ ﱠن‬meaning “very definitely,
    Zaid is standing”.

    -Implied Emphasis ‫ي‬ ‫ اَلتﱠا ِك ْيدُ ْال َم ْع َن ِو ﱡ‬has eight words for it.
    These are:
    1) ‫ﺲ‬ٌ ‫ َن ْف‬used for self
    2) ‫عي ٌْﻦ‬ َ used for self
    3) ‫ ِك َﻼ‬used for male duality
    4) ‫ ِك ْلتَا‬used for female duality

    ‫ ِك َﻼ‬and ‫ ِك ْلتَا‬do not have any meaning by themselves.

    The next four are used altogether.


    5) ‫ أجْ َم ُع‬Used for the plurality
    6) ‫ أ ْكتَ ُع‬Used for the Plurality
    7) ‫ أ ْبتَ ُع‬Used for the Plurality
    8) ‫ﺼ ُع‬َ ‫ أ ْب‬Used for the Plurality

    As in ُ‫ َجا َء ِن ْي زَ ْيد ٌ َن ْفﺴُه‬meaning "Zaid came to me himself", ‫َجا َء ِن ْي‬


    ‫ان أ َ ْنفُﺴُ ُه َما‬ ‫ ﱠ‬meaning “both Zaids came to me themselves”,
    ِ َ‫الز ْيد‬
    ‫ﺴ ُهم‬ ُ ُ‫ َجا َء ِن ْي زَ ْيد ُْونَ أَ ْنف‬meaning “all Zaids came to me themselves”.
    Similarly, you can guess these for the word ‫عي ٌْﻦ‬ َ .

    Also, ‫ان ِك ْﻼ ُه َما‬ ‫ َجا َء ِن ْي ﱠ‬meaning both Zaids themselves came to


    ِ َ‫الز ْيد‬
    me and ‫ت‬ ْ ‫ان ِك ْلتَا ُه َما َجا َء‬
    ِ َ‫ ْال ِه ْند‬meaning both Hinds (female name)
    came to me themselves. ‫ ِك َﻼ‬and ‫ ِك ْلتَا‬are both reserved for
    duality ‫ا َ ْل ُمثَنﱣى‬.

    َ ‫ َجا َء ِن ْي ْال َق ْو ُم ُكلﱡ ُه ْم أَجْ َمعُ ْونَ َوأ َ ْكتَعُ ْونَ َوأ َ ْبتَعُ ْونَ َوأ َ ْب‬meaning “The
    Also, َ‫ﺼعُ ْون‬
    entire community/nation came to me”. And ‫أ َ ْكتَ ُع‬, ‫أ َ ْبتَ ُع‬, and ‫ﺼ ُع‬ َ ‫أ َ ْب‬
    are dependent on ‫أَجْ َم ُع‬. They do not act without ‫ أَجْ َم ُع‬and they
    do not come before it.

    Dependent No. 3 ‫ث‬ ُ ‫اَلتﱠا ِب ُع الثﱠا ِل‬: It is the substitute (The permutative)
    ‫ ا َ ْلبَدَ ُل‬and it is a dependent because its aim is to be related to its
    independent word ُ‫ا َ ْل َم ْتب ُْوع‬. There are four types of substitutes, ‫بَدَ ُل ْال ُك ِّﻞ‬,
    ِ ْ ‫ َبدَ ُل‬, ,‫ َبدَ ُل اَ ْلغَلَ ِط‬and ‫ض‬
    ‫اﻻ ْش ِت َما ِل‬ ِ ‫ َبدَ ُل ْال َب ْع‬.

    1) Complete Substitute ‫ َبدَ ُل ْال ُك ِّﻞ‬: It is a substitute by itself for


    independent word, ُ‫ اَل ُم ْبدَ ْل ِم ْنه‬as in
    َ‫ َجا َء ِن ْي زَ ْيدٌ أ َ ُخ ْوك‬meaning “Zaid came to me, your brother” or in
    other words “Zaid, your brother came to me”. َ‫ أ َ ُخ ْوك‬here is the
    complete substitute for ٌ ‫زَ ْيد‬.

    2) Partial Substitute ‫ض‬ِ ‫بَدَ ُل ْال َب ْع‬: It is a partial substitute from


    its independent word, as in
    ُ ْ‫ب زَ ْيدٌ َرأ‬
    ُ ‫سه‬ ُ meaning “Zaid was hit, his head” or in other
    َ ‫ض ِر‬
    words “Zaid was hit on his head”. ُ‫ َراسُه‬here is a partial
    substitute for Zaid ٗ‫ ا َ ْل ُم ْبدَ ُل ِم ْنه‬because it is a part of Zaid’s body.

    ِ ْ ‫بَدَ ُل‬: It is a substitute that is


    3) Relative Substitute ‫اﻻ ْش ِت َما ِل‬
    related to the independent word ‫ ا َ ْل ُم ْبدَ ُل ِم ْنه‬as in ‫ب‬ َ ‫ثَ ْوبُهُ زَ ْيدٌ سُ ِل‬
    meaning “taken from Zaid, his clothes” or in other words
    “Zaid’s clothes were taken from him”.

    4) Corrective Substitute ‫بَدَ ُل ْالغَلَ ِط‬: It is added after a wrong


    word is said, for correction with the right word, as in ُ‫َم َر ْرت‬
    ٍ ‫ ِب َر ُج ٍﻞ ِﺣ َم‬meaning I passed by a man, a donkey. The speaker
    ‫ار‬
    meant to say I passed by a donkey but since he had already
    said the word a man, he corrected it by adding a donkey.

    Dependent No. 4 ‫الرا ِب ُع‬ ‫اَلتﱠا ِب ُع ﱠ‬: It is the additive with letter of
    conjunction (‫)و‬ َ or ‫ف ْال َوا ِو‬ِ ‫ف ِب َح ْر‬ ْ ‫ ْال‬It aims to relate both dependent
    ُ ‫عط‬
    ‫ تَا ِب ٌع‬and independent ٌ‫ َم ْتب ُْوع‬words and it introduces a Particle from
    Additive/Conjunctive Particles. For example, letter (‫ )و‬as in ‫ع ْم ٌرو َو‬ َ
    ‫ زَ ْيدٌ َجا َء ِن ْي‬meaning “Zaid and Amr came to me”. This is also called
    ِ ‫ف ال ﱠن ْﺴ‬
    ‫ق‬ ُ ‫ط‬ ْ ‫ع‬َ .

    The ten Additive/Conjunctive Particles ٌ ‫عش ََرة‬


    َ ‫ف‬ ْ ‫ف ْال َع‬
    ِ ‫ط‬ ُ ‫ ُﺣ ُر ْو‬will be
    described in later Sections, in-sha-Allah.

    Dependent No. 5 ‫ﺲ‬ ِ ‫اَلتﱠا ِب ُع ْالخ‬: It is the statement additive ‫ْان‬


    ُ ‫َام‬ ِ ‫ف ْال َبي‬ ْ ‫ع‬
    ُ ‫ط‬ َ . It
    is dependent on an independent word ٌ‫ َم ْتب ُْوع‬thatis not an adjective
    ٌ‫ﺻفَة‬
    ِ and there is no Additive Particle between them. For example,
    ‫ع َم ُر‬ ٍ ‫ﺴ َم ِبا ِ أَب ُْو َﺣ ْف‬
    ُ ‫ص‬ َ ‫ أ َ ْق‬meaning “Hafsa’s father Omar swears by Allah
    SWT”. This is because Omar is famous by his name and not by his
    calling name ُ‫ﺼة‬ َ ‫أب ُْو َﺣ ْف‬. Another example is:
    ‫ع ْم ٍرو أَب ُْو زَ ْيدٌ َجا َء ِن ْي‬
    َ meaning “Zaid came to me, Amr’s father” or in
    other words “Amr’s father Zaid came to me” because Amr is famous
    by his calling name

    َ ‫أَب ُْو‬.
    ‫ع ْم ٍرو‬

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