MINERALS

Uses of iron ore

1. Iron is used mainly for making pig iron, sponge iron or steel
2. Iron and steel form the largest manufacture products in the world
3. It is used widely in constructions of roads Railways appliances buildings machines tools and
automobiles
4. Steel is used in a variety of construction material
5. Other application include ship building ,pipeline transport ,mining furniture

Uses of Manganese
1. Most important mineral for making iron and steel
2. Used for manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides ,dry batteries
3. It makes Steel strong remove impurities and it does not rust easily
4. It is used in Electrical and glass industry
5. Use of manganese is for creating an alloy with aluminium to produce a metal that is resistant to
corrosion
6. Used for preparation of organic and inorganic chemicals
7. It is used in paints, pigments and ceramics

Uses of Bauxite
1. It is a raw material for making aluminium
2. Used for making aircraft, ships and utensils
3. It is used in electrical industries for its good conductivity
4. It is used for making headlight, reflectors mirror and telescope
5. It is used in cements, Chemicals soda cans and dishwashers

Uses of copper
1. Used for making arms, ammunition and utensils
2. It is in great demand in the industrial field because of its high ductility and high thermal and electrical
conductivity
3. It is mainly used in electrical machinery wires cables automobile industry and telephone stainless
steel
4. It is used in railway equipment and other Engineering Works
5. Copper is a malleable metal therefore it is used in the manufacture of mixed metals
a) Copper alloy with iron makes Nickel
b) Copper alloy with zinc makes brass
c) Copper alloy with tin makes bronze
d) Copper alloy with Nickel makes German silver
e) Nickel and copper alloy is very tough and resists corrosion and is largely used as a material for
construction in chemical industry

Iron ore deposits in India

1. Karnataka- Baba-Budan Hills,Chikmagalur, Tumkur, Kudermukh , Bellary
2. Odisha-Mayurbhanj(Badampahar), Sundergarh(Kandadhar),Keonjhar
3. Chhattisgarh-Bastar district and Durg
4. Goa- Sahqualim, Sanquem, Satari, Bicholim,
5. Jharkhand- Noamundi, Gua are main mining areas of Singhbhum district
6. Andhra Pradesh-Anantapur,Nellore, Guntur
7. Tamil Nadu-Salem,Madurai,Coimbatore
8. Maharashtra-Ratnagiri,Bhandara, Satara

Manganese ore deposits in India

1. Odisha-Keonjhar,Sundergarh,Koraput,Sambalpur,Mayurbhanj districts
2. Karnataka-Chitradurg,Shivamogga,Bellary,Gunjur
 3. Madhya Pradesh-Balaghat and Chhindwara
4. Maharashtra-Nagpur, Bhandara Ratnagiri
5. Jharkhand -Singhbhum

Bauxite deposits in India

1. Odisha-Kalahandi,Koraput, Sundargarh,Sambalpur
2. Jharkhand- Ranchi, Palamu
3. Madhya Pradesh- Balaghat,Mandla,Shahdol
4. Chhattisgarh- Durg, Raigarh
5. Maharashtra- Pune, Ratnagiri, Satara

Copper deposits in India

1. Madhya Pradesh-Balaghat
2. Rajasthan-Khetri,Jhunjhunu
3. Jharkhand -Hazaribagh,Palamu
4. Andhra Pradesh-Guntur
5. Tamil Nadu –Coimbatore

ENERGY RESOURCES

Advantages of non-conventional sources of energy

1. Renewable
2. Pollution free
3. Decentralized unit
4. Energy generated at low capital investment
5. Maintenance is easy and economical
6. Situation close to lead centers result in reduction of cost of electricity making it cost effective
source of energy like biogas solve the problem of waste and Residue used as valuable manure

SOLAR ENERGY
• Can be used in solar cells heater cooker steam generation desalination and operation of refrigeration
system
Advantages
1. Renewable
2. Environment friendly
3. Once installed little or no maintenance required
4. Cheaper
5. Does not produce noise pollution
6. Variety of solar panels available, so everyone can afford easily
7. Not required to connect it to the power grid
8. Helps to meet rural demands

Disadvantages
1. Can be harnessed only during daytime cannot be harnessed during rainy season or cloudiness
or at night time
2. Panels are cheaper but installing other equipment becomes expensive
3. It covers large area
4. Energy produce is quite low
5. Panels require maintenance as they are fragile and can be damaged

Production
1. Gujarat
2. Maharashtra
3. Rajasthan
4. Bangalore has the largest number of rooftop solar water heaters in India
WIND ENERGY
• A number of windmills installed in a definite pattern in a cluster are called wind farms
• Suitable areas are coastal areas of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu

Advantages
1. In exhaustible
2. Available during day and night
3. Wind is free of cost therefore energy can be captured efficiently
4. Does not produce any pollutant
5. No wastage of land, land below can be used for agriculture purpose
6. It helps to provide electricity in remote areas

Disadvantages
1. If the strength of the wind is not constant, turbines do not produce the same amount
of electricity
2. Wind turbines are very noisy
3. Turbines disfigure the countryside
4. While the production of wind turbine, some pollution is produced

Areas of production
1. Maharashtra- Ratnagiri
2. Tamil Nadu- Tuticorin
3. Gujarat- Okha
➢ Largest Number of windmills are in Gujarat

TIDAL ENERGY
• Can be harnessed near the coastline where Tides are strong enough to move the turbine for electric
power generation. A high tide must be at least Five times greater than the low tide
Areas
1. Gulf of Khambat
2. Gulf of Kutch
Advantages
1. In exhaustible source of energy
2. Environment friendly
3. We can predict the rise and fall of tide
4. Tidal power is far greater as compared to other non-conventional sources of energy
5. The life of tidal plant is longer
6. Although construction is costly , maintenance is low
Disadvantages
1. Very few ideal locations only near coastal areas
2. Depends upon intensity of sea waves which is unpredictable and can damage the tidal plant
the power generation is for a shorter period of time
3. Happens only twice a day
4. Frozen places weak tides straight coastlines are main obstructions
5. Places where energy is produced is far from consuming centers
Other sites are
1. Kaveri and Godavari Delta region
2. Andaman and Nicobar Island
3. Lakshadweep Island

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
 • It is the energy obtained from the hot rocks present inside the earth. Water seeps into the earth's
crust through cracks and gets heated due to high temperature inside. This turns water into steam
which is passed through turbines to produce electricity

Advantages
1. Renewable source of energy
2. Non-polluting , environment friendly and clean energy
3. Can be used directly for heating cooking etc.
4. It does not occupy too much space
5. It is not depended on weather conditions
6. There is no waste or by products left
Disadvantages
1. Only very few sides are available
2. Most of the sides are far away from cities
3. Power generation is too small or less
4. Installation cost is very high

Potential areas
1. Puga valley (Jammu and Kashmir)
2. Manikaran (Himachal Pradesh)
3. Tattapani( Chhattisgarh)
4. Unai(Gujarat)
5. Jalgaon (Maharashtra)
➢ In Himachal Pradesh this energy is used for poultry farming, mushroom growing, heating homes
offices and green houses

BIOGAS
• Mixture of different gases Methane, Carbon dioxide, Hydrogen Sulpide produced by breakdown
of organic matter in the presence of water by bacteria in the absence of oxygen
• The residue left behind can be used as a valuable manure

Uses
1. Used as a fuel
2. Heating purposes
3. Lightning
4. Pumping water from wells
Advantages
1. Renewable
2. Comparatively produces less pollution
3. Helps in cleanliness
4. Provides manure for agriculture
5. It is cheaper and reliable
6. Recycling waste, reduces pollution ,reduces spread of diseases
7. Reduces pressure on forests as it is used as cooking fuel. It produces heat energy 35 times
more as compared to burning woods
Disadvantages
1. Construction of plant is high so everyone cannot afford it
2. Requires continuous supply of biomass
3. It requires space and produces foul and dirty smell
4. It is difficult to store it in cylinders
5. Transportation is difficult through pipeline over long distances
6. Some people do not like to cook food from sewage waste
7. It can be explosive, therefore special safety precautions should be taken

NUCLEAR POWER
• Energy generated during nuclear reaction
Two ways to obtain nuclear energy
1. nuclear fusion
2. Nuclear fission
Main raw materials
1. Uranium
2. Thorium
3. Radium
4. Beryllium
➢ 21 nuclear reactors but in operation only 7
Power station
1. Kaiga (Karnataka)
2. Kakrapar(Gujarat)
3. Kudankulam ( Tamil Nadu)
4. Narora (Uttar Pradesh)
5. Rawatbhatta(Rajasthan)
6. Tarapur (Maharashtra)
7. Kalpakkam(Tamil Nadu)

Advantages
1. Very small amount of raw material required
2. It can be transported easily to far off places
3. Can produce cheap electricity
4. Initial cost is high but running cost is low
Disadvantages
1. Radioactive contamination of air water and soil
2. Causes thermal pollution
3. Radioactive waste disposal is a serious problem
4. Incidents of nuclear explosion
5. Leakage of radioactivity can be dangerous

Q- Why is atomic energy renewable source of energy?

1. Because of low carbon emission
2. Nuclear reactors are able to generate more fissile material than it consumes
3. Large resources of raw material that can last another 5 billion years if uranium is extracted from
sea water or by eroding is earth’s crust by river water is costly, but can supply energy for
indefinite period