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SCHOOL:…………………………………………………………..………………SIGNATURE……………………………… DATE…………….…

231/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
TIME: 2HOURS

SET 5
FORM 3

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
1. Write your name and index number in the spaces provided.
2. Sign and write the date.
3. This paper consists of two sections. A and B.
4. Answer ALL the questions in section A in the spaces provided.
5. In section B, answer question 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided.
For examiners use only:
Section Question Maximum score Candidates score
A 1 10
2 10
3 8
4 7
5 5
B 6 20
7 20
8 20
TOTAL SCORE 80

The Examiner 1 SET 5

 1. Below is a diagram of a nephron

a) Identify the process that take place in parts labeled A and B (2 marks)
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b) In the part labeled A the pressure is highly increased. Name two conditions that facilitate
this. (2 marks)
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c) What are the adaptations of the part labeled B. (4 marks)
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The Examiner 2 SET 5

 d) Identify any substance whose concentration continues increasing from part A to D.
(1 mark)
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e) Name the type of flow that take place between E and C to increase reabsorption.
(1 mark)
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2. a) Describe the changes that will take place in the rib cage and diaphragm to bring about
Inhalation. (7 marks)
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b) What adaptation are found on frog skin that enhances gaseous exchange. (3 marks)
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The Examiner 3 SET 5

3. A group of students set up an experiment to demonstrate a certain process.
The experiments set up were as shown in the diagrams below.

After 10 minutes the student recorded their observation in the table below

Observation
Inside tubing Outside tubing
I Brown color Black color
II Black color Brown color

a) Identify the process being demonstrated. (1 mark)

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b) Explain the result in set up (ii). (3 marks)
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c) What results could be expected if the experiment was repeated using boiled starch in
dilute hydrochloric acid for 5 minutes (4 marks)
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The Examiner 4 SET 5

4. Identify the mode of feeding of the animal whose dental formula is given below
I 0/2 c 0/0 pm 3/3 m 0/2
a) (i) Mode of feeding (1 mark)
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(ii) Give reasons for your answer above. (1 mark)
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b) Name the causal organisms of the following deficiency disease (5 marks)
Vitamin B-
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Vitamin D-
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Vitamin B2-
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Vitamin C-
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Iodine –
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5. a) How does carbon dioxide released from the tissue of an insect get to the atmosphere
(3 marks)
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b) How are aerenchyma tissue adapted to their function? (2 marks)
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The Examiner 5 SET 5
 SECTION B
Answer question six and any other one question from this section in the spaces provided.
6. (Compulsory)
The amount of blood flow through various parts of mammalian body was measured in cubic
centimeters per minute at rest and during different physical activities. The results are as shown
in the table below

Blood flow in cm3/min

Part of body At rest During light During strenuous

exercise exercise

Heart muscle 200 300 1050

Gut 1300 1000 400

Skeletal muscle 1100 5050 23000

Kidney 900 650 250

Skin 400 1300 600

a) Calculate the percentage change in the blood flow through the skeletal muscle and gut
when the mammal was subjected to strenuous exercise from rest. (4 marks)
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b) Account for the difference in the amount of blood flow through gut and skeletal muscle
(4 marks)
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The Examiner 6 SET 5

 c) How does the heart increase blood flow to some parts of the body during exercise?
(2 marks)
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d) Explain the results obtained for the skin. (10 marks)

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7. Explain how abiotic factors affect plants. (20 marks)
8. Describe what would happen after taking a meal of ugali and beef stew up to the time of
Egestion. (20 marks)

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The Examiner 7 SET 5

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The Examiner 8 SET 5
 SET 5
231/2 BIOLOGY PAPER 2 MARKING SCHEME

1. Below is a diagram of a nephron

a) Identify the process that take place in parts labeled A and B
(2mks)
A-Ultra filtration
B- Selective reabsorption
b) In the part labeled A the pressure is highly increased. Name two
conditions that facilitate this (2mks)
- Wide afferent vessel to narrower efferent vessel
- Afferent vessel highly branched to capillaries that increase
pressure
c) What are the adaptations of the part labeled B (4 mks)
- Cells lining tubule have numerous mitochondria to provide
energy
- Cells of tubule have numerous microvillus to increase
surface area
- Tubule is highly coiled to reduce speed of flow of filtrate and
provide large surface area for efficient reabsorption
- Tubule highly vascularised to take away reabsorbed material
as to maintain high diffusion gradient
d) Identify any substance whose concentration continue increasing from
part A to D (1mk)
- Urea

e) Name the type of flow that take place between E and C to increase
reabsorption (1mk)
-Counter current
2. a) Describe the changes that will take place in the rib cage and
diaphragm to bring about
The Examiner 9 SET 5
 Inhalation (7 mks)
- External intercostals muscles contract, as internal intercostals
muscles relax; ribcage move outward and upward; diaphragm
muscles contract; causing the diaphragm to flatten. This causes
increase in thoracic volume; and decrease in pressure; hence air
move by influx from atmosphere into the lungs;
b) What adaptation are found on frog skin that enhances
gaseous exchange (3mks)
-Moist to trap air as to enhance diffusion into the blood
-Dense network of blood capillaries to take away diffused gases to
ensure faster
diffusion
-Thin walled to reduce distance of air diffusion.
-Curved to increase surface area for gaseous exchange

3. A group of students set up an experiment to demonstrate a certain

process. The experiments
set up were as shown in the diagrams below.
a) Identify the process being demonstrated (1mk)
- Diffusion
b) Explain the result in set up (ii) (3marks)
- Visking tubing is semi-permeable; therefore allows passage of iodine
molecules which are small sized into the tubing; thus the black
colour observed. However, starch molecules are large sized; thus
could not move out of the visking tubing into the beaker hence
brown color of iodine solution retained.
c) What results could be expected if the experiment was
repeated using boiled starch in dilute hydrochloric acid for 5
minutes (4mks)
- Result =brown color of iodine solution retained in set up (i) and (ii)
inside the visking tubing and in the beaker boiling in.
- Reason= a dilute HCL causes hydrolysis of starch into sugar: hence
no reaction between iodine solution and the sugar
4. Identify the mode of feeding of the animal whose dental formula
is given below
I 0/2 c 0/0 pm 3/3 m 0/2
c) (i) Mode of feeding (1mk)
The Examiner 10 SET 5
 - Herbivorous
(ii) give reasons for your answer above (1mk)
- Lack of canine
- Lack of upper incisor thus horny pad present
d) Name the causal organisms of the following deficiency disease
(5mks)
Vitamin B- beriberi
Vitamin D- rickets
Vitamin B2- pellagra
Vitamin C- scurvy
Iodine – goiter
5. a) How does carbon dioxide released from the tissue of an insect get to
the atmosphere
(3mks)
-Carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissue into the tracheal; where it
diffuses to the trachea; and then leaves the tracheal system to the
atmosphere through the spiracle
b) How are aerenchyma tissue adapted to their function? (2 mks)
- Have large air spaces to take in a large volume of air to reduce leaf
density for buoyancy
- Presence of sclereid that spread out the leaf to maximize gaseous
exchange and photosynthesis

SECTION B
6. a) Calculate the percentage change in the blood flow through the
skeletal muscle and gut when the mammal was subjected to strenuous
exercise from rest (2mks)

Skeletal muscle
(23000-100) X 100
1100
19.91%
Gut
(400- 1300)X 100 = 69.23%
1300

The Examiner 11 SET 5

 b) Account for the difference in the amount of blood flow through gut and
skeletal muscle
i. At rest – More blood flow through the gut than skeletal
muscle; this is due to skeletal muscles having less
physical activity; hence less glucose and oxygen required;
more blood flow into the gut to take away digested food
as rate of digestion is higher at rest
ii. During strenuous exercise- More energy required in
skeletal muscle; thus more glucose and oxygen required ;
also faster removal of metabolic waste hence more blood
required 4marks
c) How does the heart increase blood flow to some parts of the body
during exercise (2mks)
- Stronger/faster contraction; leading to increased heart beat
d) Explain the results obtained for the skin
(i) At rest
- Body temperature is normal; hence less blood required at
the surface of the skin
(ii) during activity
- body temperature increases and more blood flow to the
skin/vasodialtion; to take away excess heat
7. Explain how abiotic factors affect plants 20mks
Wind:-windy condition increases rate of transpiration; also it helps in
dispersal of fruit and seed; helps in pollination
Temperature:- change in temperature affects rate of transpiration where its
increase lead to increase in transpiration as lowering of temperature causes
decrease in transpiration
Water:- Essential for photosynthesis necessary for germination ;only plants
well adapted to surviving in dry conditions survive in dry areas
Light intensity:- Essential for photosynthesis . Some plants also require light
for flowering; some also require light of certain wavelengths for their seed
to germinate.
Topography: - Determine rainfall and light intensity thus type of crop which
will grow in an area.
Humidity: - determine rate of transpiration; increase in humidity lowers
rate of transpiration and low humidity increases rate of transpiration.

The Examiner 12 SET 5

PH: - plants require certain ph to grow; some requires acidic conditions,
others neutral as others need alkaline conditions to grow.
Atmospheric pressure: - its variation affects availability of CO2 which in turn
affects photosynthesis; it also affects rate of transpiration and amount of
oxygen for respiration.
Mineral salts/salinity: - plants require certain mineral elements for growth; in
some areas, mineral element concentration may be very high that it may
cause dehydration of plant tissue; thus only plants with salt tolerant
tissues grow in that saline area.
8. Describe what would happen after taking a meal of ugali and
beef stew up to the time of egestion (20mks)
Food is chewed to break large food particle to smaller particles; a process
called mastification; to increase surface area for enzymatic digestion; saliva
is secreted which contain ptyalin that digest starch into maltose; Also has
water and mucus that lubricate food bolus during swallowing; food is then
turned into bolus and pushed down esophagus by the tongue; where it
move by peristalsis to the stomach; where gastric juice containing
pepsinogen, rennin, hydrochloric acid and mucus is secreted; pepsinogen is
activated by HCL to pepsin which digest protein into peptide, HCl also kill
some bacteria in the food, with mucus protecting the stomach wall from
digestion by pepsin and corrosion effect of HCL due to churning , the
material is converted into chime; which leaves the stomach and gets into
duodenum, bile salts from the liver emulsify the fat into droplets; pancreas
also releases pancreatic juice which contain pancreatic amylase that digest
starch into maltose; trypsinogen which is activated to trypsin that digest
protein into peptide; pancreatic lipase that digest fat into fatty acid and
glycerol; and sodium hydrogen carbonate that create alkaline medium for
working of the enzyme; the material then move into small intestines(ileum)
where intestinal juice(succus entericus) is released and contain maltase,
that break maltose into glucose; sucrose peptidase which break peptide into
amino acid; lipase which breaks lipid into fatty acid and glycerol; glucose,
amino acid, fatty acid and glycerol are then absorbed from ileum into blood
system to be taken to tissues for assimilation; to maximize digest and
absorption ileum is long to increase surface area, hence a dense network of
capillaries to take away diffused food substance; have numerous villus and
micro villi to increase area for absorption; narrow to bring digested food into

The Examiner 13 SET 5

close contact with the wall to enhance absorption the remaining material is
taken to large intestines

The Examiner 14 SET 5