CIE 116 Engineering Utilities 1 WM

CIE 116
Engineering Utilities 1
This document and the information thereon is the property of PHINMA Education
COURSE SYLLABUS
PEN Code : CIE 116 Credit: 3 units

PEN Subject Title : ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1 Prerequisite: PHY 032
A. Subject Description:
This course focuses on the environmental systems in the buildings. Lecture discussion include
building electrical systems, natural and artificial lighting, and building telecommunications.
Reducing operational loads and integrating high performance energy systems into buildings offers
solutions towards achieving a sustainable and secure energy future. Engineers must understand
the interrelationship between a building and its subsystems, and need sufficient knowledge of
building systems and design alternatives to recommend appropriate solutions that suit the site,
climate, building type, and occupants. They must coordinate the work of the engineering disciplines
that carry the sustainability concept forward through building design, construction, commissioning,
operation and, ultimately, demolition, recycling and reuse.
B. Objectives:
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. Name and define electrical terminology
2. Calculate energy and cost of operation of electrical equipment.
3. Name, describe and distinguish between types of artificial and natural lighting sources.
C. Course Topics and Time Allotment

Lesson Topics Week
No. No.
● Orientation/Introduction to Flex Learning
1 1
● Current, Voltage and Resistance
2 ● Series Circuit, Parallel Circuit, Resistive Networks
2
3 ● Alternating Current Generation, Phasor Notation
4 ● AC Reactance, Impedance, RLC
3
5 ● Power Computations, Power Factor, 3-phase System
6 ● Electrical Tools, Electrical Wiring
4
7 ● Electrical Symbols, Electrical Diagram
PERIODIC EXAM 1 5
8 ● Switches and Receptacle
6
9 ● Wiring Methods, Outlets
10 ● Branch and Feeder Calculation
7
11 ● Solar Power System (PV)
12 ● Wind Power System
8
13 ● Generator
PERIODIC EXAM 2 9
14 ● Lamps for Lighting
10
15 ● Ballasts for Lighting
16 ● Lighting
11
17 ● Illumination
18 ● Streetlight
12
19 ● Building Communication System
PERIODIC EXAM 3 13
C. Textbook / References :
Mechanical and Electrical Systems in Architecture, Engineering and Construction. 5th Ed.
Joseph B. Wujek and Frank Dagostino. Pearson Education/Prentice Hall. 2010. (Hardcopy
Recommended)
D. Grading System:
Passing score is 60.
Final Grade = (0.33 x P1) + (0.33 x P2) + (0.34 x P3)
P1, P2, P3 = First Periodical Grade; Second Periodical Grade; Third Periodical Grade;
respectively
Periodical Grade = (0.60 x Class Standing) + (0.40 x Periodical Exam)

CIE 116: Engineering Utilities I
Student Activity Sheet #1
Name: Class number:

Section: Schedule: Date:
Lesson title: Materials:

CURRENT, VOLTAGE AND RESISTANCE Lesson Scientific Calculator
Objectives:
References:
At the end of the topic, you would be able to: https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/
1. Define the different electrical engineering terms. www.electronics-tutorials.ws
2. Apply Ohm’s law and compute for power in an electric
circuit.
3. Describe the difference between alternating and direct
current.
Productivity Tip:
Put your phone away. Just as it would in a classroom or at the office, your cell phone can serve
as a big distraction while working from home
A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
1) Introduction (5 mins)
We see applications of electricity all around us, especially in the electronic products we own and
operate every day. For example, we depend on electricity for lighting, heating, air conditioning and for
the operation of our vehicles, our cellular phones, home appliances and computers. The applications
of electricity are extensive and almost limitless to the imagination. Although there are many
applications of electricity, electricity itself can be explained in terms of electric charge, voltage,
and current. In this lesson, you will be introduced to the basic concepts of electricity which includes:
conductors, insulators and the basic units of an electric circuit.
2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (5 mins)

Write in the first column what you know. The third column is left blank at this time.
What I Learned
What I Know Question:
Activity
What are the two

particles of electric
charges?
What is the difference

between a conductor and
insulator?
What are the main units used

in electrical circuits?
This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

Name: Class number:

B. MAIN LESSON
1) Activity 2: Content Notes (18 mins)
Electricity is a form of energy, where energy refers to the ability doing work. More specifically,
electrical energy refers to the energy associated with electric charges. We see the effects of
electricity in a battery, static charge, lightning, radio, television, and many other applications. What
do they all have in common that is electric in nature? The answer is basic particles of electric
charge with opposite polarities. All the materials we know, including solids, liquids, and gases,
contain two basic particles of electric charge: the electron and the proton. An electron is the
smallest amount of electric charge having the characteristic called negative polarity while the proton
is a basic particle with positive polarity.
Just as magnets have north and south poles, electric charges have the opposite polarities labeled
negative and positive. As an example, this paper has electrons and protons in it. There is no
evidence of electricity, though, because the number of electrons equals the number of protons. In
that case, the opposite electrical forces cancel, making the paper electrically neutral. The
neutral condition means that opposing forces are exactly balanced, without any net effect either
way.
When we want to use the electrical forces associated with the negative and
positive charges in all matter, work must be done to separate the electrons
and protons. Changing the balance of forces produces evidence of
electricity. A battery, for instance, can do electrical work because its
chemical energy separates electric charges to produce an excess of
electrons at its negative terminal and an excess of protons at its positive
terminal. With separate and opposite charges at the two terminals, electric
energy can be supplied to a circuit connected to the battery.
CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS

When electrons can move easily from atom to atom in a material, the material is a conductor. In
general, all metals are good conductors, with silver the best and copper second. Their atomic
structure allows free movement of the outermost orbital electrons. Copper wire is generally used for
practical conductors because it costs much less than silver. The purpose of using conductors is to
allow electric current to flow with minimum opposition.
A material with atoms in which the electrons tend to stay in their own orbits is an insulator because
it cannot conduct electricity very easily. However, insulators can hold or store electricity better than
conductors. An insulating material, such as glass, plastic, rubber, paper, air, or mica, is also called
a dielectric, meaning it can store electric charges.
UNITS USED IN ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

The charge of many billions of electrons or protons is necessary for common applications of
electricity. A practical unit called the coulomb (C) as equal to the charge of 6.25 x 1018 electrons or
protons stored in a dielectric. The symbol for electric charge is Q or q, standing for quantity. For
instance, a charge of 6.25 x 1018 electrons is stated as Q = 1 C. This unit is named after

Name: Class number:

Charles A. Coulomb (1736–1806), a French physicist, who measured the force between the
charges.
Current is the movement of charge, the unit for stating the amount of current is defined in rate of
flow of charge. When the charge moves at the rate of 6.25 x 1018 electrons or 1 coulomb flowing
past a given point per second, the value of the current is one ampere (A). This is the same as one
coulomb of charge per second. The ampere unit of current is named after André M. Ampère (1775–
1836). The symbol I is used in electric circuits used with the direction of the current flow.
The volt unit of potential difference is named after Alessandro Volta (1745–1827). Fundamentally,
the volt is a measure of the amount of work or energy needed to move an electric charge. By
definition, when 0.7376 foot-pound (ft • lb) of work is required to 6.25 x 10 18 electrons or 1 coulomb
between two points, the potential difference between those two points is one volt. The metric unit of
work or energy is the joule (J). It is the same amount of work or energy as 0.7376 ft-lb. We can also
say that the potential difference between two points is one volt when one joule of energy is
expended in moving one coulomb of charge between those two points. Voltage sources like
batteries are also called sources of electromotive force (emf). The symbol E is used for emf, but the
standard symbol V represents any potential difference. This applies either to the voltage generated
by a source or to the voltage drop across an electrical component or load.
A wire conducting current can become hot is evidence that the work done by the applied voltage in
producing current must be accomplished against some form of opposition. This opposition, which
limits the amount of current that can be produced by the applied voltage, is called
resistance. Conductors have very little resistance; insulators have a large amount of resistance.
The ohm unit is named after Georg Simon Ohm (1787–1854), a German physicist. The symbol for
resistance is R. The abbreviation used for the ohm unit is the Greek letter omega, written as Ω.
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
In applications requiring current, the components are
arranged in the form of a circuit, as shown on the right. A
circuit can be defined as a path for current flow. Here the
components are represented by shorthand symbols.
Note the symbols for the battery and resistance.
The connecting wires are shown simply as straight lines Voltage Source Resistance Load
because their resistance is small enough to be neglected. V = 1.5 V R = 300 Ω
A resistance of less than 0.01 Ω for the wire is practically
zero compared with the 300 Ω load resistance. Current
direction is always shown to flow from the positive terminal
of the source to the negative terminal of the source.

Name: Class number:

When any part of the path is open or broken, the circuit is incomplete because there is
no conducting path. The open circuit can be in the connecting wires or in the bulb’s filament as the
load resistance. The resistance of an open circuit is infinitely high. The result is no current in an
open circuit.
In short circuit, the voltage source has a closed path across its terminals, but the load resistance is
practically zero. The result is too much current in a short circuit. Usually, the short circuit is a
bypass around the load resistance. A short circuit should be prevented because it will make the
wires hot (which may cause fire) or damage the voltage source. A fuse or circuit breaker prevents
short circuit by cutting off the voltage source.
DIRECT CURRENT vs. ALTERNATING CURRENT

The current flow illustrated for the circuit above is direct current (dc) because it has just one
direction. The reason for the unidirectional current is that the battery maintains the same polarity of
output voltage across its two terminals. Furthermore, the dc voltage source can change the amount
of its output voltage but, with the same polarity, direct current still flows only in one
direction.
An alternating voltage source periodically reverses or

alternates in polarity. The resulting alternating current (ac),
therefore, periodically reverses in direction. In terms of
electron flow, the current always flows from the positive
terminal of the voltage source, through the circuit, and back to
the negative terminal, but when the generator alternates in
polarity, the current must reverse its direction. The 60-cycle ac
power line used in most homes is a common example. This
frequency means that the voltage polarity and current
direction go through 60 cycles of reversal per second. The
unit for 1 cycle per second is 1 hertz (Hz). Therefore 60 cycles
per second is a frequency of 60 Hz. To differentiate an ac
source voltage from a dc source, the voltage is expressed in
RMS (root-mean-square) or effective values.

Name: Class number:

OHM’S LAW
The mathematical relationship between voltage, current, and resistance was discovered in 1826 by
Georg Simon Ohm. The relationship, known as Ohm’s law, is the basic foundation for all circuit
analysis in electrical and electronics engineering. Ohm’s law states that the amount of current, I, is
directly proportional to the voltage, V, and inversely proportional to the resistance, R. Expressed
mathematically, Ohm’s law is stated as:
Looking at the figure below, a 6-volt battery is connected to a 3- resistor load. Using Ohm’s law,
we can determine the current in the resistor.
ELECTRIC POWER
The unit of electric power is the watt (W), named after James Watt (1736–1819). One watt of power
equals the work done in one second by one volt of potential difference in moving one coulomb of
charge. Remember that one coulomb per second is an ampere. Therefore, power in watts equals
the product of volts and amperes.
𝑃= ×
Other forms of the equation by using Ohm’s law,
𝑃 ( ) ( )
𝑃 ( )

Name: Class number:

2) Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (18 mins + 2 mins checking)
Fill in the blanks:
a. Electricity is present in all matter in the form of and .
b. The electron is the basic particle of charge, and the proton is the basic particle
of charge.
c. Conductors are materials in which electrons can from one atom to the next.
d. An insulator is a material in which electrons tend to in their own orbit.
e. One of charge is a quantity of electricity corresponding to 6.25 x 10 18
electrons or protons.
f. is the rate of movement of electric charge.
g. is an electrical pressure or force that exists between two points. h.
is the opposition to the flow of current.
Individual Practice. Observe proper units. (Summative assessment)

Solve for the current, I.
a) V = 9 V, R = 300 Ω, I =
b) R = 1 k Ω, V = 360 V, I =
Solve for the voltage, V.

a) R = 3 Ω, I = 2.4 A, V =
b) I = 40 A, R = 20 Ω, V =
Solve for the resistance, R.

a) V = 240 V, I = 3.2 A, R =
b) I = 2.5 A, V = 10 V, R =
Solve for the power, P.

a) V = 240 V, I = 3.2 A, P =
b) I = 2.5 A, R = 200 Ω, P =
Worded Problems: (Summative assessment)

1. A lightbulb drawing 1.25 A of current has a resistance of 96 . How much is the voltage
across the lightbulb?
2. What is the resistance of a motor if it draws 2 A current from the 240-V power line?
3. How much is the output voltage of a power supply if it supplies 75 W of power while
delivering a current of 5 A?
4. 4. How much power is consumed by a 24-V incandescent lamp if it draws 100 mA of

current when it is turned on?

Name: Class number:


Monitor how your knowledge has changed by reviewing the questions in the What I Know Chart
from Activity 1 and write your answers to the questions based on what you now know in the third
column of the chart.
4) Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)
The current in an
a. Normally b. Normall d. Zero
open circuit is: c. Infinity
High y Low
The resistance of a
b. Normall c. Normally d. Infinity
short circuit is: a. Zero
y High Low
A current of 10 µA is
d. 0.01 A
equal to: a. 0.1 mA b. 0.01 mA c. 1 mA
Which source can d. None of

a. Both AC
use a transformer? b. DC c. AC the above
and DC
Which type of source

are produce by d. None of
a. Both AC
cellphone and laptop b. DC c. AC the above
chargers and DC

Name: Class number:

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
1) Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)

Mark your place in the work tracker which is simply a visual to help students track how much work
they have accomplished and how much work there is left to do.
FAQs
Use the following visual aid to the Ohm’s law and power formulas
KEY TO CORRECTIONS
Activity 3:
a. Electricity is present in all matter in the form of protons and electron.
b. The electron is the basic particle of negative charge, and the proton is the basic particle of
positive charge.
c. Conductors are materials in which electrons can move/transfer from one atom to the next.
d. An insulator is a material in which electrons tend to remain/stay in their own orbit
e. One coulomb of charge is a quantity of electricity corresponding to 6.25 x 10 18 electrons or
protons.
f. Current is the rate of movement of electric charge.
g. Voltage is an electrical pressure or force that exists between two points.
h. Resistance is the opposition to the flow of current.

Name: Class number:

Lesson title: SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS Materials:

Lesson Objectives: Scientific Calculator
At the end of the topic, you would be able to:
1. Calculate the total resistance of the circuit. References:
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/
2. Calculate the voltage, current and power in each www.electronics-tutorials.ws
element.
3. Apply Ohm’s laws to analyze electrical circuits.
Productivity Tip:
Create a study schedule. Set a time to log into your online classes each day. Use an alarm, a
reminder, whatever works for you. Proper time management is essential
1) Introduction/Review (5 mins)
A series circuit is any circuit that provides only one path for current flow. Since there is only one path
for electrons to follow, the current, I, must be the same in all parts of a series circuit.
A parallel circuit is any circuit that provides one common voltage across all components. Each
component across the voltage source provides a separate path or branch for current flow.
To solve for the values of voltage, current, or resistance in a series or parallel circuit, we will apply
Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s laws.

What I Learned
Activity

between a series
circuit and a parallel
circuit?
What are the two forms of

Kirchhoff’s laws?

Name: Class number:

B. MAIN LESSON
SERIES CIRCUITS
The battery VT supplies the potential difference that forces free electrons to drift from the negative
terminal at A, toward B, through the connecting wires and resistances, R 3, R2 and R1, back to the
positive battery terminal at J. At the negative battery terminal, its negative charge repels electrons.
Therefore, free electrons in the atoms of the wire at this terminal are repelled from point A toward
point B. Similarly, free electrons at point B can then repel adjacent electrons, producing an
electron drift toward C and away from the negative battery terminal. At the same time, the positive
charge of the positive battery terminal attracts free electrons, causing electrons to drift toward I and
J. As a result, the free electrons in R1, R2 and R3 are forced to drift toward the positive terminal.
Similar connections of two resistors in series
Similar connections of three resistors in series:

Name: Class number:

SERIES TOTAL RESISTANCE

The series total resistance is simply the sum of all of the individual resistances in the circuit.
= 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + ⋯ +𝑒tc.
SERIES IR VOLTAGE DROPS
With current I through a resistance, by Ohm’s law, the voltage across R is equal to I x R. This rule is
below in the figure for a string of two resistors. In this circuit, current I will be equal to 1 A because
the applied V T of 10 V is across the total R T of 10 , equal to the sum of the individual resistors, R 1
=4 plus R2 = 6 .
= 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 4 Ω + 6 Ω = 10 Ω
10
= = =1
𝑅 10
The IR voltage across each resistance is called an IR drop, or simply voltage drop, because it
reduces the potential difference available for the remaining resistances in the series circuit. Note
that the symbols V1 and V2 are used for the voltage drops across each resistor to distinguish them
from the source voltage, V T. applied across both resistors.
1 = 𝑅1 = 1 × 4Ω=4V
2 = 𝑅2 = 1 × 6Ω=6V
Kirchhoff’s voltage law states that the sum of all resistor voltage drops in a
series circuit equals the applied voltage. Expressed as an equation, Kirchhoff’s
voltage law (KVL) is:
= + + + ⋯ + etc.
Checking the above solution: = 1+ 2 =4 +6 = 10

Name: Class number:

PARALLEL CIRCUITS
The total current IT flows from the source voltage and at junction B, the current will be divided into
the two branches. In parallel circuits, the voltage across each resistor is the same but the branch
currents IBA (current in resistor R 1) and IDC (current in resistor R 2) can be computed using Ohm’s law.
= =
𝑅
= =
𝑅
A common application of parallel circuits is typical house wiring to the ac power line, with many
lights and appliances connected across the 240-V source. The wall receptacle has a potential
difference of 240 V across each pair of terminals. Therefore, any resistance connected to an outlet
has an applied voltage of 240 V. The light bulb is connected to one outlet and the toaster to another
outlet, but both have the same applied voltage of 240 V. Therefore, each operates independently of
any other appliance, with all the individual branch circuits connected across the 240-V line.
PARALLEL TOTAL RESISTANCE

The reciprocal of the parallel total resistance is simply the sum of all of the reciprocal of the
individual resistances in the circuit.
= + + + ⋯+ or 𝑅 =
⋯
Shortcut for two parallel resistors R1 ‖ R2
𝑅 𝑅
𝑅 =
𝑅 +𝑅

Name: Class number:

PARALLEL BRANCH CURRENTS
A combination of parallel branches is often called a bank. In the figure above, the bank consists of
the R1 = 60 and R2 = 30 in parallel connection. Their equivalent parallel resistance R EQ, is the
bank resistance, equal to 20 in this example. A bank can have two or more parallel resistors.
1 1 1 1 1
= + = + = 0.05
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 60 30
1
𝑅 = = 20
0.05
Calculator Shortcut: We need the reciprocal of the + + + ⋯ + 𝑒 . ,we can use the
reciprocal function in our calculator. We can use this shortcut for any number of parallel resistors.
(60 x-1 + 30 x-1 ) x-1 = 20

With the current I through each branch resistance, by Ohm’s law, the branch current I 1 in R1 is equal
to VA / R1 and the branch current I2 in R2 is equal to VA / R2.
60
= = =1
𝑅 60
60
= = =2
𝑅 30
60
= = =3
𝑅 20
Kirchhoff’s current law states that the sum of all branch currents in a parallel circuit
equals the total current. Expressed as an equation, Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) is:
= + + + ⋯ + etc
Name: Class number:

Checking the above solution: = 1 + 2 =1 +2 =3
POWER DISSIPATION IN EACH CIRCUIT COMPONENT

Each of the circuit components will absorb or dissipate power. To obtain the power for each
component, the “safest” formula uses the current in the component and its resistance:
𝑃 = 2𝑅
a. A series circuit with the following resistors: R 1 = 100 and R2 = 200 and are connected to a
source VT = 180 V. Draw the diagram below and find the values of each voltage drops.
𝑅 = 𝑅 + 𝑅 = ______ + _______
= = +
𝑅
= 𝑅 = _________=__________
= 𝑅 = _________=__________
b. A parallel circuit with the following resistors: R1 = 30 and R2 = 20 and are connected to a
source VT = 12 V. Draw the diagram below and find the values of each branch currents.
𝑅 = 𝑅 𝑅 = ______ = _______
= = =
𝑅
= = =
𝑅

Name: Class number:

4. Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (2 mins)

From Activity 1 and write your answers to the questions based on what you now know in the
third column of the chart.
5. Activity 5: Check for Understanding (10 mins)
a. A series circuit with the following resistors: R 1 = 10 , R2 = 20 and R3 = 30 and are

connected to a source VT = 12 V. Draw and label the circuit diagram. Find the values of each
voltage drop.
b. A parallel circuit with the following resistors: R 1 = 30 , R2 = 20 and R3 = 60 and are

connected to a source VT = 18 V. Draw and label the circuit diagram. Find the values of each
branch current.

Name: Class number:

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
1) Activity 6: Thinking about learning (5 mins)
FAQs
If there is still time for the student, it is better to check their solutions using KVL for series circuits
and KCL for parallel circuits.
KEY TO CORRECTIONS

Name: Class number:

Lesson title: AC GENERATION, PHASOR NOTATION Materials:

References:
1. Describe how alternating current is formed. https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/
2. Calculate circuit parameters using Ohm’s law. www.electronics-tutorials.ws
3. Utilize phasor notation for AC calculations.
Productivity Tip:
Avoid distractions. If you want to work or study efficiently, it’s important to keep away any object
that can distract you.
The analysis of alternating voltage, as used for the 240-VAC or 120-VAC power line. A sine
wave alternating voltage is a voltage that continuously varies in amplitude and periodically
reverses in polarity. One cycle includes two alternations in polarity. The number of cycles per
second is the frequency measured in hertz (Hz). Every ac voltage has both amplitude variations
and polarity reversals. The amplitude values and rate of polarity reversal, however, vary from
one AC waveform to the next.

What I Learned
Activity

between RMS and
peak voltage?
What are the two

forms for complex
numbers?

Name: Class number:

B. MAIN LESSON
AC VOLTAGE
An alternating voltage is a voltage that
continuously varies in magnitude and
periodically reverses in polarity.
In the figure, the variations up and down on the

waveform show the changes in magnitude. The zero
axis is a horizontal line across the center. The
voltages above the center have positive polarity,
and values below center are negative.
For a frequency of 60 Hz, the period or time of one cycle is 1/60 seconds.
AC GENERATION
The figure on the left shows how such a voltage waveform is
produced by a rotary generator. The conductor loop rotates
through the magnetic field to generate the induced ac
voltage across its open terminals. The magnetic flux shown
here is vertical, with lines of force in the plane of the paper.
With the loop is in its horizontal starting position in a plane
perpendicular to the paper. When the loop rotates
counterclockwise, the two longer conductors move around a
circle. Note that in the position shown, the two long
conductors of the loop move vertically up or down but
parallel to the vertical flux lines. In this position, motion of
the loop does not induce a voltage because the conductors
are not cutting across the flux.
When the loop rotates through the upright position in the figure on the right, however, the
conductors cut across the flux, producing maximum induced
voltage. The shorter connecting wires in the loop do not have
any appreciable voltage induced in them.
Each of the longer conductors has opposite polarity of induced

voltage because the conductor at the top is moving to the left
while the bottom conductor is moving to the right. The amount of
voltage varies from zero to maximum as the loop moves from a
flat position to upright, where it can cut across the flux. The
polarity at the terminals of the loop reverses as the motion of
each conductor reverses during each half-revolution.

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One complete revolution of the loop

around the circle is called cycle. In the
figure, the generator loop is shown in
its position at each quarter-turn during
one complete cycle. The
corresponding wave of induced
voltage also goes through one cycle.
The voltage waveform in the figure is

called a sine wave, sinusoidal wave,
or sinusoid because the amount of
induced voltage is proportional to the
sine of the angle of rotation in the
circular motion producing the voltage.
In summary, the characteristics of the sine-wave ac waveform are

1. The cycle includes 360° or 2π rad.
2. The polarity reverses each half-cycle.
3. The maximum values are at 90° and 270°.
4. The zero values are at 0 and 180°.
5. The waveform changes its values fastest when it crosses the zero axis.
6. The waveform changes its values slowest when it is at its maximum value. The values must stop
increasing before they can decrease.

Name: Class number:

ALTERNATING CURRENT
When a sine wave of alternating voltage is connected across a load resistance, the current that
flows in the circuit is also a sine wave. In the figure, let the sine-wave voltage at the left in the
diagram be applied across R = 100 . The resulting sine wave of alternating current is shown at
the right in the diagram. Note that the frequency is the same for the voltage, v and current, i.
During the first alternation of v in the figure above, terminal 1 is positive with respect to terminal
2. Since the direction of current flow is from the positive side of v, through R, and back to the
negative side of v, current flows in the direction indicated by arrow A for the first half-cycle. This
direction is taken as the positive direction of current in the graph for i, corresponding to positive
values of v. Using Ohm’s laws, we can see that the current in one direction, increasing to its
maximum positive value and decreasing to zero, just like the voltage.
During the second alternation of v in the figure above, terminal 2 is now positive with respect to
terminal 1. Since the direction of current flow is from the positive side of v, through R, and back to
the negative side of v, current flows in the direction indicated by arrow B for the second half- cycle.
This direction is taken as the negative direction of current in the graph for i, corresponding to
negative values of v. Using Ohm’s laws, we can see that the current in one direction, increasing to
its maximum negative value and decreasing to zero, just like the voltage.

Name: Class number:

VOLTAGE AND CURRENT VALUES FOR A SINE WAVE
Since an alternating sine wave of voltage or current has many instantaneous values through the
cycle, it is convenient to define specific magnitudes to compare one wave with another. The peak
average, and root-mean-square (RMS) values can be specified, as indicated in the figure above.
These values can be used for either current or voltage.
Take note that in our ac calculations, we will be always given the rms values rather than peak
values.
FREQUENCY AND PERIOD OF AN AC SIGNAL

The number of cycles per second is the frequency, with the symbol f. if the loop rotates through
60 complete revolutions, or cycles, during 1 sec, the frequency of the generated voltage is 60
cycles per second (cps), or simply 60 Hz.
The amount of time it takes for one cycle is called the period. Its symbol is T for time. With a
frequency of 60 Hz, as an example, the time for one cycle is 1 / 60 s. Therefore, the period of the
signal is 1/60 s. Frequency and period are reciprocals of each other:
f= unit Hertz or Hz
T = unit second

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PHASE ANGLE (break for 3 minutes and 17 minutes)

Suppose a second voltage
source (generator with the same
period and frequency) starts at
point B, where maximum voltage
output is produced, instead of
starting at the point of zero output.
The complete cycle of wave B

through 360° takes it back to the
maximum value from which it
started. Wave A starts and
finishes its cycle at zero. With
respect to time, therefore, wave B is
ahead of wave A in values of
generated voltage. The amount it
leads in time equals one
fourth of a revolution, which is
90°.
This angular difference is the phase angle

between wave B and wave A. Wave B leads wave A
by the phase angle of 90°. The 90° phase angle
between waves B and A is maintained throughout
the complete cycle and in all successive cycles, as
long as they both have the same frequency. At any
instant, wave B has the value that A will have 90°
later. For example, at 180° wave A is at zero, but B
is already at 270° (its negative maximum value),
where wave A will arrive later at 270°.
The sine and cosine waveforms have the same variations but displaced by 90°. Remember that cos
𝜃 = sin(𝜃 + 90°), the cosine wave is simply a sine wave with a 90° lead on the original sine wave.
Both waveforms are called sinusoids. This 90°angle difference is called quadrature phase.

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PHASOR DIAGRAMS
To compare phases of alternating
currents and voltages, it is much
more convenient to use phasor
diagrams corresponding to the
voltage and current waveforms,
as shown in the figure. The arrows
here represent the phasor
quantities corresponding to the
generator voltage
A phasor is a quantity that has magnitude and direction. The length of the arrow indicates the
magnitude of the alternating voltage in rms, peak, or any ac value, as long as the same measure is
used for all phasors. The angle of the arrow with respect to the horizontal axis indicates the phase
angle. One sinusoid is always chosen as the reference (usually at 0 ). The timing of the other
sinusoids can be compared to the reference by means of the angle between the phasor arrows.
PHASE ANGLE REFERENCE

The phase angle of one wave can be specified only with
respect to another as reference. How the phasors are drawn
to show the phase angle depends on which phase is chosen
as the reference. Generally, the reference phasor is
horizontal, corresponding to 0°. Two possibilities are shown
below; the voltage wave A or its phasor V A is the reference.
Then the phasor V B is 90° counterclockwise. This method is
standard practice, using counterclockwise rotation as the
positive direction for angles. Also, the leading angle is
positive. In this case, then, V B is 90° counterclockwise from
the reference VA to show that wave B leads wave A by 90°.
However, wave B is shown as the reference in the figure. Now V B is

the horizontal phasor. To have the same phase angle, V A must
be 90° clockwise, or -90°. This arrangement shows that negative
angles, clockwise from the 0° reference, are used to show
lagging phase angles. The reference determines whether the
phase angle is considered leading or lagging in time.
Any wave can have different leading or lagging phase angles but it should be always with respect to
a reference phasor. A phase angle of 0° means that the two waves are in phase. An angle of 180°
means opposite phase, or that the two waveforms are exactly out of phase. Then the
amplitudes are opposing (one is positive and the other is negative).

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PHASOR CALCULATIONS
In mathematics, numbers on the horizontal axis are real numbers, including positive and negative
values. Numbers on the j axis are called imaginary numbers because they are not on the real axis.
In mathematics, the abbreviation i is used to indicate imaginary numbers. In electricity,
however, j is used to avoid confusion with I as the symbol for current.
The j operator for a number can be any angle

between 0° and 360°. Since the angle of 90° is
important in ac circuits, the factor j is used to indicate
90°. In the figure, the number +5 means 5 units at 0°,
the number -5 is at 180°, and j 5 indicates the
number 5 at the 90° angle.
RECTANGULAR FORM
The combination of a real and an imaginary term is called a complex number in rectangular form.
The real number is always written first. Complex numbers must be added as phasors.
In example (a), 3 + j4 is a complex number which means 3 units on the real axis added to 4 units
90° out of phase (located on the positive j-axis).

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In example (b), 3 - j4 is a complex number which means 3 units on the real axis added to 4 units
270° out of phase (located on the negative j-axis)
In example (c), 5 + j2 is a complex number which means 5 units on the real axis added to 2 units
90°out of phase (located on the positive j-axis)
In example (d), 5 - j2 is a complex number which means 5 units on the real axis added to 2 units
270° out of phase (located on the negative j-axis)
POLAR FORM
All of the values seen above are called rectangular forms of complex numbers. The polar forms use
the notation Z ∠ θ (read as Z cis of value of θ). All rectangular forms can be converted to polar
forms and vice-versa.

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CALCULATOR SHORTCUT
PHASOR ALGEBRA
For Addition or Subtraction:
Add or subtract the real and j-terms separately:
(9 + j 5) + (3 − j 2) = (9 + 3) + j(5 − 2) = 12 + j 3
(8 − j 6) − (4 +j 7) = (8 − 4) − j(6 + 7) = 4 − j 13
The answer should be in the form of R ± j X, where R is the algebraic sum of all the real or resistive
terms and X is the algebraic sum of all the imaginary or reactive terms.
For multiplication:
Use the COMPLEX MODE in your calculator.
MODE 2 (COMPLX) (3 + j 4) × (12 − j 13) = 88 − j 9
For division:
MODE 2 (COMPLX) (24 + j 7) ÷ (3 −j 4) = 1.76 + j 4.68
For exponentiation:
MODE 2 (COMPLX) (8 − j 15)3 = −4,888 +j 495

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Write the equivalent voltages in the table below:
Peak Voltage Average Voltage RMS Voltage
170 V
240 V
35.2 V
Use the complex mode to determine the answers for each question:
a) (900 + j 240) + (360 − j 250)
b) (12 + j 24) + (25∠ 30)

( )( )
c) ( ∠ )
d) (12 − j 32)2

Activity 1 and write your answers to the questions based on what you now know in the third column
of the chart.
5. Activity 5: Check your Understanding (10mins)
Which of the following can change when D. Both B and

running dc equipment? A. Magnitude B. Polarity C. Cyle C
Which of the following can change when D. Both A and
running ac equipment? A. Magnitude B. Polarity C. Frequency B
One complete revolution of a loop in a
magnetic field is called: A. Polarity B. Cycle C. Frequency D. Time
In the Philippines, our ac line frequency is: A. 50 Hz B. 120 Hz C. 60 Hz D. 240 Hz
In the Philippines, our ac line voltage is: A. 50 V B. 120 V C. 60 V D. 240 V

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C. LESSON WRAP-UP
FAQs
A vector quantity has direction in space and plotting the vectors require angles with respect to the
horizontal or vertical. A phasor quantity also uses angles which show the differences in angles and
time for each phasor.
Try to access the COMPLEX MODE in every calculator as this will make the remaining topics
easier in terms of calculations.
KEY TO CORRECTIONS

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Lesson title: REACTANCE, IMPEDANCE, RLC

CIRCUIT Lesson Objectives: Materials:
At the end of the topic, you would be able to: Scientific Calculator
1. Describe the components of impedance.
2. Calculate circuit parameters using Ohm’s law. References:
3. Draw phasor diagrams for RLC circuits. www.electronics-tutorials.ws
Productivity Tip:
Avoiding social media or limiting the time you spend on it is especially important now when most of
the news is related to the new coronavirus. It’s useful to stay informed, but it is even more helpful
to keep some distance and take care of your emotional and mental wellbeing
When alternating current flows in an inductance L or capacitance C,The amount of current in
much less than the DC resistance alone would allow. For the inductor, the reason is that the
current variations induce a voltage across L opposes the applied voltage. While for the capacitor,
its charge and discharge produce alternating current in the circuit connected to the capacitor
plates. This additional opposition of an inductance or capacitance to sine-wave alternating
current is specified by the amount of its inductive reactance XL or capacitive reactance XC. This
opposition to current is called the impedance Z and it is also measured in ohms.

What I Learned
Activity
What is the effect of a
low frequency on the
inductive reactance
and capacitive
reactance?
What is the effect of a
high frequency on the
inductive reactance
and capacitive
reactance?

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B. MAIN LESSON
1) Activity 2: Content Notes (12 min + 12 min)
AC CIRCUITS WITH RESISTANCE BUT NO REACTANCE (12 min)

For the circuit below, with two 50 Ω resistances in series across the 100 ∠ 0° VRMS source,
the calculations are as follows:
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 100 Ω
= =1
𝑉1 = 𝑅1 = (1 )(50 Ω) = 50 𝑉
𝑉2 = 𝑅2 = (1 )(50 Ω) = 50 𝑉
For the circuit below, with two 50 Ω resistances in parallel across the 100 ∠ 0° V source,
the calculations are as follows:
= = =2
= = =2
𝑅 =𝑅 𝑅 = = 25
= = =
Summary:
For PURELY RESISTIVE circuits, the current I is in phase with the applied voltage V T because
there is no reactance. The voltage drops V1 and V2 are both in phase with the common reference VT.
Also, there is no need to use the complex numbers as both current and voltage have the same
angle as the reference at 0°.

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PURE INDUCTIVE REACTANCE CIRCUITS

An inductance can have a large value of XL in ac circuits to reduce the amount of current.
Furthermore, the higher the frequency of the alternating current, and the greater the inductance, the
higher the XL opposition. There is no XL for steady dc or direct current. In this case, the coil is a
resistance equal to the resistance of the wire. The following applies to inductive reactance:
1. The constant factor 2π is always 2 x 3.14 = 6.28. It indicates the circular motion from which a sine
wave is derived. Therefore, this formula applies only to sine-wave ac circuits. The 2π is actually 2π
radians or 360° for a complete circle or cycle.
2. The frequency f is a time element. Higher frequency means that the current varies at a faster rate. A
faster current change can produce more self-induced voltage across a given inductance. The
result is more XL.
𝑋 = +𝑗 (2 𝜋 𝑓 𝐿) or 2 𝜋 𝑓 𝐿 ∠ 90° 𝑜ℎ𝑚s
3. The inductance L indicates the physical factors of the coil that determine how much voltage it can
induce for a given current change.
4. Angle theta is always +90° and the voltage phasor will always lead the current phasor by exactly 90°
5. Inductive reactance XL is in ohms, corresponding to VL / IL ratio for sine-wave ac circuits, to
determine how much current L allows for a given applied voltage.
TOTAL INDUCTANCE (IN SERIES AND IN PARALLEL)
SERIES RESISTOR-INDUCTOR (RL) CIRCUITS

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When a coil has series resistance, the current is limited by both X L and R. This current I will be the
same in XL and R, since they are in series. Each has its own series voltage drop, equal to IR for the
resistance and I XL for the inductor. Note the following points about a circuit that combines in series
XL and R, as in the figure below:
1. The total impedance is Z T is computed:

= √𝑅 𝑋 = √100 100 ≈ 141 Ω
2. The current I can now be computed:

= = =1
3. The current is labeled I, rather than I L,

because I will flow through all series
components.
4. The voltage across XL, labeled V L, can
be considered an I XL voltage drop, just as
we use VR for an I R voltage drop.
5. The voltages across R and XL is now computed:
𝑉R = 𝑅 = (1 )(100 Ω) = 100 𝑉
𝑉 = 𝑋𝐿 = (1 )(100 Ω) = 100 𝑉
6. The current I through R and its I R voltage drop

are in phase. There is no reactance to sine-wave
current in any resistance. Therefore, I, I R and VR
have a phase angle of 0°.
7. The voltage VL must lead I by 90° because this is
the phase angle between current through an inductance and its self-induced voltage.
8. To check obtain the resultant of the phasors of the two voltages VR and VL.
2 2 2
𝑉 = √𝑉 𝑉 = √100 100 ≈ 141 Ω
PARALLEL RESISTOR-INDUCTOR (RL) CIRCUITS

For parallel circuits with XL and R, the 90°phase angle must be considered for each of the branch
currents, instead of the voltage drops. A parallel circuit has different branch currents but one
common voltage. The voltage across the components, V R and VL, are equal to the source voltage VA.
It is also our reference phasor.

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1. The currents are labeled I R and IL with the total

current as IT. The current flowing in R and XL is
now computed:
= = = 10
= = = 10
=√ = √10 10 ≈ 1 .1 A
current in any resistance. Therefore, IR and VR
3. The current IL in XL must lag I by 90° because this
is the phase angle between current through an
inductance and its self-induced voltage.
4. To check obtain the resultant of the phasors of the two currents IR and IL. The total
impedance of the circuit is Z EQ is computed:
= =√ ≈7.07
√
5. The total current I can now be computed:
= = ≈1 .1 A
.
PURE CAPACITIVE REACTANCE CIRCUITS (12 min)

Alternating current flows in a capacitive circuit with ac voltage applied. A smaller capacitance allows
less current, which means more XC with more ohms of opposition. Lower frequencies for the
applied voltage result in less current and more XC. With a steady dc voltage source, which
corresponds to a frequency of zero, the opposition of the capacitor is infinite and there is no
current. In this case, the capacitor is effectively an open circuit. The following applies to capacitive
reactance:

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1. The constant factor 2π is always 2 x 3.14 = 6.28. It indicates the circular motion from which
a sine wave is derived. Therefore, this formula applies only to sine-wave ac circuits. The 2π
is actually 2π radians or 360° for a complete circle or cycle.
2. The frequency f is a time element. Higher frequency means that the current varies at a faster
rate. A faster current change can produce more charge and discharge across a
given capacitance. The result is less XC
1 1
𝑋 = 𝑗 𝑜 ∠ 0 𝑜ℎ𝑚
2 2
3. The capacitance C indicates the physical factors of the capacitor that determine how much
voltage it can charge and discharge for a given current change.
4. Angle theta is always -90° and the voltage phasor will always lag the current phasor by
exactly 90°
5. Capacitive reactance XC is in ohms, corresponding to VC / IC ratio for sine-wave ac circuits,
to determine how much current C allows for a given applied voltage.
TOTAL CAPACITANCE (IN SERIES AND IN PARALLEL)

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SERIES RESISTOR-CAPACITOR (RC) CIRCUITS

When a capacitor is in series with a resistance, the current is limited by both X C and R. This current
I will be the same in XC and R, since they are in series. Each has its own series voltage drop, equal
to IR for the resistance and I XC for the capacitor. Note the following points about a circuit that
combines in series XC and R, as in the figure below:
1. The total impedance is Z T is computed:

2 2 2
= √𝑅 𝑋 = √100 100 ≈ 141 Ω
2. The current I can now be computed:
= = =1
3. The current is labeled I, rather than IC, because

I will flow through all series components.
4. The voltage across XC, labeled V C, can be
considered an I XC voltage drop, just as we use V R
for an I R voltage drop.
5. The voltages across R and XC is now computed:
𝑉R = 𝑅 = (1 )(100 Ω) = 100 𝑉
𝑉 = 𝑋𝐶 = (1 )(100 Ω) = 100 𝑉

current in any resistance. Therefore, I, I R and VR
7. The voltage V C must lag I by 90° because this is
the phase angle between current through charge and discharge of the capacitor.
8. To check obtain the resultant of the phasors of the two voltages VR and VC.
𝑉 = √𝑉 𝑉 = √100 100 ≈141
PARALLEL RESISTOR-CAPACITOR (RC) CIRCUITS

For parallel circuits with XC and R, the 90°phase angle must be considered for each of the branch
currents, instead of the voltage drops. A parallel circuit has different branch currents but one
common voltage. The voltage across the components, V R and VC, are equal to the source voltage V A.
It is also our reference phasor.

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1. The currents are labeled I R and IC with

the total current as IT. The current
flowing in R and XC is now computed:
= = = 10
= = = 10
=√ = √10 10 ≈ 1 .1 A

current in any resistance. Therefore, I R and VR
3. The current IC in XC must lead I by 90° because
this is the phase angle between current through
a capacitance and its capacitor voltage.
4. To check obtain the resultant of the phasors of
the two currents IR and IC. The total impedance
of the circuit is Z EQ is computed.
= =√ ≈7.07
√
5. The total current I can now be computed:
= = ≈1 .1 A
.

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Problem 1: A series circuit with the following components: R1 = 300 Ω and XL = 400 Ω and are
connected to a source VT = 240 V. Find the values of each voltage drops.
Problem 2: A parallel circuit with the following components: R 1 = 20 Ω and XL = 30 Ω and are
connected to a source VA = 120 V. Find the values of each branch current and total current.
Problem 3: A series circuit with the following components: R 1 = 120 Ω and XC = 50 Ω and are
connected to a source VT = 390 V. Find the values of each voltage drops.
Problem 4: A parallel circuit with the following components: R 1 = 500 Ω and XC = 600 Ω and are
connected to a source VA = 240 V. Find the values of each branch current and total current.

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from Activity 1 and write your answers to the questions based on what you now know in the
The current phasor in an inductor _____ a. Leads b. Lags c. In-phase d. Out-of-phase

the voltage phasor. by 90° by 90°
The voltage phasor in an inductor _____ a. Lags b. Leads c. In-phase d. Out-of-phase

the current phasor. by 90° by 90°
The current phasor in a capacitor _____ a. Leads b. Lags c. In-phase d. Out-of-phase

the voltage phasor. by 90° by 90°
The voltage phasor in a capacitor _____ a. Lags b. Leads c. In-phase d. Out-of-phase

the current phasor. by 90° by 90°
The current phasor in a resistor _____ a. Leads b. Lags c. In-phase d. Out-of-phase ___
the voltage phasor. . by 90° by 90°
C. LESSON WRAP-UP
FAQs
The use of calculators in COMPLEX mode is encouraged to speed up the computations. The use
of rectangular to polar or vice-versa (REC to POL or POL to REC) conversions would take too much
time especially in board exams.

Name: Class number:

Lesson title: AC POWER, 3-PHASE SYSTEMS Materials:

Lesson Objectives: At the end of the topic, you would be able Scientific Calculator
to:
1. Differentiate apparent, reactive and true power. References:
2. Calculate power factor. www.electronics-tutorials.ws
3. Differentiate single and three-phase systems.
Productivity Tip:
Create a place that you only associate with studying or working; it will help you get into a
productive state easier. Although it’s tempting, this should not be your bed or sofa. I know, they
are pleasant places to warm up with your laptop, but they are anything but good for your
productivity
In an AC circuit with reactance, the current supplied by the generator either leads or lags the
generator voltage. Then the product V x I is not the real power produced by the generator, since
the instantaneous voltage may have a high value while at the same time the current is near
zero, or vice versa. The real power, in watts, however, can always be calculated as I 2R , where
R is the total resistive component of the circuit.
In a three phase system, the alternator with three generator windings equally spaced around the
circle, the windings produce output voltages 120° out of phase with each other.

What I Know Questions: What I Learned
When does power factor

become unity?
What are the types of three

phase systems?

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B. MAIN LESSON
COMPONENTS OF THE POWER TRIANGLE
Consider an RL (resistor-inductor) circuit in which the
current phasor lags the voltage phasor by an angle of .
In the diagram of the circuit, the current can be resolved
as two rectangular components:
a) The horizontal component phasor: 𝐼 cos 𝜙
b) The vertical component phasor: 𝐼 sin 𝜙
Note that the horizontal component phasor is always

in phase with reference voltage V while the
vertical component phasor is always 90° out of
phase with reference voltage V.
We can now form the power triangle by multiplying

each of the current components by the reference
voltage V. The power triangle is illustrated on the left.
The three components are sides of a right triangle

and by using trigonometry we can solve for the
values of each power component.
Apparent power (S) is the total power that appears to be transferred between the ac source and
load. It is measured in volt-amperes (VA). Apparent power has two components: true power and
reactive power.
The power which is actually consumed in the circuit is called true power (P) or sometimes called
active power. We know that power is consumed in resistance only since neither pure inductor (L)
nor pure capacitor (C) consumes any active power. For true power, current and voltage are in
phase in a resistance. Therefore, current in phase with voltage produces true or active power. It
is the only useful component of apparent power. It may be noted that it is the true power which is
used for producing torque in motors and supply heat, light etc. It is used up in the circuit and
cannot be recovered. True power has a unit measurement in watts (W).
The component of apparent power which is neither consumed nor does any useful work in the
circuit is called reactive power. The power consumed (or true power) in L and C is zero because
all the power received from the source in one quarter-cycle is returned to the source in the next
quarter-cycle. This circulating power called reactive power (Q) does no useful work in the circuit

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and merely flows in the circuit back and forth. Apparent power is measured in volt-amperes
reactive (VAR).
In the power triangle, the angle 𝜙 can be used to relate the power components. The power
factor is the ratio of the true power to the apparent power and it can be expressed in terms of 𝜙.
If the angle 𝜙 is below the x-axis, the angle is said to be lagging (I lags with respect to the
reference voltage V) while the angle 𝜙 is above the x-axis, the angle is said to be leading (I
leads with respect to the reference voltage V).
(Apparent Power)2 = (True Power )2 + (Reactive Power)2
S2 = P2 + Q2
Apparent power, S = VI
True power, P = S cos 𝜙 = VI cos 𝜙
Reactive power, Q = S sin 𝜙 = V 𝐼 sin 𝜙
𝜙
Power factor, P. F. = = = = cos 𝜙
Example. A motor draws a current of 20 A while being supplied by a 240 V ac source. The power
factor is 0.8 lagging. Determine the components of the power triangle.
S = V 𝐼 = 240 V × 20 𝐴 = 4800 V𝐴 or 4.8 𝐾V𝐴
P = V 𝐼 cos 𝜙 = 240 V × 20 𝐴 × 0.8 = 3,840 W or 3.84 𝐾W
𝜙 = cos − (0.8) = 36.87 °
Q = V 𝐼 sin 𝜙 = 240 V × 20 𝐴 × sin 36.87° = 2,880 V𝐴R or 2.88 𝐾V𝐴R
The circuit receives an apparent power of 4,800 VA and is able to convert it into a useful power
of 3,840 W. The reactive power of 2,880 VAR does no useful work and flows in and out of the
system periodically. The circuit requires an additional current 𝐼 sin 𝜙 to provide for this power.
POWER FACTOR
The power factor in purely resistive circuits is equal to 1 while the power factor of purely reactive
circuits is equal to 0. For a circuit having R, L and C, the power factor values lie between 0 and
1. It is a usual practice to attach the word ‘lagging’ or ‘leading’ with the numerical value of power
factor to signify whether the current lags or leads the voltage. Thus if a circuit has a PF of 0.5
and the current lags the voltage, we generally write PF 0.5 lagging.

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An ideal value for power factor is 1 (also called unity power factor) in which all supplied power is
made into useful power. The power factor is a measure of effectiveness in using the
power supplied to it so we wish that the power factor should be as near to 1 as possible.
THREE PHASE SYSTEMS

The generator producing a single phase supply (called single-phase generator) has only
one armature winding. But if the generator is arranged to have two or more separate
windings displaced from each other by equal electrical angles, it is called a polyphase generator
and will produce as many independent voltages as the number of windings or phases. The
electrical displacement between the windings depends upon the number of windings or
phases. For example, a 2-phase generator has two separate but identical windings that are 90°
electrical apart and rotate in a common uniform magnetic field. The generator will
produce two alternating voltages of the same magnitude and frequency having a phase
difference of 90°.
Similarly, a 3-phase generator has three separate but identical windings that are 120° electrical
apart and rotate in a common uniform magnetic field. A 3-phase generator will, therefore,
produce three voltages of the same magnitude and frequency but displaced 120°
electrical from one another. Although several polyphase systems are possible, the 3-phase
system is by far the most popular because it is the most efficient of all the supply systems.

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The following are the advantages of a three phase system over single phase systems:
In a single-phase circuit, the instantaneous power varies sinusoidally from zero to a peak
value at twice the supply frequency. This pulsating nature of power is not suitable for many
applications. However, in a balanced 3-phase system, the power supplied at all instants of
time is almost constant. Because of this, the operating characteristics of 3-phase apparatus,
in general, are superior to those of similar single-phase apparatus.
The output of a 3-phase machine is greater than that of a single-phase machine for a given
volume and weight of the machine. In other words, a 3-phase machine is smaller than a
single- phase machine of the same rating.
The three-phase motors are much smaller and less expensive than single-phase
motors because less material (copper, iron, insulation) is required. Moreover, 3-phase
motors are self-starting i.e. they do not require any special provision to get them started.
Most single phase motors require internal starting device.
Transmission of electric power by 3-phase system is cheaper than that of single-
phase system, even though three conductors are required instead of two. In transmitting the
same amount of power over a fixed distance at a given voltage, the 3-phase system requires
only
3/4th the weight of copper than that required by the single-phase system.This will translate
into saving the number and base size of transmission towers.
Three phase is easier to convert to dc than single phase. This means that radio and TV
transmitters requiring dc voltages use three phase systems.
Three phase motors have higher power factor than single phase motors making three phase
motors more efficient.
PHASE SEQUENCE
Phase sequence. The order in which the voltages in the three phases (or coils) of an alternator
reach their maximum positive values is called phase sequence or phase order. The
phase sequence is also determined by the direction of rotation of the alternator (counter
clockwise
-CCW). Thus in the figure the three coils A, B and C are producing voltages that are displaced
120 electrical degrees from one another. Referring to the wave diagram or phasor diagram in
the figure, it is easy to see that voltage in coil A attains maximum positive value first, next coil B
and then coil C. Hence the phase sequence is ABC. If the direction of rotation of the alternator

Name: Class number:

is reversed (clockwise-CW), then the order in which the three phases attain their maximum
positive values would be ACB. Hence, the phase sequence is now ACB i.e. voltage in
coil A attains maximum positive value first, next coil C and then coil B. Since the alternator can
be rotated in either clockwise or counter clockwise direction, there can be only two possible
phase sequences.
The three phases or windings may be numbered (1, 2, 3) or lettered (A, B, C). However, it is usual
practice to name the three phases or windings after the three natural colors - Red (R), yellow (Y) and
blue (B). In that case, the phase sequence is RYB i.e. voltage in phase R attains maximum positive
value first, next phase Y and then phase B. It may be noted that there are only two possible
phase sequences: RYB and RBY. By convention, sequence RYB is taken as positive and RBY as
negative.
INTERCONNECTION OF THE THREE PHASES

In a 3-phase alternator, there are three windings or phases. Each phase has two terminals: start
and finish. If a separate load is connected across each winding as shown in the figure,
6 conductors are required to transmit power. This will make the whole system complicated and
expensive. In practice, the three windings are interconnected to give rise to two methods
of connections: Star or Wye (Y) connection and Mesh or Delta (Δ) connection.
WYE
CONNECTION
DELTA
CONNECTION

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In wye (Y) connection, a common end (a’, b’ and c’) connects the windings. Three end lines (a,
b, c) are connected to the junction points RYB. The common point is called neutral point or N. If
the neutral (N) conductor is used, the system is called a 3-phase, 4-wire system. If there is no
neutral (N) conductor used, the system is called a 3-phase, 3-wire system.
In delta (Δ) connection, the start end of b is connected to the finish end of a, the start end of c is
connected to the finish end of b and the start end of a is connected to the finish end of c. Three
end lines (a, b, c) are connected to the junction points RYB. In delta connection only the 3-
phase, 3-wire system is used.
BALANCED THREE PHASE SYSTEMS

A balanced 3-phase supply system (wye or delta connected) is one in which the three phase
voltages are equal in magnitude and frequency but displaced 120° from one another. The same
is true with regard to line voltages. All electric companies make efforts to ensure the availability
of 3-phase balanced supply at all times. There are two types of 3-phase loads star-connected
load on the left and delta-connected load on the right of the figure below. The 3-phase load (wye
or delta connected) is said to be balanced if load in each phase is the same (i.e. load in each
phase has the same impedance and power factor). If a 3-phase load (star or delta connected)
does not meet any one of the above requirements, it is said to be unbalanced.
A 3-phase star-connected alternator may be connected to a wye-connected or delta-connected

load. Similarly, a 3-phase delta-connected alternator may be connected to a wye connected or
delta-connected load.

Name: Class number:

a. A circuit is supplied 120 V and draws 4.5 A. Draw the power triangle diagram in the box below if
the power factor is 0.75 lagging.
b. A circuit is supplied 460 V and draws 30 A. Draw the power triangle diagram in the box below if
the power factor is 0.85 leading.

Monitor how your knowledge has changed by reviewing the questions in the What I Know Chart from
of the chart.

Name: Class number:

Which of the following causes reactive a. R b. L c. C d. Both b and c

power?
What is the unit for apparent power? a. VA b. VAR c. Watt d. None of this
Which angle corresponds to a 0.65 PF? a. 40.542 b. 1 c. 49.458 d. 0.011
In an AC generator, how many winding a. 2 b. 3 c. 6 d. 12

are required for 3-phase system.
In 3-phase system, what is the possible a. RBY b. RYB c. BYR d. BRY ___
wiring sequence for negative.
List the three requirements for a ‘balanced’ three phase systems.
C. LESSON WRAP-UP
FAQs
The three phase system discussed in the module is a balanced 3-phase system where the
line voltages are spaced equally apart by exactly 120°. The analysis/calculations for 3-phase
systems, unbalanced systems and load balancing is beyond the scope of this module.
KEY TO CORRECTIONS

Name: Class number:

Lesson title: Electrical Tools, Electrical Wiring Materials:

Lesson Objectives: At the end of the topic, you Scientific Calculator
would be able to:
1. Identify electrician’s tools and test equipment. References:
https://www.electricalknowledge.com/
2. Differentiate among electrical wires and
conductors.
Productivity Tip:
We live in the digital age. Whatever you need to do, there’s probably an app that can either do it for
you or make it a lot easier. These fantastic productivity extensions and applications make studying
or working less of a hassle. They help to track your progress, organize tasks, set reminders, or
make other apps work the way you want.
To do professional electrical installation, the engineer must be well equipped with these tools that
all into two broad categories – installation tools and test equipment. He also needs to know the
different conductors used in residential and commercial wiring by determining the current-carrying
capacity (ampacity) of conductors.

What I Learned
What I Know Questions:
(Activity 4)
List at least three (3) different

electrician’s tools and three (3)
electrical test equipment
What is the primary

consideration when choosing
wires?

Name: Class number:

B. MAIN LESSON
ESSENTIAL INSTALLATION TOOLS

As for installation tools, we will need the usual carpentry tools, such as a hammer, steel tape
measure, plumb bob, level, hand saw, portable circular saw, rubber mallet and so on. We will also
need the usual mechanic’s tools, such as open-end and box wrenches, socket wrenches,
adjustable wrenches, and Vise-Grips. There are many electrician’s tools, some essential and
others more expensive and in the optional category. Here’s a list, beginning with some tools you
will really need.
TOOL DESCRIPTION
Wire strippers are a hand-held tool also known as
cable strippers which are designed to remove
insulation or outer sheath from electrical wires.
The drilled holes are intended for determining

conductor sizes (gauges), but they are useful also
for forming wire ends so that they can be terminated
properly
Lineman's pliers
Linesman pliers are designed to grip, bend, strip and
cut not only wiring but also cable and small metal
components. While they’re used mainly for electrical
work, they also can be used for pulling out nails and
screws that are stuck in wood or other structures .
Linesman pliers are longer and have a heftier
construction. They also have reinforced, square-jaw
profiles for optimal grip and sharper teeth to pull and
cut wiring or cable
Combination pliers are multi-purpose pliers
primarily used to grip, bend and strip wiring, but they
also can cut thin wires and cables. These pliers
boast a square jaw that is perfect for compressing
material, making them ideal for closing chain links on
items like conveyors and jewelry.
Combination pliers are shorter and have a lighter
design. With narrow, tapered jaws similar to long-
nose pliers, they’re able to easily grip and compress
material

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Long nose (also known as needle nose or snipe
nose pliers) have a long tapered jaw making them
ideal to grip small objects. Long nose pliers allow us
get into hard to reach areas such as receptacles and
switches. We want medium-sized pliers—not too
large and not too small. The idea is that the diameter
of one of the grippers should be equal to the
diameter of the wire coil that will easily fit under
a switch or receptacle screw terminal. Handles
should be rated for electrical installation at 600 V or
higher.
A screwdriver allows you to easily insert and
remove screws by simply turning the handle of
the screwdriver.
Screwdrivers typically breakdown into three parts: tip
type, the length of the shaft and the handle style.
 The tip types for screwdrivers for
electrical installation are as follows: flat
or slotted head and Phillips or cross
type. The common sizes for flat or
slotted head tips are 5.5 mm and 8 mm.
For Philips type, #2 is used
 The length should be comfortable
enough to reach inside receptacles. The
stubby screwdriver is the shorter version
preferred mainly to reach into tight areas
to adjust fasteners if regular
screwdrivers are somehow obstructed.
Lengths will range from 6” to 10”
 The handles should be insulators (non-
metals, typically hard plastic polymers or
rubber). These are designed to fit
comfortably in the user's hand, for user
comfort and to facilitate maximum
control and torque.
Similar to the pliers, the handles also should be
rated for electrical installation at 600 V or higher

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An electrical drill or drilling machine is a tool
primarily used for making round holes or driving
fasteners. It is fitted with a bit, either a drill or driver,
depending on application, secured by a chuck. Some
powered drills also include a hammer function. Drills
vary widely in speed, power, and size
Corded Drill
Corded Drill
This powerful drill draws power from an outlet and
can provide higher torque than most other drills
although cordless drill technologies have caught up
or even surpassed their corded counterparts.
Cordless Drill (drill driver)

Similar in appearance to its corded sibling, cordless
Cordless Drill drills employ a battery pack to make them more
portable. They’re easier to transport on a tool belt,
but have a limited charge, requiring you to carry
spare batteries or recharge between uses.
ESSENTIAL TESTING INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT

EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION
Tester screwdriver is an electrical work tool that is

simple shaped like a small Screwdriver, which used
to detect / test the condition of electrical voltage on
various electrical equipment, such as: cables,
sockets (plugs) and other electrical equipment
An electrical outlet tester, receptacle tester, or socket

tester is a small device containing a power plug and
three indicator lights, used for quickly detecting some
types of incorrectly-wired electrical wall outlets

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A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a VOM

(volt-ohm-milliammeter), is an electronic measuring
instrument that combines several measurement functions
in one unit. A typical multimeter can measure voltage,
current, and resistance. Analog multimeters use a
microammeter with a moving pointer to display readings.
analog multimeter digital multimeter
A clamp-on ammeter permits current measurement

without “inserting” it into the circuit. The clamp is
placed around a single conductor and the reading is
obtained. Most clamp-on ammeters are digital but analog
versions still exist.
The clamp-on ammeter can measure up to 200 A

compared to a maximum of about 10 A for the
multimeter.
The Megger insulation tester is a small, portable

instrument that gives you a direct reading of insulation
resistance in ohms or megohms. The Megger insulation
tester is essentially a high-range resistance meter
(ohmmeter) with a built-in direct-current generator.
The Megger test is a method of testing making use of an
insulation tester resistance meter that will help to verify
the condition of electrical insulation. Insulation resistance
quality of an electrical system degrades with time,
environment condition i.e. temperature, humidity,
moisture and dust particles.
A grounding resistance tester also called an earth

tester is a soil resistance measuring instrument. It is used
for sizing and projecting grounding grids.
WIRE VS. CABLE

In electrical engineering terms, a wire is a single conductor AWG #8 and smaller are called wire
while a single insulated conductor No. 6 AWG (American Wire Gauge) or larger, or several
conductors of any size assembled into a single unit, are referred to as a cable.

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The copper wire used in electrical installations is graded for size according to the American Wire
Gauge (AWG) Standard. The standard of the American wire and cable industry for round cross-
section conductors is the American wire gauge (AWG). The wire diameter in the AWG standard
is expressed as a whole number. The higher the AWG number, the smaller the wire. AWG sizes
vary from fine, hair-like wire used in coils and small transformers to very large diameter wire
required in industrial wiring to handle heavy loads.
All wire sizes up to No. 0000 (also written as 4/0) are expressed in AWG. The AWG numbers run
in reverse order to the size of the wire, that is, the smaller the AWG number, the larger the size.
As such 10 AWG is a heavier wire than No. 12 and lighter (thinner) than No. 8, the 0000 or 4/0
size is the largest AWG designation, beyond which a different designation called MCM (thousand
circular mil) is used. In the MCM designation, wire diameter increases with number; thus 500
MCM is a heavier wire (double the area) than 250 MCM.
A circular MIL is an artificial area measurement, representing the square of the cable diameter
(diam2) when the diameter is expressed in mils (thousandths of an inch). In old texts, the unit MCM
means one thousand circular mils.
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑠)2

𝑀𝐶𝑀 =
1,000
Ex. For a 1/2-inch conductor, find the area in circular mils and MCM.
1 1000 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑠
𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ 𝑥 = 500 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑠
2 1 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑠)2 5002 250,000

𝑀𝐶𝑀 = = = = 250 𝑀𝐶𝑀
1,000 1,000 1,000
In the metric system, conductor sizes are given simply as the diameter in millimeters (mm). The
Philippine Electrical Code (PEC) uses the metric system.
EQUIVALENT CONDUCTOR SIZES BARE CONDUCTOR SIZE

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ELECTRICAL WIRING
Conductors and overcurrent protection are key components of an electrical system. Every portion
of the total length of the circuit must be evaluated individually to compensate for any condition of
use. One portion of the circuit length may have excessive numbers of conductors in the raceway,
another part of the run might pass through a high-temperature environment, and finally a portion
of the circuit might be exposed to sunlight. Every condition of use that is outside of the allowable
ampacity table conditions must be designed for.
Selecting the proper conductor for the circuit can be one of the most complicated tasks you will
be called on to perform. Some of the issues that must be known and considered are listed here:
1. The conductor material (copper or aluminum).
2. The solid (single strand) conductor or stranded type (6 AWG or larger).
3. The size of the conductor in American Wire Gage (AWG), mils, MCM or millimeters (mm).
4. The length of the conductor.
5. The number of current-carrying conductors in the raceway or cable.
6. If the neutral conductor counts as a current-carrying conductor.
7. The ambient temperature and maximum temperature where the conductor actually operates.
8. The temperature rating of the conductor insulation.
9. If the conductor is used in dry or wet locations.
10. If the conductor is in a raceway, conduit and electrical metal tubing (EMT), or cable that is
exposed to direct sunlight exposure on rooftops.
11. Determining whether the load is considered continuous or non-continuous and making
appropriate accommodation.
12. Selecting correct conductors and overcurrent protection for equipment.
Among the wire characteristics, ampacity is the most important. The term is defined in NEC
Article 100: Ampacity is the maximum current, in amperes, that a conductor can carry
continuously under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating.

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SAMPLE WIRING TYPES
CONDUCTOR APPLICATIONS CONDUCTOR

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For residential wiring, sizes 14, 12, and 10 AWG conductors are generally solid when the wiring
method is nonmetallic-sheathed cable or armored cable. In a raceway, the preference is to use
stranded 10 AWG conductors because of the flexibility, ease of handling and pulling in
the conductors.
ALLOWABLE AMPACITIES FOR FLEXIBLE (EXTENSION) CORDS
Draw the following tools/equipment in the boxes.
MULTIMETER LONG NOSE PLIERS
PHILLIPS SCREWDRIVER TEST LIGHT

Name: Class number:

Find the specifications of the following wires. The first one is done as an example

Which is the allowable AWG for lighting a. 14 b. 12 c. 16 d. 18

circuits?
Which AWG has the largest wire a. 2 b. 4/0 c. 18 d. 0
dimensions?
Which AWG are typically used in residential a. 10 b. 12 c. 14 d. All of
wiring? these
Which of the following can be used at higher a. T b. H c. HH d. None of
temperatures? these
Which is the allowable ampacity for a 14 a. 25A b. 15 A c. 10 A d. 20 A
AWG extension cord?
C. LESSON WRAP-UP

Name: Class number:

FAQs
Notes:
 The first letter of the type letter, refers to the insulation used: R means rubber, T
means thermoplastic etc.
 In the type letter, for each H, an additional 15⁰C is added to the base temperature of 60⁰C. A
single H means 60⁰C + 15⁰C = 75⁰C. A double, HH means 60⁰C + 15⁰C + 15⁰C = 90⁰C.
 A type letter W means the wire can be used in wet locations or submerged in water.
KEY TO CORRECTIONS
Activity 3: Part II.

Find the specifications of the following wires. The first one is done as an example

Name: Class number:

Lesson title: Symbols Materials:

Lesson Objectives: Pen, paper
1. Identify electrical diagram and symbols. References:
2. Interpret plan using electrical symbol. https://www.electricaltechnolog
y.org/2020/04/types-electrical-
drawing-diagrams.html
Productivity Tip:
You may have some regular lecture times you need to attend, but you should also make time on
your own end for review. This is especially important if you’re required to review some of the course
materials on your own.
In Electrical and Electronics Engineering, we use different types of drawings or diagrams to
represent a certain electrical system or circuit. These electrical circuits are represented by lines to
represent wires and symbols or icons to represent electrical and electronic components. It helps in
better understanding the connection between different components. Electricians rely on electrical
floor plan (which is also an electrical diagram) for doing any building wiring.
A symbol is a graphic element that represents a quantity or unit. They are used to represent
electrical components of electrical and electronic diagrams. On the other hand abbreviation is a
letter or combination of letters that represents a word. It is important to familiarize the symbols in
order to interpret the plan easily.

What I Learned
(Activity 4)
1. It is a diagram that shows the logic of
an electrical circuit or system
using standard symbols.
2.
3. It is a shorthand way of
showing the locations, types, and
sizes or ratings of electrical wiring
and equipment, and the
interrelationships between these
items.
B.MAIN LESSON

Name: Class number:

Symbols are a shorthand way of showing the locations, types, and sizes or ratings of
electrical wiring and equipment, and the interrelationships between these items. It should be
emphasized that drawings need to be supplemented with specifications in order to establish
the details of the electrical systems.
An electrical schematic diagram, or circuit diagram, is a drawing that shows the

connections and components in an electrical circuit. It makes it easier to understand how to
build a particular circuit. We use symbols for the components in circuit diagrams, because
it's quicker and requires less artistic skill.
Types of Electrical Drawing and Diagrams
 Pictorial Diagram
- The simplest of all diagrams is the pictorial diagram.
It shows a picture or sketch of the various
components of a specific system and the wiring
between these components. This simplified diagram
provides the means to readily identify the
components of a system, even if you are not familiar
with their physical appearance. This type of diagram
shows the various components without regard to their
physic allocation, how the wiring is marked, or how
the wiring is routed. It does, however, show you the
sequence in which the components are connected.
- The figure shows the pictorial diagram of an
automobile starting and ignition system.
 Block Diagram
- A block diagram is a type of electrical drawing that represents the principle
components of a complex system in the form of blocks interconnected by lines
that represent their relation. It is the simplest form of electrical drawing as it only
highlights the function of each component and provides the flow of process in the
system. Block diagram are easier to design and is the first stage in designing a
complex circuit for any
project. It lacks the
information about the wiring
and placement of individual
components. It only
represents the main
components of the system
and ignores any small components. This is why; electricians do not rely on block
diagram.

Name: Class number:

 Schematics Circuit Diagram
- The schematic diagram of an electrical circuit
shows the complete electrical connections
between components using their symbols and
lines. Unlike wiring diagram, it does not specify
the real location of the components, the line
between the components does not represent
real distance between them.
 Single Line Diagram or One-line Diagram
- Single Line diagram (SLD) or one-line diagram is the
representation of an electrical circuit using a single line.
As the name suggests, a single line is used to denote
the multiple power lines such as in 3 phase system.
Single line diagram does not show the electrical
connections of the component but it may show the size
and ratings of the components being used. It simplify
complex 3 phase power circuits by showing all the
electrical components and their interconnection.
- They are used for determining and isolating any faulty
equipment in any power system during
troubleshooting.
- The SLD uses dedicated electrical symbols and icon
for different components.
 Wiring Diagram
- The wiring diagram is used for the
representation of electrical components
in their approximate physical location
using their specific symbols and their
interconnections using lines. Vertical
and horizontal lines are used to
represent wires and each line
represents a single wire that connects
between electrical components.
 Ladder Diagram or Line Diagram
- Ladder diagram are electrical diagrams that
represents an electrical circuits in industries to
document control logic systems. It resemble a
ladder which is why it is named ladder
diagram. There are two vertical lines; the left
vertical line represents power rail (voltage
source) while the right vertical line represents
the ground or neutral. Each horizontal row
represents a parallel circuit called rung.
 Logic Diagram
Name: Class number:

- Logic diagram represents a logic circuit by
showing complex circuit and process
using various blocks or symbols. The logic
functions are represented by their logic
symbols whereas the blocks are used to
represent complex logic circuit. These
blocks are labeled with their logic function
for better understanding without knowing
the internal structure.
 Riser Diagram
- The riser diagram is the illustration
of the physical layout of electrical
distribution in a multilevel building
using a single line. It shows the size
of conduits, wire size, circuit
breaker rating and other electrical
devices (rating of switches, plugs,
outlets etc) from the point of entry
up to the small circuit branches on
each level. It shares the layout with
alarm system as well as telecom
and internet cables.
 Electrical Floor Plan
- It is a vertical representation of various appliances such as light, switch and fans
etc. in a building. It specifies their exact location with their size and distance from
each wall and ceiling. It shows scaled version of each room from above. It usually
contains legend that provides a visual explanation of the symbols used in it.

Name: Class number:

Components of a Basic Electrical Circuit

Every circuit is comprised of 5 basic components:
1. A conductive "path", such as wire, or printed etches on a circuit board;
2. A "source" of electrical power, such as a battery or household wall outlet, and,
3. A "load" that needs electrical power to operate, such as a lamp.
4. Control device/switch is a switch that controls the flow of current in a circuit. Switches
can be activated manually, mechanically, or automatically.
5. Overcurrent protection device (OCPD) is a disconnect switch with circuit breakers
(CBs) or fuses added to provide overcurrent protection for the switched circuit. A fuse
is an overcurrent protection device with a fusible link that melts and opens the circuit
when an overload condition or short circuit occurs. A circuit breaker is an overcurrent
protection device with a mechanism that may manually or automatically open the
circuit when an overload condition or short circuit occurs.
ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS

Name: Class number:


Name: Class number:


Name: Class number:

Exercise. Identify the following symbol:
No. SYMBOL ANSWER
1
10
11
12
13
14
15

Name: Class number:

Monitor how your knowledge has changed by reviewing the questions in the What I Know
Chart from Activity 1 and write your answers to the questions based on what they now know
in the third column of the chart.

Determine the quantity of fixtures for the floor plan shown
C. LESSON WRAP-UP
Mark your place in the work tracker which is simply a visual to help students track how much
work they have accomplished and how much work there is left to do.
To develop habits on thinking about learning, answer the questions below about your learning
experience
1. How was the lesson able to help you learn?
2. What made you interested on this topic?

Name: Class number:

FAQs
1. What are schematic symbols?
Schematic symbols are pictorial representations of different types of electrical components
or functions that help convey your design intent. Common components you may have heard of
are resistors, capacitors, batteries, diodes, wires and more. For example, the symbol for a
capacitor is represented by two parallel lines.
2. What is a circuit schematic diagram?

A schematic diagram is a graphical representation of electronic circuits or systems
connected together to convey the circuit’s function. The diagram displays important information
such as, electronic symbols, part numbers, connections, component values and more.
KEY TO CORRECTIONS
No. ANSWER
1 CONNECTED
2 RESISTOR
3 FUSE
4 PILOT LAMP
5 MULTI-CELL BATTERY
6 IGNITION COIL (single
type)
7 RELAY (N.O. type)
8 HEADPHONES (single)
9 RECTIFIER
10 S.P.S.T.
11 PUMP
12 D.P.S.T.
13 RECEPTACLE
14 SPLIT-WIRED
RECEPTACLE OUTLET
15 DIPOLE ANTENNA
Convenience Outlet = 40
Lighting Outlet = 16

Name: Class number:

Lesson title: Switches and Receptacles Materials:

Lesson Objectives: At the end of the topic, you would be able Scientific Calculator
to:
1. Select switches and receptacles with the proper rating for a References:
particular application.
2. Learn how to install various types of receptacles and
switches correctly.
Productivity Tip:
Online learning needs structure. Create a study calendar that will help you remember all the important
exam dates or deadlines for submitting your assignments. You can save your calendar on your
computer or your mobile device. You can even create a wall planner if you’re more of a visual type of
person, which you can mark up and check every time you study.
Electricians and engineers select and install numerous receptacles and switches. Therefore, it is
essential that electricians know the important characteristics of these devices and how they are to
be connected into the electrical system.

What I Learned
(Activity 4)
1. What are the common

ampacity for receptacles and
plugs?
2. What are the required

specifications for
switches that we are
going to use?

Name: Class number:

B. MAIN LESSON
RECEPTACLES AND PLUGS
Electrical outlets, also known as receptacles, are sockets that are used to establish an electrical
connection between an electronic device and power supply. In dwellings, commercial buildings or
any other establishment, these outlets are mainly installed in walls; although, at some places they
can be seen fitted in the floor as well.
The term “plug” refers to an electrical device that supplies electrical current from receptacles to
the electronic devices. All the electrical appliances, machines and other devices depend on these
plugs and receptacles for their powering needs. When wiring a house or a commercial place or
when conducting repairs, it is imperative to have a clear understanding about plugs and
receptacles in general and a few other things related to them as well.
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)

NEMA has developed standards for the configuration of plugs and receptacles. The differences
in the plugs and receptacles are based on the ampacity and voltage rating of the device. The
configuration also ensures receptacles of a lower voltage or ampere rating are not interchangeable
with receptacles having a higher rating. This means we cannot replace a higher rating receptacle
with a lower rating receptacle.
NEMA DESIGNATION: NEMA # - AMPACITY RECEPTACLE (R) or PLUG (P)

To interpret the NEMA specifications, the first number is the NEMA number, the second number
is the ampacity at a specific voltage and the letter at the end designates whether it is a receptacle
(female) or a plug (male).
If a letter L precedes the NEMA designation, it means the receptacle or plug version is a locking
type.
2 -pole

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2 pole – 3 wire (with grounding)
3 pole – 3 wire (for 3Ø systems)
3 pole – 4 wire (for 3Ø systems)
HOSPITAL-GRADE RECEPTACLES
In locations where severe abuse or heavy use is expected, hospital-grade receptacles are
recommended. These are high-quality products and meet UL (Underwriters Laboratories
standards) requirements. These receptacles are marked with a small green dot shown in the
figure.
TRIANGLE IN
DOT IN HOSPITAL ELECTRONIC
GRADE EQUIPMENT
RECEPTACLE RECEPTACLE

Name: Class number:

ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT RECEPTACLES

To reduce “electrical noise” (electromagnetic interference), circuits with receptacle outlets that’s
serve loads such as cash registers, computers, or other sensitive electronic equipment are often
supplied by isolated ground receptacles. Isolated ground receptacles are required by NEC to have
an orange triangle on their face. The orange triangle might be on an ivory face, or the entire face
might be orange, with the triangle outlined using black lines. This allows the orange to show
through the outlined triangle.
INSTALLATION WITH GROUNDING
Standard conventional receptacle Isolated ground receptacle
SWITCHES
The term snap switch is rarely used today except in the
NEC and the Underwriters Laboratories standards. Most
refer to snap switches as “toggle switches” or “wall
switches.” Typical switches are shown below. Switches are
divided into two categories. NEC covers general-use snap
switches that are used to control:
a. Alternating-current (ac) circuits only, direct current (dc)
circuits only and both.

Name: Class number:

b. Resistive and inductive loads not to exceed the ampere rating of the switch at the voltage
involved. This includes electric-discharge lamps that involve ballasts, such as fluorescent, HID,
mercury vapor lamps, and sodium vapor lamps.
c. Tungsten-filament lamp loads not to exceed the ampere rating of the switch.
d. Motor loads not to exceed 80% of the ampere rating of the switch at rated voltage.
e. Tungsten-filament lamp loads not to exceed the ampere rating of the switch at applied voltage
when marked with the letter T. A tungsten filament lamp draws a very high current at the instant
the circuit is closed. T-rated switch contacts are capable of handling arcing associated with the
high inrush current surge.
f. Switches are also designated with their maximum current and voltage ratings. For example, a
10 A/125 V means the switch is capable up to 10 A at 125 V.
INSTALLING SINGLE POLE SWITCHES
A single-pole switch is used where it is desired to control a light or group of lights, or other load,
from one switching point. This type of switch is connected in series with the ungrounded (hot) wire
feeding the load.

Name: Class number:

DOUBLE POLE CONNECTIONS
A double-pole switch is rarely used on lighting circuits. As shown in the figures above, a double-
pole switch can be used for those installations where two separate circuits are to be controlled
with one switch. A fuse ( ) is placed for overcurrent protection.
THREE WAY SWITCH

A 3-way switch should really be called a 3-terminal switch. Three-way switches provide switch
control from two locations. A 3-way switch has a common terminal to which the switch blade is
always connected. The other two terminals are called the traveler terminals. In one position, the
switch blade is connected between the common terminal and one of the traveler terminals. In the
other position, the switch blade is connected between the common terminal and the second
traveler terminal. A 3-way switch can easily be identified because it has no ON or OFF position.
Note that ON and OFF positions are not marked on the switch handle. A 3-way switch is also
identified by its three terminals. The common terminal is darker in color than the two traveler
terminals, which have a brass color.

Name: Class number:

Identify the receptacle or plugs used in the pictures below:
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
5-20R 5-15P
Draw and label the wiring installation of the following:
Circuit with single pole switch, feed at light Circuit with single pole switch, feed at switch
Feed
Feed

Name: Class number:

Activity 1 and write your answers to the questions based on what you now know in the third column of
the chart.
What 2-pole receptacle and plug are commonly used in A. 2-20 B. 1-30 C. 2-25 D. 2-30
our country?
What switch is required in order to provide control at A. Single B. 3-way C. Double D. 4-way
separate locations? pole pole
What switch is required in order to provide control for A. B. 4-way C. Double D. 3-way
separate circuits? Double pole
pole
For a motor load, what should be the percentage of the A. 50% B. 25% C. 80% D. 75%
maximum rating of the switch?
What 2-pole, 3-wire receptacle and plug are commonly used A. 6-15 B. 6-20 C. 5-30 D. 5-15
in our country?
C. LESSON WRAP-UP
FAQs
1. What is grounding? And why ground?
Electrical grounding or “Grounding” originally began as a safety measure used to help
prevent people from accidentally coming in contact with electrical hazards. Think of your
refrigerator. It’s a metal box standing on rubber feet with electricity running in and out of it. You
use magnets to hang your child’s latest drawing on the metal exterior. The electricity running
from the outlet and through the power cord to the electrical components inside the refrigerator
are electrically isolated from the metal exterior or chassis of the refrigerator.
If for some reason the electricity came in contact with the chassis, the rubber feet would prevent
the electricity from going anywhere and it would “sit”, waiting for someone to walk up and touch
the refrigerator. Once someone touched the refrigerator, the electricity would flow from the
chassis of the refrigerator and through the unlucky person, possibly causing injury.
Grounding is used to protect that person. By connecting a wire to the metal frame of the
refrigerator, if the chassis inadvertently becomes charged for any reason, the unwanted
electricity will travel down the wire and out safely into the earth; and in the process, trip the
circuit-breaker stopping the flow of electricity. Obviously, that wire has to connect to something
that is in turn connected to the earth or ground outside.
The process of electrically connecting to the earth itself is often called “earthing”, particularly in
Europe where the term “grounding” is used to describe the above ground wiring. The term
“Grounding” is used in America to discuss both earthing and grounding.
KEY TO CORRECTIONS
Activity 5 Answers: D, B, A, C and D
Name: Class number:

Lesson title: Wiring Methods Materials:

Lesson Objectives: Scientific Calculator, pen, paper
1. Know the wiring specifications and installation References:
requirements based on the NEC/PEC.
Productivity Tip:
Try avoiding continuously checking your phone while working at home, as it breaks concentration and
focus. Whether it takes throwing it across the room or putting it away in a desk drawer, don’t let your
phone break your productivity flow while working.
In a commercial building, the major part of the electrical work is the installation of the branch-
circuit wiring. The engineer must have the ability to select and install the correct materials to
ensure a successful job. For some jobs, the specifications or bid documents will dictate a specific
wiring method that is required. For residential installations, the architect or engineer will specify
the wiring method to be used.

What I Learned
(Activity 4)
What are the most

commonly used conduits in
the Philippines?
What are the different wire

connectors?

Name: Class number:

B. MAIN LESSON
CONDUITS
Electrical raceways are paths that enclose conduits and wires. The conduit or conduit pipes can
also be referred to as a duct, tube, channel, gutter or trench. The conduit is designed and used
expressly for the purpose of holding wires, cables, or bus bars.
The purposes of electrical conduits are the following:

a) Provide means for the running of wires from one point to another.
b) Physically protect wires and wiring system from damage and elements.
c) Provide grounded enclosures.
d) Protect the building and occupants from electric shock or damage.
The types of conduits are: intermediate metal conduit (IMC), rigid metal conduit (RMC), flexible
metal conduit (FMC), Liquid tight flexible metal conduit (LFMC), rigid polyvinyl chloride conduit
(PVC), high-density polyethylene conduit (HDPE), nonmetallic underground conduit with
conductors (NUCC), reinforced thermosetting resin conduit (RTRC), Liquid tight flexible
nonmetallic conduit (LFNC), electrical metallic tubing (EMT), flexible metallic tubing (FMT), and
electrical nonmetallic tubing (ENT). Metal conduit pipes (RMC and EMT) and non-metallic
conduits (HDPE or PVC) are the most common conduits used in the Philippines.
Rigid Metal Conduit (RMC) and Intermediate Metal Conduit (IMC)

These are heavy-duty and rigid metal tubing used for structural applications. They are mostly
used outdoors. Both types of the conduit may also protect the wiring going into and out of the
service panel. RMC and IMC can be used interchangeably, but RMC requires pipe fittings and
IMC is more common as it is lighter and easier to work with. Both can be used in dry, wet and
corrosive locations. If necessary, it can
be used underground and buried in
many applications.
Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT)
This is the most common electrical
conduit for exposed interior
installations. These may include
unfinished garages or basement. EMT
is the thinnest and lightest of the rigid
metal conduit types. These come in
different diameters. It is also called
‘thin-wall’ and is easy to bend with a tool
called a conduit bender. The National
Electrical Code (NEC) permits EMT for
dry and wet locations but it requires RMC IMC EMT
special watertight fittings and
connectors in wet locations.

Name: Class number:

Flexible Metallic Conduit (FMC)

This conduit is a spiral metal tubing that bends easily. It is commonly
used for short and exposed runs in household circuits. These may
include hot water heaters, garbage disposers and furnaces. FMC is
ideal to use in dry locations only. Flexible metallic conduit may also
be used as a ground path with approved fittings.
Liquid tight (Liquid-tite®) Flexible Metal Conduit (LFMC)

This is a flexible metal conduit coated with a plastic sheathing to make
it water and moisture proof. LFMC may be used in dry as well as wet
locations. LFMC is commonly used to protect the wiring between an
outdoor air-conditioner unit and the disconnect switch. LFMC may
also be used underground if the materials are approved for the
application.
Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

It is plastic tubing that is a thinner version of PVC plumbing pipe. It can
be heated and bent to change direction and is more commonly routed
with elbow fittings. All the connections are solvent-glued, which make
the conduit waterproof. Rigid polyvinyl chloride may be used for outdoor
and underground applications. It is also ideal in dry and corrosive
locations.
High-density polyethylene conduit (HDPE)

HDPE is a highly flexible plastic material that is waterproof and offers
corrosion and chemical resistance. It is durable and available in long reel
lengths to reduce joints and installation time. HDPE conduit are also
available in a variety of sizes, colors, dimensions and lengths. It does not
require bending tools or elbow fittings.

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MAXIMUM NUMBER OF WIRES IN A CONDUIT

The allowable number of wires that can be placed inside a conduit varies according to the type
and size of the conduit and also on the size of the conducting wires. Wire size is defined by the
American Wire Gauge, or AWG, number. For example, THHN and THWN, the most common wire
used in residential wiring will use the following ‘Conduit fill’ table. For a complete list of the tables,
it is available in the NEC/PEC.
WIRE CONNECTORS
Wire connectors are known in the trade by such names as screw terminal, pressure terminal
connector, wire connector, Wing-Nut, Wire-Nut, Scotchlok, Twister, split-bolt connector, pressure
cable connector, solderless lug, soldering lug, solder lug, and others. Solder-type lugs and
connectors are rarely, if ever, used today. In fact, connections that depend on solder are not
permitted for connecting service-entrance conductors to service equipment. Solder is also not
permitted for grounding and bonding connections. Connectors marked “AL/CU” are suitable for
use with aluminum, copper, or copper-clad aluminum conductors. This marking is found on the
connector itself, or it appears on or in the shipping carton. Connectors not marked “AL” or “AL/CU”
are for use with copper conductors only.
Split-bolt connectors are used for connecting two

conductors together, or for tapping one conductor to
another. They are available in sizes 10 AWG through 1000
kcmil. They are used for two solid and/or two stranded
conductors only, unless otherwise noted on the connector
or on Its shipping carton.

Name: Class number:

Crimp connectors used to splice and terminate 20 AWG to

500 kcmil aluminum-to-aluminum, aluminum-to-copper,
or copper-to-copper conductors.
Connectors used to connect wires together on combinations

of 18 AWG through 6 AWG conductors. They are twist-on,
solderless, and tapeless. Wire-Nut ®, Wing-Nut ® and
Twister ® are registered trademarks of Ideal Industries, Inc.
Scotchlok® is a registered trademark of 3M.
Connectors used to connect wires together in combinations

of 16, 14, and 12 AWG conductors. They are crimped on
with a special tool, then covered with a snap on insulating
cap.
Solderless connectors are available in sizes 4 AWG through

500 kcmil conductors. They are used for one solid or one
stranded conductor only, unless otherwise noted on
the connector. The screw may be of the standard
screwdriver slot type, or an Allen wrench or socket wrench.
Compression connectors are used for 8 AWG through

1000 kcmil conductors. The wire is inserted into the end of
the connector, then crimped on with a special compression
tool.
PERMISSIBLE CONNECTION IN BOXES

The Pull Box is a box with a blank cover that is inserted in one or more runs of conduits to help in
pulling-in the conductors. It may also serve to distribute the conductors. The Junction Box allows
distribution of wires but it is not connected to the lighting or outlets.
The conduit and tubing size required for an installation depends on three factors:
a) The number of conductors to be installed
b) The cross-sectional area of the conductors
c) The permissible conduit fill

Name: Class number:

The table below shows the allowable number of conductors inside boxes.
Octagonal box with telescopic hanger and extension Trade size 4 11⁄16 square box
Utility box

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A conductor looped or coiled less than 12 in

through the box is counted as one conductor.
If the looped conductor is 12 in or longer,

these are counted as two conductors.
One or more equipment

grounding conductors entering
the box is
counted as one conductor.
Each conductor originating outside

the box and terminating inside
the box is counted as one
conductor.
Luminaire will only be counted as additional conductors if not

Transformer wires in the box are treated more than four luminaire wires and sized smaller than 14
as
AWG. Since the conductors in the figure are sized 14 AWG
containing four conductors.
and there are four conductors counted.

Name: Class number:

WIRING GUIDELINES
The usual wiring system is a centralized distribution type system in which conductors of
progressively smaller size emanate radially from one main panel to the distribution points. These
distribution points are the switchboards throughout the system. which provide overcurrent
protection via circuit breakers (C/B) for each of these branch. Note that at each step, power is
tapped off in a smaller wire and in accordance with the principles of overcurrent protection an
appropriately sized protective device is placed at the point of tap.
An alternative would be to use a decentralized system where smaller circuit breakers (C/B) would
be placed in each location. The purpose of this second arrangement is to eliminate the branch
circuit wiring by placing the protective device at the load. By eliminating branch circuit wiring,
installation costs are reduced, voltage drop and energy losses in branch circuit conductors are
negligible, and loads are individually protected.

Name: Class number:

All guidelines are based on the NEC and PEC (Philippine Electrical Code) and referred to as the
Code.
1. Wiring shall be types RHW, RHH, T, THW, TW, THWN, THHN, XHHN.
2. Lighting and receptacles should not be combined in a single circuit.
3. Lighting and receptacles should be supplied with current from at least two circuits so that, if a
single line is out, the entire area is not deprived of power.
4. Do not allow combination switch and receptacle outlets.
5. Provide switch control for closet lights. Pull chain switch is a nuisance.
6. Convenience receptacles should be planned properly, so that in case of failure by any one of
the circuitry, the entire area will not be deprived of power.
7. All kitchen outlets should be fed from at least
two circuits. Kitchens should have a duplex
appliance outlet every 36 in. (0.90m) of counter
space, but no less than two in addition to the
normal wall outlets.
The Code requires a minimum of two 20-
amp appliance branch circuits. To feed all the
small appliance outlets in the kitchen, pantry, dining
room, and family room, and only these outlets.
Furthermore,
all kitchen outlets must be fed from at least two of these circuits.
8. In bed rooms supply two duplex outlets at each side of the bed location to accommodate
electric blanket, clocks, radios, lamps and other such appliances. In rooms without overhead
lights, provide switch control for one-half of a strategically located receptacle that is intended
to supply a lamp.
9. Convenience outlet though counted as

part of the general-lighting load shall be
limited to six (6) convenience outlets on
a 15 amperes circuit and eight (8)
convenience outlets on a 20 amperes
circuit.

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10. Provide a special separate circuit for heating and air conditioning units.
11. Additional circuits similar to appliance circuits should be furnished to supply one outlet in each
bedroom of a house that is not centrally air-conditioned. Such outlets are intended for
window air conditioners.
12. The Code requires sufficient circuitry to supply residential load of 30 watts per square meter
in buildings excluding porches, garages and basements.
13. The requirement of 30 watts per square meter is up to 80 sq. m. for a 20 amperes circuit
(2,400 watts) or 60 sq. m. for 15 amperes circuit (1,800 watts).
14. Good practice suggests that the load should not exceed 1,600 watts for a 20 amperes circuit
and 1,200 Watts for a 15 amperes circuit. Thus:
a. Observe a maximum load of 1,200 watts on a 15 amperes circuit with a maximum
area of 40 sq. m.
b. Observe maximum load of 1,600 watts on a 20 amperes circuit with a maximum area
of 53 sq. m.
15. The general purpose branch circuit; shall be rated at 20 amperes circuit, wired with 12 AWG
being the minimum size of conductor wire required for all convenience outlets.
16. Provide at least one receptacle in the bathroom and one outside the house. Both must be
ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) type.

Name: Class number:

A. RMC and IMC C. LFMC E. EMT
B. FMC D. PVC F. HDPE
Write the letter(s) of the conduits applicable to the conditions and characteristics below.
A) Dry environments only
B) Wet environments
C) Requires fittings
D) Usable in corrosive environments
E) Underground installation
Fill up the table below.
Fill up the table below.

the chart.

Name: Class number:


On the blanks provided, write TRUE if the statement is true and FALSE if the statement is false.
1) Six (6) outlets is allowable on a 20 A circuit.

2) A maximum load of 1,200W on a 15A circuit with an area of 40 sq. m.
3) Receptacles for air conditioning units may be combined with general purpose.
4) Two (2) 15 A circuits are required for kitchens, pantry, laundry etc.
5) Connectors not marked “AL/CU” are for use with copper conductors only.
6) Centralized panel boards are less expensive and have fewer branches.
7) Eight (8) outlets is allowable on a 15 A circuit.
8) Lower convenience outlets are considered ‘HOT’ or always on.
9) Lighting and receptacles should not be combined in a single circuit.
10) Wiring shall be types RHW, RHH, THW, THWN, THHN and XHHN.
C. LESSON WRAP-UP
FAQs
Soldering is not allowed as wire connectors especially inside residential premises.
KEY TO CORRECTIONS

Name: Class number:

Lesson title: Branch and Feeder Calculations Materials:

1. Determine the minimum lighting and receptacle loading for a References:
given area.
2. Determine the required number of branch and feeder
circuits, the rating for protective devices and minimum size
of wires used in branch circuits.
Productivity Tip:
While maintaining your routine, it is helpful to schedule and clearly define your work time and personal
time. Making a to-do list is useful in prioritizing your tasks for the day, whether it’s getting a workout in,
finishing a research paper or taking a trip to the grocery store.
The definition of “Branch Circuit” is found in NEC and it reads ‘The circuit conductors between
the final overcurrent device protecting the circuit and the outlet(s)’. In practice, a branch circuit
consists of the source of the voltage, the wiring and the load.
The definition of “Feeder Circuit” is found in NEC and it reads ‘All circuit conductors between
the service equipment or the generator switchboard of an isolated plant and the final branch
circuit over-current device’. Conductors from on-site generators and transformers are also
feeders, not service conductors. Service conductors extend from the utility source to the service
disconnecting means.

What I Learned
(Activity 4)
What are the differences

between emergency and
standby units?
What are the electrical

circuit protection devices
used?

Name: Class number:

B. MAIN LESSON
OVERHEAD SERVICE
Service is normally tapped onto the utility lines at
a mutually agreeable point at or beyond the
property line. The service tap may be a
connection on a pole with an overhead service
drop to the building, an underground service
lateral to the building, or a connection to an
underground utility line with a service lateral to the
building. Service from the utility line to the building
may be run overhead (OH) or underground (UG).
Depending on terrain and other factors, the cost
of overhead as compared to underground
installation is in the range of 10% to 50%.
SERVICE ENTRANCE SWITCH

(Service disconnect)
The purpose of the electric service switch is to disconnect all the electric service in the building
except emergency equipment. Thus in the event of fire, no electrical hazard will face fire fighters.
It is therefore obvious that this disconnecting apparatus must be located at a readily accessible
spot near the point the service conductors enter the building.
ELECTRIC METERING
Metering must be provided at either the utility or the facility voltage, and at either the service point
or inside the buildings which must be accessible to the utility meter reader. Generally, for a single-
use building or a building where electric energy is included in the rental charge, only a single
meter is necessary.

Name: Class number:

MAIN DISTRIBUTION PANEL
The main distribution panel (MDP) or
switchboard are free-standing assemblies
or mounted assemblies of switches,
fuses, and/or circuit breakers, which
normally provide switching and feeder
protection to a number of circuits
connected to a main source.
PANEL AND CABINET MOUNTING

Panel boards are classified as Flush-type
or Surface-type. Flush type
panelboards are those that have the
trim and doors practically flush with the
finished surface of the wall. Surface-
type panelboards project into the room.
the cabinets being bolted to wall surfaces
or columns. (used in industrial plants).
PANELBOARDS
A panelboard serves basically the same
function as a switchboard, except on a smaller
scale that is, it accepts relatively large blocks
of power and distributes it in smaller blocks.
Like the switchboard, it comprises main fuses
to which are connected circuit protective
devices (breakers or fuses), which feed
smaller circuits. The panelboards level of the
system is usually the final distribution point,
feeding out to the branch circuits that contain
the electrical utilization apparatus and
devices, such as lighting, motors and so on.
Panelboards are described and specified

by type, bus arrangement, branch breakers,
main breaker voltage and mounting. A
typical description might be: Lighting and
Appliance Panel. 3-phase, 4-wire; 200 A
mains; main C/B, 225 A frame, 150 A Trip.

Name: Class number:

Feeder is installed under the following considerations:

1. Service drops may generally be not less than No.8 AWG and service entrance
conductors or underground service conductors not less than No.6 AWG.
2. It is recommended that a minimum of 100-amp. 3-wire, 120 V/240 V service be provided
for all individual residences.
3. No service switches smaller than 60-amp or circuit breaker frame smaller than 50
amperes shall be used.
4. In multiple occupancy buildings, tenants must have access to their own disconnect
means.
5. On large installation, each floor is provided with one feeder.
6. In small installations 1 or 2 feeders is satisfactory.
7. Feeder for electrical motors shall be independent and totally separated from the
light circuits.
8. Feeders requiring more than 50 mm (2”) diameter conduit pipe should not be used.
9. Feeders shall be subdivided if there are several bends or offsets on the line. A 50 mm
conduit pipe is the largest diameter that could be economically used.
10. Feeders radiating from the distribution panel shall be provided each with a properly rated
switch and circuit breaker.
11. Good Practice dictates that feeders and main shall be installed inside a conduit pipe as
it carries high voltage that requires special protection.
Branch circuit is based on the following considerations:

1. The installation must be flexible to accommodate all probable pattern arrangements and
location of the loads for expansion or future development.
2. The reliability and efficiency of the service is dependent on the building wiring and utility
service.
3. From the Code, the maximum lighting load is 100 W per light outlet, a maximum of 180 W
per small appliance outlet and dependent on the load for special outlets. For motors, the
ampacity should be 125 % of the full load current.

Name: Class number:

4. Emergency power and standby power must be provided for selected parts of the system.
5. Equipment failure must be detected and corrected automatically.
6. The Code requires that all residences with five or more 2-wire circuits have a minimum of
100 amp of 3-wire service. Service will disconnect for 100-amp service would be a 100
amp, 2-pole and solid neutral switch, fused at no more than 80% of rating, or 80 amperes.
This is usually written 100 A, 2P & SN, 80 AF. This service is used principally for
residences, small stores, and other occupancies where the load does not exceed 80 amp
or 19.2 KVA. The load calculated is shown below:
240 V × 80 𝐴 = 19,200 V𝐴 or 19.2 𝐾V𝐴
7. Each specific appliance, device, lighting fixture, or other load is taken at its nameplate
rating, except certain kitchen and laundry appliances for which the Code allows a demand
factor.
GROUNDING AND GROUND-FAULT PROTECTION

An accident fault within an appliance can connect the metal case of the appliance to the line. This
may readily occur with such common devices as an electric drill, clothes washer, dryer or food
mixer. To eliminate this hazard of "electric shock", appliance housing is grounded to a cold water
pipe. The plug is 3-wire, two wires, connected to the appliance and the third wire to the housing.
Some reasons for grounding are:
1. To prevent sustained contact between the low-voltage, secondary system and the high-
voltage primary system in the event of an insulation failure. Such contact could cause a
breakdown of the secondary system insulation and severely endanger the system's users.
2. To prevent single grounds from going unnoticed until a second ground occurs, which will
extensively disable the secondary systems.
3. To permit locating ground faults with ease.
4. To protect against voltage surges.
5. To establish a neutral at zero potential for safety and for reference this neutral must never
be interrupted by switches or other devices, connected to ground only at one point-the
service entrance and is color coded white or natural gray for easy recognition.
To eliminate the dangerous situation of current, ground fault leak, the Ground Fault Circuit
Interrupter (GFCI or GFI) was developed. This device compares, with extreme precision, the
current flowing in the hot and neutral legs of a circuit, if there is a difference, it indicates a ground
fault and the device trips out.
EMERGENCY/STANDBY POWER EQUIPMENT

The Equipment involved in both Emergency and Standby is similar, however, the use is different.
Emergency Systems provide "power and illumination essential for safety to life and property, for
instance, emergency power for exit lighting and egress lighting in places of assembly, plus power
for equipment necessary for safety such as elevators, fire alarm systems, fire pumps, and
extensive systems in health-care facilities. Standby System provide power to "selected loads in
the event of failure of normal source. These systems are primarily intended to protect against
property damage of financial loss and are not involved with safety considerations. Water and
sewage treatment plants use this. Private owners on the other hand do install standby systems

Name: Class number:

when power interruption would cause serious damage to an industrial process or
research projects. Two categories of emergency/standby power equipment are:
1. Engine generators consists of the fuel storage, generator set (gen-set) with exhaust
facilities and the space housing the gen-set. Its advantages are high power output,
duration of power output is dependent on the size of the fuel tank and long life span if properly
maintained. Its disadvantages are fuel storage, noise, vibration, exhaust considerations,
regular maintenance and testing is required.
2. Battery equipment consists of the battery banks and inverter (dc to ac converter). Its main
advantage is the battery equipment can be installed anywhere in the building because of
its smaller size. The disadvantage of the battery is the limited duration of power, from 1 to
hours depending on the number of batteries.
CIRCUIT-PROTECTIVE DEVICES
In order to protect insulation, wiring, switches, and other apparatus from overload and short circuit
currents, it is necessary to provide automatic means for opening the circuit. The two most common
devices employed to fulfill this function are the fuse and the circuit breaker. The general rules in
installing overcurrent devices are:
1. Overcurrent devices must be placed on the line or supply side of the equipment being
protected.
2. Overcurrent devices must be placed in all ungrounded conductors of the protected circuit.
3. All equipment should be protected in accordance with its current-carrying capacity.
4. Conductor sizes shall not be reduced in a circuit or te1p, unless the smallest size-wire is
protected by the circuit overcurrent devices.
GUIDED EXAMPLE OF SIMPLIFIED LOAD COMPUTATION

Given a small family dwelling, type of service - 115 V / 230 V, single phase, 3-wire, 60 Hz
The load are as follows:
 12 lighting loads which are divided into 8 inside the house and 4 outside the house.
 12 (6 duplex or 2 per outlet) convenience outlets for small appliances
Circuit 1 – Lighting load inside the house (8 lighting outlets at 100 W @)

100 𝑊
𝑃1 = 8 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑠 × = 800 𝑊
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡
𝑃1 800 𝑊
𝐼1 = = = 3.48 𝐴
230 𝑉 230 𝑉
For 3.48 A, use a 15 A ampacity wire – 14 AWG or 2.0 mm2 TW and a 15 A circuit breaker (C/B).
For 14 AWG wire, use a 1/2-inch or 13 mm conduit. Match wire with C/B
Circuit 2 – Lighting load outside the house (4 lighting outlets at 100 W)

100 𝑊
𝑃2 = 4 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑠 × = 400 𝑊
𝑃2 400 𝑊
𝐼2 = = = 1.74 𝐴
230 𝑉 230 𝑉

Name: Class number:

For 14 AWG wire, use a 1/2-inch or 13 mm conduit.
Circuit 3 – Convenience outlets (6 duplex convenience outlet at 180 W). 6 CO at 15 A

180 𝑊
𝑃3 = 6 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑠 × = 1,080 𝑊
𝑃3 1,080 𝑊
𝐼3 = = = 4.69 𝐴
230 𝑉 230 𝑉
For 12 AWG wire, use a 1/2-inch or 13 mm conduit. Code: CO uses 12 AWG (20 A) match C/B
𝐼𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 = 3.48 𝐴 + 1.74 𝐴 + 4.69 𝐴 = 9.91 𝐴
𝑃𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 + 𝑃3 = 800 𝑊 + 400 𝑊 + 1,080 𝑊 = 2,280 𝑊
𝑃𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿 2,280 𝑊
𝐼𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿 = = = 9.91𝐴
230 𝑉 230 𝑉
Applying an 80% demand factor according to the Code:
𝐼𝑅𝐸𝑄 = 𝐼𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿 × 0.8 = 9.91 × 0.8 = 7.93𝐴
For feeder to branch circuits, 2 – 8 AWG or 8 mm2 THHN/THWN and at least a
60 A circuit breaker (C/B).
For service to main breaker, use an 8 AWG, the minimum service entrance size wire.
SCHEDULE OF LOADS
Ckt. Circuit Requirement
Circuit Description CB Rating Size of wire and Conduit
No Current Voltage VA
1 LO – 8 outlets 3.48 230 800 VA 15 AT CB 2-14 AWG THHN wire,
½” Ø conduit
2 LO – 4 outlets 1.74 230 400 VA 15 AT CB 2-14 AWG THHN wire,
½” Ø conduit
3 CO – 6 duplex 4.69 230 1,080 VA 20 AT CB 2-12 AWG THHN wire,
½” Ø conduit
TOTAL 2,280 VA
Computing total current; Feeder: 2 – 8AWG THHN in ½” Ø Conduit
𝐼𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿 = 9.91𝐴.
Applying 80% D.F., Protection: 60AT, 2P, 230V MCCB
𝐼𝑅𝐸𝑄 = 7.93𝐴

Name: Class number:

Given a small family dwelling, type of service – 115 V / 230 V, single phase, 3-wire, 60 Hz.
The load are as follows:
 9 lighting loads which are divided into 7 inside the house and 2 outside the house.
 10 (5 duplex or 2 per outlet) convenience outlets for small appliances
 1 electric iron rated at 1,200 W.
 1 electric stove rated at 1,400 W
 1 rice cooker rated at 1,000 W
Determine the total current of the circuit and the required current rating based on 80% demand
factor.

Complete the load schedule below by indicating all wire sizes/dimension, conduit sizes and
circuit breaker ratings.
SCHEDULE OF LOADS
Ckt. Circuit Requirement
Circuit Description CB Rating Size of wire and Conduit
No Current Voltage VA
1 LO – 10 outlets
2 LO – 6 outlets
3 CO – 8 duplex
4 CO – 4 triplex
5 1 Hp ACU
6 1.5 Hp ACU
TOTAL
Computing total current; Feeder:
Applying 80% D.F., Protection:
C. LESSON WRAP-UP

Name: Class number:

FAQs
Load requirement 180 VA applied to single- and multiple-receptacle outlets on a single straps and the
load of 360 applied to a multiple device consisting four receptacles.
KEY TO CORRECTIONS

Name: Class number:

Lesson title: Solar Power System Materials:
Lesson Objectives: At the end of the topic, you Module, ballpen, paper
would be able to:
1. Identify the components of solar power system. References:
2. Illustrate the solar power system. https://www.alternative-energy-
3. Compute power output, and Current. tutorials.com/solar-
power/photovoltaics.html
Productivity Tip:
Maintaining a daily ritual could help those who are in need of structure to feel at ease during a period
of uncertainty.
Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics
(PV). It is compose of panels, batteries, inverter, and mounting of panel. This system is important now
a days since other source are expensive and dearly available. This topic is important for the students
to identify the components as well as the principles why it produces electricity.

What I Learned
(Activity 4)
It is a type of photovoltaic
cell material manufactured
from a single-crystal
silicon structure which is
uniform in shape because the
entire structure is grown from
the same crystal.
It is the conversion of energy

from sunlight into
electricity, either directly
using photovoltaics (PV),
indirectly using concentrated
solar power, or a combination

Name: Class number:

B.MAIN LESSON
Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics
(PV), indirectly using concentrated solar power, or a combination. Concentrated solar power systems
use lenses or mirrors and solar tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small
beam. Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the photovoltaic effect.
Solar Power at Home

Name: Class number:

The four major components of a solar energy system:
a. Solar panels provide electricity from sunlight. They are typically made of silicon crystal slices called
cells, glass, a polymer backing, and aluminum framing. Solar panels can vary in type, size, shape,
and color. In most cases the “size” of a PV module refers to the panel’s rated output wattage or
electricity generating potential. Solar panels also have voltage ratings. Those with of 12 or 24 Volts
are generally preferred for off-grid systems with battery banks. Other solar panels come in
less common nominal voltages such as 18, 42, and even 60 Volts. These modules are typically
used in grid-tied applications to accommodate the working of grid-tied inverters. Solar panels can
be used alone or combined into arrays by wiring them in or in to achieve the needed .
b. An inverter takes (DC) from batteries and turns it into (AC) which is used to run most
common electrical loads.
c. Batteries chemically store electrical energy in renewable energy systems. They come in
several voltages, but the most common varieties are 6 Volt and 12 Volt. The three types of batteries
that are most common to RE systems are:
i. Flooded Lead-Acid Batteries (FLA);
ii. Sealed Absorbed Glass Mat Batteries(AGM);
iii. Sealed Gel Cell Batteries
d. Racking/Mounting. This is what securely attaches your panels to your roof.
What is Solar Power and how does it work?

Sun is needed to shine down onto Mother Earth to help sustain the life of all the different types of
animal and plant life that inhabits it, as well as to grow our crops for food. But we can also use the
radiant light energy from the sun to produce heat, light and power in the form of electricity by using the
suns Solar Energy.
Electromagnetic rays in the form of radiant energy, are being constantly emitted into space by the
burning action of the sun. These rays travel through space in all directions while some reach the Earth’s
surface. The radiant energy emitted by the sun reaches the earth within a very short period of time.
Solar Power through the Atmosphere

For example, gases and small dust particles suspended in the
atmosphere will cause a scattering effect on the incoming solar
radiation resulting in some of it being reflected back into space in
all directions due to the air, clouds, rain and haze. Clouds which
are made up of liquid and frozen water particles will scatter and
reflect the solar radiation back into space as we see on dull cloudy
days.
Solar radiation is both scattered and reflected in all directions
when passing through the atmosphere. This dispersion can be
as much as 60% of the total value which reaches the Earth’s
atmosphere through space. Direct solar radiation however casts
shadows, because it is directional coming directly from the sun. The position and location of the sun in
the sky also plays an important role in the efficiency of any solar power system.

Name: Class number:

Photovoltaic solar cell
Solar Power can also be thought of as “Solar Electricity” and the key to solar power is the solar cell, or
photovoltaic (PV) cell. Solar power is one of the most viable and cleanest forms of renewable energy
because we can use the suns energy within the sunlight to produce electricity by means of solar cells.
The solar cell operates according to what is called the photovoltaic effect, where photo means light and
voltaic means electricity. Solar cells are more technically called Photovoltaic Solar Cells, Photovoltaics
or simply PV’s.
Photovoltaics are silicon semiconductor devices similar in many ways to electronic diodes and
transistors. Photovoltaics produce electricity by converting the solar energy generated from the sun in
the form of either visible light, ultra-violet (UV) radiation or infra-red (IR) radiation into a direct or DC
current by using the photovoltaic action of the cell without the use of any moving parts.
Photovoltaic Solar Cell Construction
Types of Photovoltaic Cell
a. Mono-crystalline Silicon is a type of photovoltaic cell material manufactured from a single-crystal

silicon structure which is uniform in shape because the entire structure is grown from the same
crystal. High purity silicon is melted in a crucible.
b. Poly-crystalline Silicon also known as multi-crystalline silicon, is cast to produce a silicon ingot. The
silicon molecular structure consists of several smaller groups or grains of crystals, which introduce
boundaries between them. Poly-crystalline PV cells are less energy efficient than the previous
monocrystalline silicon PV cells because these boundaries restrict the flow of electrons
through it by encouraging the negative electrons to recombine with the positive holes reducing the
power output of the cell.
c. Thin Film Solar Cells are another type of photovoltaic cell which were originally developed for space
applications with a better power-to-size and weight ratio compared to the previous crystalline silicon
devices. Thin film photovoltaics are produced by printing or spraying a thin semiconductor layer of
PV material onto a glass, metal or plastic foil substrate. By applying these materials in thin layers,
the overall thickness of each photovoltaic cell is substantially smaller than an equivalent cut

Name: Class number:

crystalline cell, hence the name “thin film”. As the PV materials used in these types of photovoltaic
cells are sprayed directly onto a glass or metal substrate, the manufacturing process is therefore
faster are cheaper making thin film PV technology more viable for use in a home solar system as
their payback time is shorter.
Semiconductor materials used for the thin film types of photovoltaic cell include:
 Cadmium Telluride, (CdTe) is a poly-crystalline semiconductor material made from cadmium
and tellurium. Thin film cadmium telluride has a high light absorption level so the amount of
CdTe required can be quite minimal with less than 1.0 microns of semiconductor material is
needed to effectively absorb sunlight for the solar device to perform.
 Amorphous Silicon, (a-Si) is a non-crystalline form of silicon that is widely used in calculators,
consumer electronics and solar garden products that require a small current at a low voltage.
Of the different types of photovoltaic cell available, amorphous silicon has the highest light
absorption of over 40 times higher than crystalline silicon. The advantage of this is that a much
thinner layer of amorphous silicon material is required to make a thin film PV cell reducing
manufacturing costs and price.
 Copper Indium diSelenide or CIS.
o Copper Indium diSelenide, (CIS) is another type of poly-crystalline semiconductor
material composed of Copper, Indium and Selenium, (CuInSe2). Thin film CIS types of
photovoltaic cell can produce conversion efficiencies of nearly 10%, almost double that
of amorphous silicon without suffering from the same outdoor degradation problems due
to their thicker film. Also CIS cells are one of the most light-absorbent
semiconductor compounds absorbing up to 90% of the solar spectrum.
o Copper Indium Gallium diSelenide, (CIGS) is another type of photovoltaic cell.
It is basically a P-type poly-crystalline thin film material based on the previous copper
indium diselenide (CIS) semiconductor material. The addition of small amounts of the
compound Gallium (Ga) produces a photovoltaic cell with a higher conversion efficiency
of around 12% from the same amount of sunlight with an open circuit voltage of about
0.7 volts.
Photovoltaic Panel converts Light into Electricity
Photovoltaic cells uses light to generate electricity and that there are a number of different types
of photovoltaic cell technologies available, including monocrystalline, polycrystalline and thin-film
cells which can all be used to produce a Photovoltaic Panel. The electrical power in Watts, generated
by these different photovoltaic cells when exposed to direct sunlight is roughly the same for each panel
and is given as the product of the voltage times the current, ( P = V x I ).
The amount of electrical power generated by an individual photovoltaic cell at its output
terminals depends upon the amount of solar radiation that hits its PN junction as well as the percentage
of solar radiation it actually converts into electricity, in other words its efficiency.

Name: Class number:

Series Connected Photovoltaic Panel
Four photovoltaic solar cells are

connected together in a series
combination. If we assume that the
output voltage produced by each
individual PV cell in the chain is 0.5
volts, then the combined output
voltage will be the sum of the
individual cells output voltage and
this is calculated as: V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 = 0.5V + 0.5V + 0.5V + 0.5V = 2.0V. For series connected
cells, the combined output current is the same as that produced by each cell, then: I1 = I2 = I3 = I4 =
Itotal. The combined power is the sum of the individual cells power or the product of the voltage times
the current as seen previously.
Bypass Diode Protection
The presence of the bypass diode

limits the voltage across the bad cell
in its reverse bias to pass a certain
current. The bypass diode conducts,
thereby allowing the current from the
good solar cells to flow in the external
circuit. The maximum reverse over
voltage across the bad cell is
reduced to about a single diode drop
so that larger voltage differences cannot arise in the reverse-current direction across the cell, thus
limiting the current and preventing over heating due to less power being dissipated. Ideally, we would
have a bypass diode for each individual PV cell, but in practice there would be one bypass diode for a
number of cells.
Parallel Connected Photovoltaic Panel
The four photovoltaic solar cells are connected together in a parallel

combination. For parallel connected cells, the combined output voltage
is the same as that produced by each cell, then:V1 = V2 = V3 = V4.

Name: Class number:

Maximum Solar Cell Power
Where: W is in Watts, V is in Volts, and I is in Amperes
Photovoltaic Solar Cell Example No. 1
Calculate the maximum output current of a single 0.5v silicon photovoltaic cell with a maximum rated
power output of 1.75 Watts at full sun.
Note that this is the maximum theoretical current as the true or real current is determined by the rate of
the incoming solar photons. The amount of electrical power generated by a photovoltaic cell depends
on solar irradiance and other conditions such as temperature and cloud cover. The power rating
of a photovoltaic cell, expressed in watts (W), is the maximum or peak power that a cell can deliver at
full sun with the PV cell uncovered.
Photovoltaic Solar Cell Example No. 2

At full sun a 0.58 volt photovoltaic solar cell produces an output current of 1.73 amperes. Calculate the
maximum power output of the photovoltaic cell in watts.

Name: Class number:

Exercise A. Enumerate 3 types of voltaic cells.
Exercise B. Enumerate the 4 components of solar power system
Exercise C. At full sun a 10 - 0.50V photovoltaic cells arranged in series produces an output of
10amperes. Calculate the maximum power output of the voltaic cell in watts.
Exercise D. Calculate the maximum output current of a 10 – parallel 0.5v silicon photovoltaic cell
with a maximum rated power output of 5 Watts at full sun.
Exercise E. Determine the number of 0.50V photovoltaic cells arrange in series to produce and
output of 5Amperes and maximum power output of 50Watts.

Name: Class number:

Activity 1 and write your answers to the questions based on what they now know in the third column
of the chart.
4) Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins) Identify each component of solar power at Home.
C. LESSON WRAP-UP
experience

Name: Class number:

FAQs
1. Can I add batteries on the solar power system?

Yes. Battery systems work independently to solar power systems, so they can be added to any
existing system. This method is called AC coupling, and it involves adding a battery and a battery
inverter to your home’s existing solar power system. If you’re not currently exporting a lot of
power and have evening consumption you would like to cover with a battery, you should consider
increasing the size of your solar PV system first (or as part of the battery upgrade).
2. How long do photovoltaic (PV) systems last?

A PV system that is well designed, installed, and maintained will operate for more than 20 years.
The basic PV module (interconnected, enclosed panel of PV cells) has no moving parts and can
last more than 30 years. The best way to ensure and extend the life and effectiveness of your
PV system is by having it installed and maintained properly. Experience has shown that most
problems occur because of poor or sloppy system installation.
KEY TO CORRECTIONS

Name: Class number:

Lesson title: Wind Power System Materials:
Lesson Objectives: At the end of the topic, you would be
able to: References:
1. Identify the components of the wind power system. https://www.alternative-energy-
2. Identify the component of the wind farm. tutorials.com/wind-energy/wind-
turbine-design.html
Productivity Tip:
Although you may be used to getting all your work done at your favorite coffee shop or study spot
on campus, your at-home office will now have to make due.
Wind power is the generation of electricity from wind. Wind power harvests the primary energy flow
of the atmosphere generated from the uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the Sun. It is
important now a days since other source are expensive and rarely available. This topic is important
for the students to identify the components as well as the principles why it produces electricity.

What I Learned
(Activity 4)
It is the component of wind
turbine that supports the
structure of the turbine.
Because wind speed
increases with height,
taller towers enable
turbines to capture more
energy and generate more
electricity. Made from tubular
steel (shown here), concrete,
or steel lattice
It extracts the kinetic energy
from the wind by slowing the
wind down, and transferring
this energy into the spinning
shaft so it is important to have
a good design

Name: Class number:

B.MAIN LESSON
Wind is the motion of air in the atmosphere. Movement means that the air has macroscopic kinetic
energy (in addition to the microscopic thermal energy that comes from the air being at a particular
temperature), which can be harnessed by a wind turbine and turned into electricity. This is often
referred to as wind power and wind is therefore considered as a primary energy flow. This is often
considered a form of naturally occurring convection.
Generally, movement in the horizontal direction is much stronger than in the vertical direction.
However, both the vertical and horizontal components of wind have a significant impact on weather.
Rising air cools and condenses to form clouds and sinking air warms and dissipates cloud
cover. Wind is generally described in terms of horizontal speed and direction. Wind speed can be
measured by an anemometer and wind direction by a weather vane. The force of friction and the
Coriolis Effect both influence wind direction and speed.
Wind is formed due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface. These surfaces absorb heat at different
rates; for example sand on a beach can be too hot to walk on while nearby grass feels cool. As these
surfaces absorb heat at different rates, the air just above the surface warms and begins to rise. The
rising hot air creates a change in pressure in the area. Air naturally moves from the areas of high
pressure to low pressure, which causes the horizontal movement of air.
A practical example is the ocean breeze. The air above land warms faster than air over water. As the
hot air over land rises, the cool air over the ocean rushes in to fill the space. The result is a cool ocean
breeze.
Wind power is the generation of electricity from wind. Wind power harvests the primary energy flow
of the atmosphere generated from the uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the Sun. Therefore,
wind power is an indirect way to harness solar energy. Wind power is converted to electrical energy
by wind turbines.
Wind is created by the unequal heating of the Earth's surface by the sun.
Wind turbine extracts the kinetic energy from the wind by slowing the wind down, and transferring
this energy into the spinning shaft so it is important to have a good design. The available power in
the wind that is available for harvesting depends on both the wind speed and the area that is swept
by the rotating turbine blades. So the faster the wind speed or the larger the rotor blades the
more energy can be extracted from the wind. So we can say that wind turbine power production

Name: Class number:

depends on the interaction between the rotor blades and the wind and it is this interaction that is
important for a wind turbine design.
A small wind system can be connected to the electric grid through your power provider or it can
stand alone (off-grid).
At the heart of any renewable wind power generation system is the Wind Turbine. Wind turbine
designs generally comprise of a rotor, a direct current (DC) generator or an alternating current (AC)
alternator which is mounted on a tower high above the ground.
How wind turbine produced electricity?

A wind turbine is the opposite to a house or desktop fan. The fan uses electricity from the mains grid
to rotate and circulate the air, making wind. Wind turbine designs on the other hand use the force of
the wind to generate electricity. The winds movement spins or rotates the turbines blades, which
captures the kinetic energy of the wind and convert this energy into a rotary motion via a shaft to drive
a generator and make electricity as shown.
Flow Diagram of a Wind Turbine System.
a. Wind Turbine: Converts wind energy into rotational (mechanical) energy

b. Gear system and coupling: It steps up the speed and transmits it to the generator rotor
c. Generator: Converts rotational energy into electrical energy.
d. Controller: Senses wind direction, wind speed, generator output and temperature and initiates
appropriate control signals to take control action.

Name: Class number:

Two basic types of wind turbines:
a. Horizontal axis wind turbines are the most commonly
used turbines due to their strength and efficiency. The
base of the towers have to be extremely strong, allowing
the rotor shaft to be installed at the top of the tower which
allows the turbine to be exposed to stronger winds. With
the blades of the turbine being perpendicular to the wind,
the rotation of the blades can generate more power
compared to the vertical axis wind turbine. However, the
construction of this type of turbine requires a heavy
support for the tower to support the weight of the blades,
gearbox and generator as well as utilizing a sizable crane
to lift the components to the top of the tower. The
disadvantage of the horizontal axis design is that the
tower required to support the wind turbine is much higher
and the design of the rotor blades has to be much better.
b. Vertical axis wind turbines are less affected by frequent

wind direction changes as compared to the horizontal axis
wind turbines due to the blades being rotated on the rotor
shaft perpendicular to the ground. With the blades and
shaft installed in this way, the turbine does not need to
rotate to track wind direction. The shaft is mounted near
ground level due to the difficulties of mounting the shaft
and its components on the tower. An advantage of being
mounted at ground level is that maintenance of the turbine
is easier and can be installed at locations such as rooftops.
Disadvantages to this turbine installation is that the
efficiency is lower due to air drag and the lower wind
speeds compared to the higher wind speeds encountered
at higher elevations
Various components of wind turbine and its functionality:

a. Anemometer – it measures the wind speed and transmits wind speed data to the controller.
b. Blades – it lifts and rotates when wind is blown over them, causing the rotor to spin. Most
turbines have either two or three blades.
c. Brake – it stops the rotor mechanically, electrically, or hydraulically, in emergencies.
d. Controller – it starts up the machine at wind speeds of about 8 to 16 miles per hour (mph) and
shuts off the machine at about 55 mph. Turbines do not operate at wind speeds above about 55
mph because they may be damaged by the high winds.
e. Gear box – it connects the low-speed shaft to the high-speed shaft and increases the rotational
speeds from about 30-60 rotations per minute (rpm), to about 1,000-1,800 rpm; this is
the rotational speed required by most generators to produce electricity. The gear box is a costly
(and heavy) part of the wind turbine and engineers are exploring "direct-drive" generators that
operate at lower rotational speeds and don't need gear boxes.

Name: Class number:

f. Generator – it produces 60-cycle AC electricity; it is usually an off-the-shelf induction generator.
g. High-speed shaft – it drives the generator.
h. Low-speed shaft – it turns the low-speed shaft at about 30-60 rpm.
i. Nacelle – it sits at the top the tower and contains the gear box, low- and high-speed shafts,
generator, controller, and brake. Some nacelles are large enough for a helicopter to land on.
j. Pitch – it turns (or pitches) blades out of the wind to control the rotor speed, and to keep the rotor
from turning in winds that are too high or too low to produce electricity.
k. Rotor – it is the main part of a modern wind turbine design that collects the winds energy and
transforms it into mechanical power in the form of rotation. The rotor consists of two or more
laminated-wood, fibreglass or metal “rotor blades” and a protective hub which rotates (hence its
name) around a central axis.
l. Tower – it supports the structure of the turbine. Because wind speed increases with height, taller
towers enable turbines to capture more energy and generate more electricity. Made from tubular
steel (shown here), concrete, or steel lattice.
m. Wind direction – it determines the design of the turbine. Upwind turbines—like the one shown
here—face into the wind while downwind turbines face away.
n. Wind vane – it measures wind direction and communicates with the yaw drive to orient the
turbine properly with respect to the wind.
o. Yaw drive – it orients upwind turbines to keep them facing the wind when the direction
changes. Downwind turbines don't require a yaw drive because the wind manually blows the
rotor away from it.
p. Yaw motor - it provides powers the yaw drive.

Name: Class number:

Blade Number
Generally, three bladed turbine rotors integrate better into the landscape, are more aesthetically
appealing and are more aerodynamically efficient than two bladed designs which contributes to the
fact that three bladed wind turbines are more dominate in wind power generation market. Although
certain manufacturers produce two and six-blade turbines (for sail boats). Other advantages
of odd (three) bladed rotors include smoother operation, less noise and fewer bird strikes which
compensate for the disadvantage of the higher material costs. Noise level is not affected significantly
by the blade count.
Turbine rotors with fewer blades reach their maximum efficiency at
higher tip-speed ratios and generally, three bladed wind turbine
designs for electrical generation have a tip speed ratio of between
6 and 8, but will run more smoothly because they have three
blades. On the other hand, turbines used for water pumping
applications have a lower tip speed ratio of between 1.5 and 2 as
they are specially designed for high torque generation at low
speeds.

Name: Class number:

Rotor Blade Length
A turbines rotational speed is defined as: rpm = wind speed x tip-speed-ratio

x 60 / (diameter x π).
The longer the turbine blade length the faster the rotation of the tip for a
given wind speed. Likewise, for a given rotor blade length the higher the
wind speed the faster the rotation.
We cannot have a wind turbine design with very longer rotor blades
operating in a windy environment producing lots of free electricity from the
wind, because there’s a point where the length of the rotor blades and the
speed velocity of the wind actually reduces the output efficiency of the
turbine. This is why many larger wind turbine designs rotate at much slower
speeds.
Rotor Blade Pitch/Angle
Fixed design wind turbine rotor blades are generally not straight or flat like aeroplane aerofoil wings,
but instead have a small twist and taper along their length from the tip to the root to allow for the
different rotational speeds along the blade. This twist allows for the blade to absorb the winds energy
when the wind is coming at it from different tangential angles and not just straight-on. A straight or
flat rotor blade will stop giving lift and may even stop (stall), if the rotor blade is hit by the wind at
different angles, called the “angle of attack” especially if this angle of attack is too steep.
To keep the rotor blade seeing an optimum angle of attack
increasing lift and efficiency, wind turbine design blades are
generally twisted throughout the length of the blade. In
addition, this twist in the wind turbine design keeps the rotor
blades from spinning too fast in high wind speeds.
Wind power plants
Wind power plants, or wind farms, are clusters of wind turbines that produce large amounts of
electricity. A wind farm usually has many turbines scattered over a large area.

Name: Class number:

Parts of the wind power system

Name: Class number:

2) Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (18 mins + 2 mins checking) Identify the
parts/components of the wind turbine shown below.

4) Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins) Identify the parts of the wind power system shown

Name: Class number:

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
To develop habits on thinking about learning, answer the questions below about your learning experience
FAQs
1. Is wind power safe?

Of 90,000 wind turbines in the world, no member of the public has been killed or seriously injured
by wind, ever. This compares with thousands of injuries coming from Coal, Gas, Nuclear,
and other Electricity production. Wind power is the safest alternative energy on earth.
2. Are Wind Turbines Noisy?

The majority of modern small wind turbines have been designed to be very quiet. Our turbine has
a low constant rotational speed which greatly reduces the rotor noise to a mere ‘swooshing’
sound. In technical terms, our turbine’s noise emissions fall below 50dB at a distance of 100ft.
This is comparable to the loudness of a typical conversation.
3. What Happens When the Wind Stops Blowing?

When the wind stops blowing, electricity continues to be provided by other forms of generation in
an isolated system (e.g. batteries, diesel generator) and, as in our case, by the grid in a grid-
connected system.

Name: Class number:

Lesson title: Generator Materials:

Lesson Objectives: At the end of the topic, you Module, ballpen, calculator
would be able to: References:
1. Identify the components/parts of generator. https://www.google.com/search?cli
2. Compute the size of foundation or pad of generator ent=firefox-b-d&q=generator+set
Productivity Tip:
You should be aware of how the news is making you feel and how much of it you are consuming
every day. It will be helpful to step back and take a break to study, talk to family, or read.
Generators are standalone machines that provide electricity when power from the local grid is
unavailable. It is supported or lay on top of the Pad which is design adequately to prevent settlement
also. It is important to design this pad adequately with vibration isolators and also reinforcement
to prevent crack or shrinkage.

What I Learned
(Activity 4)
It is a generator that
operates with an
automatic transfer switch
that commands it to
power a device up during
power loss
It is used to start up
the generator

Name: Class number:

B.MAIN LESSON
Generator is a device that converts motive power (mechanical energy) into electrical power for
use in an external circuit. Sources of mechanical energy include steam turbines, gas turbines,
water turbines, internal combustion engines, wind turbines and even hand cranks. Electrical
generators are standalone machines that provide electricity when power from the local grid is
unavailable. Industrial generators are often used to supply backup power to facilities, businesses,
or homes during power outages but they can also be used as a primary power source in areas
where a local electrical grid is unavailable or difficult to access such as mining and farming
operations or even new developments and construction.
Nine parts to a generator and its functionality:
1. Engine. The engine supplies energy to the generator. The power of the engine determines how
much electricity a generator can provide.
2. Alternator. This is where the conversion from mechanical energy to electrical energy occurs. Also
called a “genhead”, the alternator contains both moving and stationary parts that work together to
create the electromagnetic field and movement of electrons that generates electricity.
3. Fuel System. The fuel system makes it possible for the generator to produce the energy
needed. The system includes a fuel tank, a fuel pump, a pipe connecting the tank to the engine,
and a return pipe. A fuel filter removes debris before it gets to the engine and an injector forces
the fuel into the combustion chamber.
4. Voltage Regulator. This component helps control the voltage of the electricity that is produced. It
also helps convert the electricity from AC to DC, if needed.
5. Cooling and Exhaust Systems. Generators create a lot of heat. The cooling system ensures the
machine doesn’t overheat. The exhaust system direct and remove the fumes the form during
operation.
6. Lubrication System. There are many small, moving parts inside a generator. It is essential to
lubricate them adequately with engine oil to ensure smooth operation and protect them
from excess wear. Lubricant levels should be checked regularly, as often as every 8 hours of
operation.
7. Battery Charger. Batteries are used to start up the generator. The battery charger is a fully
automatic component that ensures the battery is ready to go when needed by supplying it with a
constant low-level of voltage.
8. Control Panel. The control panel controls
every aspect of generator operation from start
up and running speed to outputs. Modern
units are even capable of sensing when
power dips or goes out and can start or shut
off the generator automatically.
9. Main Assembly / Frame. This is the body of
the generator. It is the part that we see; the
structure that holds it all in place.

Name: Class number:

How Do Generators Create Electricity?
Generator convert mechanical or chemical energy into electrical energy. They do this by capturing the
power of motion and turning it into electrical energy by forcing electrons from the external source
through an electrical circuit. A generator is essentially an electrical motor working in reverse.
What does a generator do?

Electric generators are, essentially, life savers. They are backup power sources that convert fuel
supply— usually propane, diesel or gasoline, into electrical energy. They are the primary sources
of electrical supply during power outages. This energy is used in an external circuit. Unlike standby
generators, the following are not permanently installed in one place, so they’re easy to start.
Types of Generators
a. Portable Generator
A portable generator is powered by gas or diesel fuel and can provide temporary electrical
power.
Here are some characteristics to note about these types of generators:
 Uses a combustion engine to conduct electricity.
 Can plug into electrical appliances or tools via its sockets.
 Can be wired into a facility’s subpanels.
 Can be used in remote sites.
 Has enough power to run a television, freezer and refrigerator.
 The engine should run at 3600 rpm to render the standard 60hz
of current.
 Use a governor to control the engine’s speed.
 Can power tools and lights.
b. Inverter Generator
An inverter generator uses an engine connected to an alternator to
produce AC power. It also uses a rectifier unlike other generators to
convert the AC power into DC power.

 Relies on high-tech magnets.
 Uses advanced electronic circuitry.
 Undergoes three phases to produce electricity.
 Outputs AC current, convert it to DC current and finally invert it to
AC.
 Maintains a constant flowing of current to an appliance.
 Is more energy-efficient, as the engine speed adjusts itself
according to how much power is needed
 Its AC can be set to any voltage and frequency when used with
proper equipment.
 Tends to be little and lightweight.
 Can fit into a car, RV or boat.

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c. Standby Generator
A standby generator is an electrical system that operates with an automatic transfer switch
that commands it to power a device up during power loss.

 Operates automatically.
 Delivers permanent power protection.
 Has two components: a standby generator and an automatic transfer switch.
 Can operate on liquid propane or natural gas.
 Will run on the fuel type already in use in the facility or home.
 Uses an internal combustion engine.
 Senses the power loss within seconds and boots up electricity so that power loss is felt very
briefly.
 Executes automatic weekly self-tests to see that it is properly reacting to a power loss.
 Is constantly monitoring utility power.
 Used in safety systems for elevators, standby lighting, medical and life support equipment and
fire protection systems.
d. Industrial generators
Industrial applications of generators are very different from residential or small commercial
applications. Industrial generators or large commercial generators need to be more robust and
rugged and perform under harsh conditions.
They also need to provide a wide range of
power supply characteristics – from 20 kW to
2500 kW, from 120 to 48 volt and single phase
to three phase supply. Typically these
generators are more customized than other
types of generator.

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e. Induction generators
These comprise two types – externally excited generators and self-excited generators.
Externally excited generators find uses in regenerative braking applications needed in hoists,
cranes, elevators and electric locomotives.
Self-excited generators find uses in wind mills where wind as a non-traditional source of energy
gets converted into electric power.
How do you size generator for building?

It requires you to take full-load current measurements during peak usage to estimate the
generator capacity. Divide the total amps by 2 for single-phase current, and divide by 3 for three-phase
current. Once you get the result, multiply it by the supply voltage, and then by 1000 to get the result in
kilowatt.

Name: Class number:

Diesel Generator Fuel Consumption Chart in Litres
Generator Set Foundations

Foundations supporting generator sets must meet flotation, alignment and vibration parameters
for successful operation. Specifications that consider the following criteria will help assure
trouble-free installation and operation.
Foundations must be able to withstand the installation’s weight and prevent deflection. To determine
the pressure exerted by a generator set, use the following equation:
𝑊
𝑃=
𝐴
Where:
P = pressure in PSI (kPa)
W = generator set weight in lbs (kg)
A = Area in sq. in. (m2) of the rails, pads or vibration mounts.
This pressure must be less than the load-carrying capability of the soil foundation pad. General load
bearing capabilities of underfoot are listed in Table A.

Name: Class number:

Table A: Bearing Load Capacities
Safe Bearing Load
Material psi kPa
Rock, hardpan 70 482
Hard clay, gravel and coarse sand 56 386
Loose medium sand, and medium clay 28 193
Loose fine sand 14 96.4
Soft clay 0 – 14 0 – 96.4
 The foundation should weigh at least as much as the generator set’s wet weight.
 Equation to calculate the necessary foundation depth:
Foundation depth or thickness = W / D x B x L
Where:
W = Total wet weight of gen set (lb or kg)
D = Density of concrete (150.b/cu.ft3 or 2,400 kg/m3)
B = Foundation width (ft or m)
L = Foundation length (ft or m)
 This equation assumes a concrete mixture ratio of 1:2:3 (cement:sand:aggregate) with

maximum 4 inch (101.6mm) slump and 29-day compressive strength of 3,000 psi (20.67MPa).
 If no vibration isolators are used, the floor must support 125 percent of the generator set weight.
If generators sets are paralleled, possible out-of-phase paralleling could cause torque reactions.
Here, foundations must be designed to withstand twice the generator set wet weight.
 Outside base dimensions should extend beyond the unit a minimum of 1 foot (304.8mm) on all
sides. Foundation footings must extend below the frost line.
 The foundation should be reinforced with No. 8 gauge steel wire fabric of No. 6 reinforcing bars
on 12-inch (304.8mm) centers horizontally. Bars should be imbedded in the concrete at least 3
inches (76.2mm) from foundation surface.
Service Considerations
Convenience and serviceability can be designed into a generator set foundation. Consider specifying
conduit for electric starting systems, generator leads and fuel and water connections.
Generator Set Vibration Isolation

No isolation is required to protect a generator set from self-induced vibrations. Caterpillar gen sets are
designed to absorb all normal vibrations created internally as well as most external shock loads.
This is not true of the gen set environment. Idle gen sets, auxiliary equipment such as relays
and switches, and building structures can be adversely affected by vibration from an operating gen
set.

Name: Class number:

Vibration Types
There are two types of generator set vibration: torsional and linear.
a. Torsional vibration results from combustion forces imposed on the engine crankshaft
that is transmitted to the total rotating mass. Except in unusual installations, proper matching
of engine and generator set at the factory completely avoids this type of vibration.
b. Linear vibration has many causes and can usually be linked to shaking and noisy machinery.
Its exact nature is often difficult to define without instruments, because total vibration measured
is approximately a sum of vibration sources.
Engines produce vibrations due to combustion forces, torque reactions, structural mass and
stiffness combinations, and manufacturing tolerances on rotating components. These forces create
a range of undesirable conditions, ranging from unwanted noise to high stress levels and ultimate
failure of engine or generator components. Vibrating stresses reach destructive levels at engine
speeds where resonance occurs. Resonance occurs when system natural frequencies coincide with
engine excitations.
Vibration Effects
There will always be some vibration in rotating machinery like an operating gen set, so it is good
practice to specify isolation of the unit. The unit should not rest directly on rock, soil, steel or concrete.
These materials can transmit vibrations long distances.
Resonance of certain gen set frequencies with the natural frequencies of building structural members
can cause damage to some types of construction.
Separating the gen set from the surroundings can be done with a bulk isolator such as an inertia block
or with commercial isolators.
The bulk isolator is the more expensive and elaborate of the two systems. It consists of a massive
block on which the gen set is mounted. The block is surrounded by cork or fiberglass, separating it
from the surrounding structure.
Rubber pads are sometimes used to dampen high frequencies which cause noise, but the most often-
used device is the spring-type isolator. It offers about 95 percent isolation of all vibration and eliminates
the need for an inertia block.
Spring isolators are placed under the gen set rails but are not bolted to the floor unless the
unit is paralleled with other generator sets or is in an earthquake-prone area. Spring isolators are
most effective when located directly under the engine and generator mounting feet.

Name: Class number:

Vibration Isolators
Detail of Generator Pad

Name: Class number:

Parts of the generator

Name: Class number:

Sample Problem:
Using allowable bearing capacity of soil of 96.4KPa(from Table A) and data below for weight and
dimension of base of generator, determine the dimension of generator pad without a vibration
isolator
Solution:
Weight of generator set = 1276Kg = 12.52KN
Weight of pad = weight of generator x 125%
Weight of pad = unit weight of concrete x L x W x t
Using 300mm extension on both sides:
L = 3037 + 600 = 3637mm or 3,637m
W = 1110 + 600 = 1710mm or 1.710m
Solve for thickness of pad:
23.5KN/m3 x 3.637m x 1.710m x t = 12.52 x 1.25
t = 0.107m say use 0.20m or 200mm
thus pad dimension is 200mm by 1710mm x3637mm

Name: Class number:

Check for bearing pressure of soil.
Weight of pad = 23.5KN/m3 x 0.20m x 1.71m x 3.637m = 29.23KN
Total weight to be supported by soill = 29.23 KN + 12.52KN = 41.75KN
Actual bearing pressure on soil = 41.75KN/(1.71mx3.637m) = 6.71KPa
Soil has actual bearing pressure of 6.71KPa which is lesser than 96.4KPa
Therefore use 0.20m x 1.71m x 3.637m pad for foundation.
Exercise A. Enumeration:

of the chart.

Name: Class number:

Using allowable bearing capacity of soil of 96.4KPa(from Table A) and data below for weight and
dimension of base of generator, determine the dimension of generator pad with a vibration isolator
Rroundup your answer for thickness to the nearest 100mm.
Weight of generator = 2000Kg, L = 2640mm, W = 970mm and H = 1450mm
C. LESSON WRAP-UP
experience
FAQs
1. What is the difference between an inverter generator and standard generator?
Inverter generators are smaller, lighter, and quieter than standard generators. An inverter
generator is just a generator with a built-in inverter. When it comes to inverter generator vs
standard generator operation, the real difference comes in with overall efficiency. Standard
generators operate at a constant speed.
Name: Class number:

2. What does and automatic transfer switch do?
An automatic transfer switch (ATS) transfers power from a standard source, like utility, to
emergency power, such as a generator, when the standard source fails. An ATS senses the power
interruption on the line and in turn signals the engine panel to start. When the standard source is
restored to normal power the ATS transfers power back to the standard source and shuts the
generator down. Automatic Transfer Switches are often used in high availability
environments such as data centers, manufacturing plans, telecommunication networks
and so forth.
KEY TO CORRECTIONS
Activity 3

Name: Class number:

Lesson title: Lamps for Lightings Materials:

Lesson Objectives: At the end of the topic, you would be Module, ballpen
able to:
1. Enumerate types of lamp. References:
2. Identify the uses of each lamp. https://www.watelectrical.com/differ
ent-types-of-lamps-in-lighting-
system/
Productivity Tip:
Apart from online lectures, there might not be much to do every day. But, do not let this stop you
from sticking to a proper schedule. A routine will help ensure you get your nutrition and sleep on
time.
A lamp is a device that produces light by the flow of electrical current, and it is a general form of
artificial lighting. Lamps or lights are vital for a lighting system and offer efficient lighting. It is
important for students to identify what kind or types of lamp to be installed.

What I Learned
(Activity 4)
It is a gas-discharge lamp
that contains gas at low
pressure. It is assembled by
mounting two electrodes
within a small glass envelop

Name: Class number:

MAIN LESSON
A lamp is a device that produces light by the flow of electrical current, and it is a general form of
artificial lighting. Lamps or lights are vital for a lighting system and offer efficient lighting.
Generally, electrical lighting is powered by acentrally generated electrical power. If main
lights fail, lighting can also be powered by battery systems, mobiles or generators. This article
describes different types of lights, their working and uses. To conserve energy, select an efficient
light bulb, which is capable of providing the type of lighting you need.
The different types of lights or lamps include the following

 Incandescent lamps
 Compact fluorescent lamps
 Halogen lamps
 Metal halide Lamps
 Light Emitting Diode
 Fluorescent tube
 Neon lamps
 High intensity discharge lamps
 Low pressure sodium lamps
a. Incandescent Lamps
Incandescent bulbs are standard bulbs and many people are quite familiar with these bulbs.
These incandescent bulbs are available in a broad range of sizes and voltages. An incandescent
bulb glows and produces heat when electricity passes through the tungsten filament present
inside the bulb. The filament of this bulb is placed either in a mixture of nitrogen gas or in a
vacuum. These bulbs are being gradually replaced by LEDs, fluorescent lamps, and other service
based new technologies.
The reason for this is that when this bulb is switched on, the sudden flow of current, energy and heat
penetrate the thin areas, which in turn heat up the filament; once the filament heats up, it tends to
break and burns out the bulb. Incandescent bulbs can last for 700 – 1000 hours and can also be
used with a dimmer. Incandescent bulbs generate steady heat, which is quite good for house hold
applications. Luminous efficiency of incandescent lamp is about 15 lumens per watt.

Name: Class number:

b. Compact Fluorescent Lamps
A compact fluorescent lamp is a modern type of light bulb that works like a fluorescent lamp. It contains
mercury, which cause difficulties to its disposal. A CFL is designed to replace an Incandescent
lamp. Generally, CFLs use less power, produce same amount of light and have long lifespan.Most of
the compact fluorescent lamps consist of two or three tubular loops. Sometimes they even look
quite similar to incandescent bulbs. These lamps cannot be used with dimmers, and usually they can
last for 10,000 hours. Luminous efficiency of a compact fluorescent lamp is about 60 lumens per watt.
c. Halogen Lamps
A halogen lamp consists of a tungsten filament, which is sealed with a compact transparent
envelop and filled with an inert gas and small amount of halogen (bromine or iodine). These lamps are
smaller than the conventional lamps. Halogen increases the lifetime and brightness of the lamps.
Luminous efficiency of a halogen lamp is about 25 lumens per watt.
d. Metal Halide Lamps

Metal halide lamps consist of a discharge tube or arc tube within a bulb. This tube can be made from
either ceramic or quartz and contains mercury, MH salts and a starting gas. Metal halide lamps produce
a great amount of light for their size, and these lamps are one of the most efficient lamps. These lamps
are most commonly used in halls, traffic lights, on stages and in outdoor lighting systems for commercial
purposes.

Name: Class number:

e. Light Emitting Diode
LED lamp is an electrical component that emits light through the movement of electrons in a
semiconductor device. It lacks a filament,uses less power and has a long lifespan. LEDs produce more
light than incandescent lamps and help save energy in energy-conserving devices. LEDs are usually
assembled into a light bulb to be used as a LED lighting system. These diodes can emit light of an
intended color without the use of color filters. The initial cost of a LED is generally high and these are
used to build electronic projects.
f. Fluorescent Tube
A fluorescent tube is a gas discharge tube that uses a fluorescence to produce visible light.
Luminous efficiency of a fluorescent tube is about 45 to 100 lumens per watt. Compared with the
incandescent bulbs, fluorescent tubes use less power for the same amount of light, and are
usually more complex and expensive than the incandescent lamps. Fluorescent lamps do not have
good color representation ability, but these tubes are cool in appearance and
color.Fluorescent tubes can be used in many places around a home,but cannot be used with dimmers.
g. Neon Lamps
A neon lamp is a gas-discharge lamp that contains gas at low pressure. It is assembled by
mounting two electrodes within a small glass envelop. Standard brightness bulbs are filled with an argon
or neon gas mixture, and high-brightness lamps are filled with a pure neon gas. When a voltage is
applied, then the gas ionizes and starts to glow allowing a very small current to travel from one electrode
to the other electrode. Once the gas ionizes, the operation of the lamp can be maintained at a lower
voltage, and the maintaining voltage may vary between 10-20 volts depending on the lamp and
operating current.

Name: Class number:

h. High Intensity Discharge Lamps
Metal halide, mercury vapor, self-ballasted-mercury lamps and high-pressure-sodium lamps all are high
intensity discharge lamps. These lamps are specially designed with inner glass tubes that include
tungsten electrodes with electrical arc. This inner glass tube is filled with both metals and gas. With the
immunity of the self-ballasted lamps, auxiliary equipment (starters and ballasts) must be provided for
proper operation of each bulb. These lamps produce a large quantity of light compared to the
fluorescent and incandescent lamps. High-intensity-discharge lamps are normally used when high
levels of light are required over large areas which include outdoor activity areas, gymnasiums, large
public areas, pathways, roadways and parking lots.
i. Low Pressure Sodium Lamps

Low-pressure-sodium lamp is the first sodium lamp which has the maximum efficiency than all the other
lighting systems. These lamps operate much like a fluorescent lamp and there is a brief heat up period
for the lamp to reach full brightness. Low pressure sodium lamps are commonly used in places like
roads, pathways, outdoor areas and parking lot wherein color is not important as such.
Thus, this is all about different types of lights or lamps which are used for indication purpose in electronic
project kits, and in lighting systems as well. For more information regarding the same, please post your
queries by commenting below.

Name: Class number:

Parts of incandescent bulb

Name: Class number:


Activity 1 and write your answers to the questions based on what they now know in the third
Identify the parts of the bulb
C. LESSON WRAP-UP
Mark your place in the work tracker which is simply a visual to help students track how much work they
have accomplished and how much work there is left to do.

Name: Class number:

FAQs
1. What is the difference between lamp and bulb?
Lamp is a device that generates heat, light or other radiation while bulb is any solid object
rounded at one end and tapering on the other, possibly attached to a larger object at the tapered
end.
2. What type of bulb should I get to conserve lighting energy?

LED lights are currently the power-saving design on the market. LED lighting efficiency is
about ten times more effective that the efficiency of incandescent light bulbs.
KEY TO CORRECTIONS
Activity 5

Name: Class number:

Lesson title: Ballast for Lighting Materials:

Lesson Objectives: Module, ballpen
1. Identify types of ballast. References:
2. Identify parts of the schematic diagram of lighting https://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/nl
system pip/lightinganswers/adaptableballa
sts/ballast.asp
Productivity Tip:
Considering the situation around us, it can get difficult to remain positive. So, to take a little break,
you can start a project you’ve meant to work on. This can be completing a book, working on your
portfolio, painting, or even journaling.
Ballast is the functional heart of a fluorescent or HID light source. Just as a heart regulates
blood flow to your body. It ensures that a lamp stays lit by managing the distribution of energy
throughout the fixture.

What I Learned
(Activity 4)
A device used with an

electric- discharge lamp to
obtain the necessary circuit
conditions (voltage, current
and waveform) for starting
and operation

Name: Class number:

B.MAIN LESSON
Ballast
It is a device used with an electric-discharge lamp to obtain the necessary circuit conditions (voltage,
current and waveform) for starting and operation. All fluorescent and HID light sources require a ballast
for proper operation. Dimming ballasts are special ballasts which, when used together with a dimmer,
will vary the light output of a lamp.
To put it simply, a ballast is the functional heart of a fluorescent or HID light source. Just as a heart
regulates blood flow to your body, a ballast ensures that a lamp stays lit by managing the distribution
of energy throughout the fixture. Hearts work to distribute blood via channels, or arteries, in the body
to keep a body active and alive. Ballasts do the same for the fluorescents, HIDs, and plug-and-play
linear LEDs in your buildings, just with energy as the lifeblood.
A ballast is a tool used to regulate the amount of current in a circuit. Whenever it’s used in fluorescent
lighting, the current is limited through the tube. If this process didn’t take place, the florescent
lamp connected to a high voltage power source would increase too quickly. This would cause the lamp
to overheat and burn out in a span of one second.
How does a ballast work?
Just as a heart adjusts to conditions – sleep, exercise, stress, or relaxation – an electronic ballast can
adjust to the conditions imposed on it. As mentioned in the definition provided above, some ballasts
can specifically vary the light output of your fluorescent or HID lamps for the purposes of dimming.
Modern ballasts incorporate many features that result in incredible economic savings along
with environmental benefits and easier compliance with increasingly rigid power reduction codes and
energy efficiency requirements. We discuss how dimmable ballast can help you with light code below.

Name: Class number:

What is a ballast factor?
Ballast factor is calculated by dividing the lumen output of a lamp-ballast combination by the lumen
output of the same lamp(s) on a reference ballast. A ballast factor of <1 means that your fluorescent
system will produce less light (lumens) than the reference ballast and a factor of >1 means it will
produce more light. Ballast factor also impacts the energy usage of a fixture.
How can I meet energy reduction requirements on ballast-dependent lighting systems?
Energy codes, utility incentives, and increasing energy costs are all adding to the pressure to make a
lighting system as efficient as possible. In some cases, LED lighting is a good option, but
ballast- dependent systems can still be a viable solution. Here are three efficient options:
a. Dimmable ballasts
Paired with the right controls, a dimmable ballast can give you the option to smoothly vary light output
based on the conditions. One practical application for this solution is meeting Title 24 compliance if
you’re located in California.
b. Multi-ballast systems
Unlike hearts, ballasts can also operate dually – with two or more separate ballasts working together
to regulate the light output of multi-lamp fixtures. This solution is a budget and installation-friendly
option if you need to simply switch 50 percent of the lamps off within a single fixture.
We had a scenario where a client was installing a number of four-lamp fluorescent fixtures
and needed to be able to reduce light levels by 50 percent at the flick of a switch. In this case, a dual-
ballast system was perfect. By placing each pair of lamps on a separate ballast, it allowed
the customer to split the interior, or inboard, and exterior – or flanking/outboard – lights in the fixture.
Installing a new ballast in each existing fixture was a simple and easy change to make at the front end
of the project.
c. Low ballast factor
If you’re simply looking to reduce your energy usage and you don’t need specific lighting control, you
may consider a low ballast factor product as a viable solution. These are cost-effective options that
reduce the listed wattage on a lamp by 10 to 15 percent while it is lit. (Be careful about using low
ballast factor products in cold environments like coolers and freezers.)
Regardless of how you are trying to save on operational costs or what energy codes you are trying to
meet, there are a host of lighting solutions that can help make your efforts a success.

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The 3 Types of Ballast
a. Magnetic Ballasts
First of all, we should let you know they are becoming less common. At one time, they were the most
popular of ballasts, but recent events caused their usage to wane. The reason why? A number of the
fluorescent lamps used in magnetic ballasts have been phased out. Recent legislation from
the Department of Energy has prevented the production a number of the new products. Still, a number
of consumers hold onto the oldest type of ballast.
The magnetic ballast may be derided for its inefficient power usage, but they offer a number
of benefits. Magnetic ballasts are heartier, more able to withstand temperature extremes than
its younger cousins: electrical and digital ballasts. For this reason, magnetic ballasts will continue to
be in use for some time.
b. Electrical Ballasts
Introduced in 1981, electrical ballasts improved upon magnetic ballasts in one key area: energy
efficiency. The improvement is nothing to scoff at, as the Electric Power Research Institute believes
lighting uses 20-25% of all electric power. What effect does this have on your electric bill? A big one.
Lighting accounts for approximately 40% of the average lighting bill. Electrical ballasts save energy by
restricting the flow of power. They typically reduce power usage by 2-6 watts over magnetic ballasts.
Apart from the savings on your electrical bill, electrical ballasts eliminate the annoyances of magnetic
ballasts. You may have noticed a humming coming from a magnetic ballast. With electrical ballasts
there is no humming. When the light is turned on, electrical ballasts also reduce instances of flickering
light. Last of all, they are lightweight and easier to install than other ballasts.
c. Digital Ballasts
Digital ballasts are the newest craze to hit the world of ballasts, and they have plenty of fanfare. Like
electrical ballasts, they restrict power, only digital ballasts do it better. A microprocessor is included
with each digital processor. Programmed to restrict power usage, the microprocessor monitors the
lighting effectively. It is able to reduce power by operating on a high frequency. In fact, the light is much
like a strobe light, only the flashes are so quick that it is unnoticeable. Magnetic ballasts will cycle at
50 times/second, while the digital ballasts cycle at 28, 860 times/second.
Using digital ballasts also prolongs the life of the fluorescent lamp. Over a year, digital ballasts will
lose about 20 to 25% of their brightness. Other ballasts lose twice as much during that time. With the
digital ballast the loss of luminescence is less noticeable, as the processors within ballasts make
adjustments to compensate.

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Last of all digital ballasts offer a number of safety features. Some include fans to keep the fluorescent
lamp from overheating and suffering damage. The ballasts will also sense when something is wrong
like a power short and automatically shut off until the situation is resolved.
With all these features it isn’t surprising that a number of industries have warmed up to digital ballasts.
Industries like greenhouses and growers favor digital ballasts because they provide a reliable and
steady stream of light that keeps electric costs low.
What are lighting ballasts?
Lighting ballasts are a key feature of many fluorescent, HID and some LED lamps that allow current
to be regulated to suit the lamp type. Without ballasts to control current flow at varying voltages, we’d
never see these familiar fluorescents or HID luminaires jump into life - or stay lit for long
before burning themselves out.
Different types of lighting ballasts available
a. Standard lighting ballasts
Standard light ballasts allow for basic safe and consistent operation of
the luminaire and its power circuit at lower power draw levels, both
during switch-on and in prolonged use. Simple ballasts, such as those
found in certain LED or neon lamps, function purely as a resistor to limit
the amount of current flowing through a light’s circuit.
b. Fluorescent lighting ballasts
When a lighting circuit relies on gas discharge, such as those

seen powering many workplace fluorescent light ballasts, the
luminaires they’re attached to generally draw significantly more
power in operation. In these types of circuit, the ballast may act as a
reactance element on the interior circuit. This is necessary to allow
for the voltage drop across a completed circuit without leading to
a runaway increase in flowing current, which would quickly destroy
either the lamp itself or the power supply feeding it.

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c. LED light ballasts

LED light circuitry (and its associated driver) tends to be relatively
simple, as the far lower power draw of an LED lamp means it requires
only a basic resistor to regulate the flow of mains power through its
circuitry. However, there are a number of considerations to bear
in mind regarding ballasts and LEDs - especially if you’re upgrading
by retrofitting LEDs into an existing fixture or system.
Types of HID ballasts
a. Probe start ballasts
Probe start ballasts are the older type and not very easy on the HID lamp. Electrons jump across the
arc tube between two operating electrodes. Once the lamp is started the starting probe electrode is
removed from the circuit.
But with this starting method, it takes a long time for the lamps to warm up and reach their
full brightness. The re-strike period is also much longer.
b. Pulse start ballasts
Pulse start ballasts don’t use a starting probe electrode. Instead, they use a high voltage igniter that
works right alongside the ballast. This technology pulses to start the lamp.
Using a pulse start ballast can actually extend the life of the lamp, so the lumens don’t depreciate as
fast. Pulse start ballasts are also more energy efficient than probe start ballasts.
Four basic types of fluorescent ballasts

a. Instant start electronic ballasts use a high starting voltage (about 600 volts) to start very quickly
(less than 0.1 seconds). There is no preheating of the electrodes for the highest energy efficiency,
but are best suited for a limited amount of switching (10,000 to 15,000 switch cycles before
failure). Instant start ballasts are wired in parallel.
b. Rapid or trigger start electromagnetic ballasts are used in T12 and older T8 fixtures and wired in
series.
c. Rapid start electronic ballasts heat the electrodes while applying the starting voltage (about 500
volts) to start the lamps quickly in about 0.5 to 1.0 seconds. Electrode heating continues while the
lamps are on and consume a little more power (about 2 watts per lamp) than instant start ballasts.
They can operate 15,000 to 20,000 switch cycles before failure. Rapid start ballasts are wired in
series.
d. Programmed start electronic ballasts start quickly in about 1.0 - 1.5 seconds. They preheat
the electrodes in a controlled manner before applying the starting voltage. Programmed start
ballasts minimize electrode stress and maximize lamp life for frequent starting (areas with

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occupancy sensors). They can operate up to 50,000 switch cycles before failure. Programmed
start ballasts are wired in series.
T12 Fluorescent Tubes Discontinued
T12 fluorescent tubes are not made anymore because of poor energy efficiency. While these lamps
are still in stock in some stores, replacing the ballast with a more efficient T8 electronic ballast could
be a better choice.
Fluorescent Ballast Labels

The label on the ballast shows two important labels.
a. Lamp compatibility table (type of lamps that can be used with this ballast)
b. Ballast wiring diagram (shows how the ballast is wired to the lamps)
Lamp Compatibility
Table
Ballast Wiring
Diagram
Light Bulb Codes

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2) Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (18 mins + 2 mins checking) Exercise.
Enumerate the following:
1. Three options for Ballast-dependent systems:
2. Three types of lighting ballasts available
3. Three Types of Ballast
4. Two types of HID ballasts
5. Four basic types of fluorescent ballasts

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of the chart.

Label the parts of the fluorescent lamp
C. LESSON WRAP-UP

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FAQs
1. What is the difference between instant start and rapid start ballast?
Instant start lamps don't use a preheating method. Instead, they send a high amount of voltage across
the lamp upon the strike. Typically, instant start ballasts use 1.5-2 watts less per lamp than rapid start
ballasts. Instant start lamps also start reliably at temperatures as low as zero degrees.
2. Do electronic ballast need starter?

Electronic ballasts do not require a starter.
KEY TO CORRECTIONS
Activity 3:
Three options for Ballast-dependent systems:
 Dimmable ballast
 Multi-ballast systems
 Low ballast factor
Three types of lighting ballasts available
 Standard lighting ballasts
 Fluorescent lighting ballasts
 LED light ballasts
Three Types of Ballast
 Magnetic Ballasts
 Electrical Ballasts
 Digital Ballasts
Types of HID ballasts
 Probe start ballasts
 Pulse start ballasts
Four basic types of fluorescent ballasts
 Instant start electronic ballasts
 Rapid or trigger start electromagnetic ballasts
 Rapid start electronic ballasts
 Programmed start electronic ballasts

Name: Class number:

Lesson title: Lighting Materials:
1. Identify the use of lights inside/parts of the house. References:
2. Enumerate and identify the types of lightings. http://www.megavolt.co.il/Tips_and_
inf o/Types_of_lighting.html
Productivity Tip:
Since social distancing has become a must, it won’t be possible to meet your friends and family. If
you are staying alone or away from your loved ones, try to maintain a constant connection virtually.
Some sense of connection to others is essential for our mental and physical health.
Lighting or illumination is the use of light to achieve practical or aesthetic effects. Lighting includes
the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by
capturing daylight. It is important to know the different types of lightings inside the room/house.

What I Learned
(Activity 4)
This is intended to light up a
room in its entirety. It provides
a uniform level of illumination
throughout the space
independently of other lighting
sources.
It illuminates the tasks a

person carries out in a given
space such as reading,
cooking, computer work
Made in a wide range of

sizes and styles, lamps are
extremely versatile and
portable sources of light in a
room

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B. MAIN LESSON
Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve practical or aesthetic effects. Lighting
includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural
illumination by capturing daylight. Day lighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes
used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using
artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper
lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive
psychological effects on occupants.
3 Basic Types of Lighting

 Ambient lighting
 Task lighting
 Accent lighting
Ambient Indoor Lighting
General or ambient lighting is intended to light up a room in its entirety. It provides a uniform level of
illumination throughout the space independently of other lighting sources. Its purpose is to ensure safe
and easy traffic, as well as to create an overview of the room. The ambient light ‘bounces’ off the walls
to illuminate as much space as possible.
Types of fixtures that can provide general ambient indoor lighting:

 Chandelier
 Ceiling mounted fixture
 Wall-mounted fixture
 Traditional recessed fixtures and / or LED downlights
 Track light
 Floor lamp
 Table lamp

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Ambient Outdoor Lighting
Outdoor lighting is usually installed in order to ensure visibility and increase security around a building.
It is also recommended to light up the exterior of the building, entrances and stairs to reduce and
perhaps eliminate the risk of injury that can occur when entering and leaving the building.
Types of fixtures that provide ambient outdoor lighting:

 Spotlight
 Hanging fixture
 Garage and canopy lighting
 Post lantern
 Wall lighting
 Recessed fixture used in overhanging structures
Task Lighting
Task lighting illuminates the tasks a person carries out in a given space such as reading,
cooking, computer work. A brighter light is required in a smaller focal point of the room for these
sorts of tasks.
Types of Fixtures that Provide Task Lighting:

 Directional gimbal recessed fixture or downlight
 Pendant lighting
 Slim line bar and undercabinet
 Tape and extrusion
 Portable or desk lamp

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Accent Lighting
Accent lighting is used mainly to focus on a specific point of interest or to achieve a desired effect.
This type of lighting gives the impression of a larger room. It is more frequently used to
highlight an architectural feature, a plant (in outdoor layout), a sculpture, or a collection of objects.
Types of Fixtures that Provide Accent Lighting:

 Track light
 Slim line bar and undercabinet
 Tape and extrusion
 Directional recessed fixture or downlight
 Wall-mounted fixtures

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Types of Light Fixtures
a. Chandeliers. Suspended from the ceiling, chandeliers direct their light upward, typically over a
table. They can enhance the decorative style of a room. Chandeliers provide ambient lighting.
b. Ceiling. This type of fixture is mounted directly to the ceiling and has a glass or plastic shade
concealing the light bulb. Ceiling fixtures have been common in homes for nearly a hundred
years, often providing all the ambient light in a room.
c. Wall Sconces. Surface-mounted to the wall, sconces can direct light upwards or downwards,
and their covers or shades can add a stylistic touch to a room. Wall sconces provide ambient
or task lighting.

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d. Desk, Floor & Table Lamps. Made in a wide range of sizes and styles, lamps are extremely
versatile and portable sources of light in a room. Most lamps direct light downward, with the
exception of a torchiere, which is a floor lamp that directs its light upward. Lamps are often used
as task lights, particularly for reading, but can also provide ambient light.
2) Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (18 mins + 2 mins checking) Exercise.
Enumerate the following.

1. Three basic types of lighting
2. Five types of Fixtures that Provide Accent Lighting
3. Five types of Fixtures that Provide Task Lighting:

Name: Class number:

Monitor how your knowledge has changed by reviewing the questions in the What I Know
Chart from Activity 1 and write your answers to the questions based on what they now know in
the third column of the chart.
In the figure, identify the types of lighting on A, B, and C
A B C
C. LESSON WRAP-UP
Mark your place in the work tracker which is simply a visual to help students track how
much work they have accomplished and how much work there is left to do.

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FAQs
1. How do you describe traditional design?

Traditional design is influenced by the cultural exchange that grew out of Europe, England and
America during the colonization period from around 1600 to the late 1800s. The most widely
recognized designs are the formal and country furnishings from the estates of Europe, the Manor
homes of England and the plantations of America.
2. What defines contemporary design?
Contemporary design looks ahead from its beginnings in the 1920s to the sophisticated form and
function influences by today’s culture and society. Contemporary and modern pieces feature neutral
elements and bold color. Clean lines, sculptural furnishings, art, industrial elements and bold color
characterize these furnishings.
This style is known for its underlying simplicity of line, shape, form, and attention to practical functions
as compared to the dramatic and lavish appearances of traditional furniture styles. Contemporary
fixtures often incorporate classic and traditional features in subtle, understated ways. Its simplicity and
clean lines combine with strong geometric shapes and symmetry, incorporating classic and traditional
features in sleek and understated ways. The inspiration for these fixtures is drawn from
manufacturing/architecture and organic forms
KEY TO CORRECTIONS
Activity 3 and 5
1. Three Basic Types of Lighting
1. Ambient lighting
2. Task lighting
3. Accent lighting
2. Five Types of Fixtures that Provide Accent Lighting:
1. Track light
2. Slim line bar and undercabinet
3. Tape and extrusion
4. Directional recessed fixture or downlight
5. Wall-mounted fixtures
3. Five Types of Fixtures that Provide Task Lighting:
1. Directional gimbal recessed fixture or downlight
2. Pendant lighting
3. Slim line bar and undercabinet
4. Tape and extrusion
5. Portable or desk lamp

Name: Class number:

Lesson title: Illumination Materials:

1. Compute illumination considering English and Metric References:
system. Fajardo , Max B. Jr. (2000),
2. Compute the number of lighting fixtures in a certain Electrical Layout and Estimates
area.
https://www.archtoolbox.com/m
aterialssystems/electrical/reco
mmended-lighting-levels-in-
buildings.html
Productivity:
You can even be an active participant in your college groups, online book clubs and studying
circle, where you can study or talk in the virtual presence of your classmates
Illumination is the intensity of light per unit area. It is important to provide efficient, comfortable
and safe vision during night time. It is important also for student to compute the number of lighting
fixtures in a certain area/room considering the illumination.

What I Learned
(Activity 4)
It is defined as the luminance
or brightness of a surface
reflecting, transmitting or
emitting one lumen per
square centimeter
It is the amount of light flux

density. It is the unit of
measure used when
describing the amount of light
in a room and is expressed in
lumens per square foot
It is define as the intensity of

light per unit area

Name: Class number:

B.MAIN LESSON
Illumination is define as the intensity of light per unit area. When we talk of illumination, or simply
lighting, we are referring to man made lighting. Daylight, being excellent is not included. Indeed, we
assume a night time condition.
Electric Illumination is the production of light by means of electricity and its applications to provide
efficient, comfortable and safe vision. Specifically, when one speaks of lighting design refers to only
two things:
1. The quantity of light and
2. The quality of light
Quantity of Light refers to the amount of illumination or luminous flux per unit area. Quantity of light
can be measured and easily handled because it deals with the number of light fixtures required for a
certain area.
Quality of Light refers to the distribution of brightness in the lighting installation. It deals with the
essential nature or characteristics of light In short, quality of light is the mixture of
all the ·items related to illumination·
Four factors that affect illumination:

a. Brightness is the light that seems to radiate from an object being viewed. Brightness or luminance
is the luminous flux {light) emitted, transmitted or reflected from a surface.
b. Contrast is the difference in brightness or the brightness ratio between an object and its
background. The recommended brightness ratio between an object being viewed and its
background is normally 3:1.
c. Glare is a strong. Steady, dazzling light or reflection. The quality of the lighting system must also
include the visual comfort of the system, that is, the absence of glare. An excessive luminance
and of excessive luminance ratio in the field of vision is referred to as glare.
d. Diffuseness· refers to the control of shadows cast by light. Diffuseness is the degree to which light
is shadowless, and is therefore a function of the number of directions to which light collides with
a· particular point and the comparative intensities.
Two types of glare:

a. Direct Glare is an annoying brightness of light in a person’s normal field of vision.
b. Indirect or Reflected Glare is much more serious and difficult to ·control. Technically) reflected
glare is a glossy object.
Three characteristics that define a particular coloration:

a. Hue - is the quality attribute by which we recognize ·and describe colors as red, blue, yellow,
green, violet and soon.
b. Brilliance or Value - is the difference between the resultant colors of the same hue, such as: white
is the most brilliant of the neutral colors, while black is the least.

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c. Saturation or Chromate - is the difference from the purity of the colors. Colors of high saturation
must be used in a well-lit spaces.
Three types of luminance meter available:

a. The Comparator type requires the operator to make a brightness equivalence judgment between
the target and the background.
b. The Direct Reading type is basically an illumination meter equipped ·with a hooded cell arranged
to block oblique light:
c. The Accurate .Laboratory Instrument that is unsuitable for fieldwork.
Foot-candle (fc) is the amount of light flux density. It is the unit of measure used when describing the
amount of light in a room and is expressed in lumens per square foot.
Foot-lambert (fl) is defined as "the luminance of a surface reflecting, transmitting 01' emitting one
lumen (lm) of illumination per square foot of area in the direction being viewed or the conventional unit
of brightness or luminance.
𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑥 (𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠)

𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑙𝑒𝑠) =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑠𝑞. 𝑓𝑡)
Sample Problem:
A 40-watt fluorescent lamp 120 centimeter (48 in.) long produces 3,200 lumens of light in a ·room
having a general dimensions of 10 x 20 ft. Find the illumination on the floor.

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑠𝑞. 𝑓𝑡)
3,200 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠
10𝑓𝑡 𝑥 20 𝑓𝑡
footcandles = 16 fc
The Footcandle is an important unit of measure in calculating the desired illumination and
layout of fixtures. In the absence of footcandle table of equivalent for a particular fixture) a rule of
thumb of 10-30-50 illumination level is here presented.
10 - footcandle is adequate for halls and corridors

30 - footcandle is sufficient for areas between work stations such as in offices other than desk areas.
50 - footcandle is satisfactory on spaces where office work is being done.
Name: Class number:

Lighting Units in Metric Measures
In the English System of measure, the distance is expressed in feet and the area is in square feet
Under the Metric System (SI) the distance and area expressed in meters and square meters
respectively. Meanwhile
Lumens flux remains in Lumens, but Illumination or light flux is expressed in Lux.

𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝐿𝑢𝑥 ) =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑠𝑞. 𝑚)
Luminance or Brightness is expressed in Lambert which is defined as the luminance or brightness of

a surface reflecting, transmitting or emitting one ·lumen per square centimeter.
A 40 watts x 120 centimeters' long fluorescent lamp produces 3,200 lumens of light in a room having
a general dimension of 10 ft x 20 ft. Compute the illumination on the floor in metric units.
1 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 10𝑓𝑡 𝑥 20 𝑓𝑡 = 200 𝑠𝑞. 𝑓𝑡( ) = 18.59 𝑠𝑞. 𝑚.
3.2𝑓𝑡
3,200 𝑙𝑚
𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐿𝑢𝑥 ) =
18.59 𝑠𝑞. 𝑚.
Illumination = 172.17 lux
Compute the brightness of a fixture with a 1' x 4' plastic diffuser having a transmittance of 0.6 and
illuminated by 2 pcs. 3,200 lumen lamp assuming 100% use of light flux.
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑥 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑟
(2𝑝𝑐𝑠 𝑥 3,200𝑙𝑚) 𝑥 (0.6)

𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
(1𝑓𝑡 𝑥 4 𝑓𝑡)
Luminance = 960 footlambert
Watts per Square Meter
Another methods used in determining the illumination, is the watts per square meter. The floor area is
computed from the outside dimension of the building excluding open porches.
Depending upon the size of the room, colors of walls and ceiling, type of lighting units, and methods
of lighting used, the watts per square meter method may produce 50 to 100 lux that is approximately
5 to10 footcandles.

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a. For industrial areas, 20watts per square meter will provide an illumination or 100 to 150 lux
which is approximately 10 to 15 footcandles
b. For commercial areas, 2watts per square foot or 22watts per square meter will provide from
80 to
120 lux when used with standard quality equipment.
c. 40 watts per square meter will provide about 200 lux that is approximately 20fc wherein
greater illumination is required.
d. 60 watts per square meter will provide about 300 lux or approximately 30fc usually
recommended for many conventional, industrial and commercial requirements.
e. 80 watts per square meter will provide from 300 to 350 lux. In excess of 350 lux,
supplementary lighting are necessary.
Coefficient of Utilization and maintenance factor·
The usable Initial footcandle or lux is equal to the footcandle produced by the coefficient of utilization.
Initial was emphasized, because the output of the light fixture is reduced with time as the lamp fixture
becomes old and dirty. Lamp output normally drops and it is termed as Maintenance Factor (mf), and
to find the average maintained illumination, initial illumination is reduced by multiplying a maintenance
factor.
.
The usable initial footcandle is equal to the footcandle produced by the coefficient of utilization (cu)
𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑥 𝑐. 𝑢.
𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑙𝑒 =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝 𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥 𝑐. 𝑢. 𝑥 𝑚. 𝑓.
𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

Name: Class number:


Name: Class number:

TABLE D: FLUORESCENT LAMP DATA

Name: Class number:

Sample problem:
1. A school classroom with the general dimensions of 24 x 30feet is lighted with 10 fluorescent
lamp 4F 40 T12 WW rapid start lamp. Calculate the initial and maintained illumination in foot
candle (English) and Lux (Metric), assuming that the coefficient of utilization (cu) is 0.35 and
the maintenance factor (mf) is 0.70.
Referring to Table D, the F 40 T 12 WW watts fluorescent lamps has 3200 Lm output.
English system:
Lamp Lumens = 10 fixtures x 4 lamps per fixture

= 40 x 3200 lumens per lamp
= 128000 lumens
𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑥 𝑐. 𝑢.
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
128,000 𝑥 0.35
24 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 30 𝑓𝑡
Initial footcandle = 62.22 fc
Metric System:
Convert dimensions from feet to meter.
24ft (1m/3.28ft) = 7.32m

30ft (1m/3.28ft) = 9.14m
𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑥 𝑐. 𝑢. 𝑥 𝑚. 𝑓.
𝐿𝑢𝑥 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑞. 𝑚.
128,000 𝑥 0.35
𝐿𝑢𝑥 =
7.32𝑚 𝑥 9.14𝑚
Lux = 669.61lux

Name: Class number:

2. An office room with general dimension of 8m x 20m is to be lighted at an average maintained
footcandle of 50. Determine the number of 3-lamp fixtures of 120 centimeters long F40 T12
WW rapid start fluorescent lamp assuming cu = 0.38 and mf = 0.75.
𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑝 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠 =
𝑐. 𝑢. 𝑥 𝑚. 𝑓.
50𝑓𝑐 𝑥 (8𝑚 𝑥 20𝑚)

𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑝 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠 =
0.38 𝑥 0.75
Lamp lumens = 28,070 lm
Each 40 watts fluorescent lamp has an output of 3200 lumen, number of lamps will be:
28,070
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠 = = 8.77 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠
3,200
Since there are 3 lamps for each fixture, divide:
8.77
𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = = 2.93; ∴ 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝟑 𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒔 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
3
3. An entire office floor is lighted at an average maintained 538 lux or 50 fc. The floor measures
20m x 50m and is divided into bays measuring 4m x 5m. Using 2-lamp of F40 T12 CW rapid
start preheat lamp, determine the number of fixtures required. Assume an economy grade
fixture with low cu of 0.35 and mf of 0.70.
Referring to Table D, F40 T12 CW has 3150 lumens
𝐼𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 =
(𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒)𝑥 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑥 𝑐. 𝑢. 𝑥 𝑚. 𝑓.
538 𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑥 (4𝑚 𝑥 5𝑚)

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 =
(2 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠)𝑥 3,150𝑙𝑚 𝑥 0.35 𝑥 0.70
10,760
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = = 𝟔. 𝟗 𝒇𝒊𝒙𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒔
1,543
Say 6 fixtures per bay to make it symmetrical

Name: Class number:

Exercise A. An CE laboratory with floor is lighted at an average maintained 750 lux or 75 fc. The
floor measures 8m x 10m and is divided into bays measuring 4m x 5m. Using 2-lamp of F60 T12
CW/HO rapid start high output, determine the number of fixtures required. Assume an economy
grade fixture with low cu of 0.35 and mf of 0.70
Exercise B. A classroom with floor is lighted at an average maintained 500 lux or 50 fc.
The floor measures 8m x 8m and is divided into 2 bays. Using 2-lamp of F72 T12 CW/HO rapid
start very high output, determine the number of fixtures required. Assume an economy grade
fixture with low cu of 0.35 and mf of 0.70 (Note: fixtures are arrange in parallel in each bay).
Exercise C. A bedroom in dormitory with dimension of 4m x 3m is lighted with an average

maintained 200lux or 20fc. Using single lamp of F60 T12 CW /HO Rapid star high output
lamps. Determine the number of fixtures required. Assume an economy grade fixture with low cu
of 0.35 and mf of 0.70 (Note: fixtures are arrange in parallel in each bay).

from Activity 1 and write your answers to the questions based on what they now know in the
A school classroom with the general dimensions of 8m x 8m is lighted with 8 fluorescent lamp
2F 40 T12 CW rapid start lamp. Assuming that the coefficient of utilization (cu) is 0.35 and the
maintenance factor (mf) is 0.70. Determine if the area is well illuminated or not.
C. LESSON WRAP-UP

Name: Class number:

experience
FAQs
1. What is low voltage lighting system?
Low voltage generally refers to 12 volts (12v). A low voltage lighting system consists of a
transformer, low voltage cables and low voltage light fixtures. The transformer that is installed
outside (but sometimes inside) a home or building is plugged into a grounded outdoor power
receptacle that reduces standard 120 volt current to a low 12 volt current. A cable is attached to
the transformer that distributes power to the light fixtures that are connected along the length of
the cable. Low voltage lighting systems are used primarily for residential settings and require
very little digging or trenching for installation.
2. What are the types of illuminators

There are three main types of IR illuminators: diodes, lamps, and lasers. Diodes are small,
inexpensive, and good for short-range illumination. They also require relatively little power to
operate. Infrared lamps are more expensive to buy and maintain, but they can operate at greater
distances and are often better for facial identification. Lasers are excellent for long-range image
clarity, even in inclement weather, but they’re expensive, and potentially harmful to the eye if not
handled correctly-which is why they’re usually reserved for industrial and military use.
KEY TO CORRECTIONS
Exercise A. 6 fixtures
Exercise B. 5 fixtures
Exercise C. 2 fixtures

Name: Class number:

Lesson title: Street Light Materials:

Lesson Objectives: Module, calculator, paper, ballpen
1. Design a street light. References:
2. Enumerate the importance of street lights https://www.electrical4u.com/road-
3. Enumerate type of lamps used in street light lighting-design/
Fajardo , Max B. Jr. (2000),
Electrical Layout and Estimates
Productivity Tip:
At times like this, staying informed is essential, but you also need to know when you should pause all
the stressful events around the world.
A street light is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or path. Its purpose is to reveal the
properties of the objects it collides with. It is important for students to identify the types of lamps used
and also compute the illumination.

What I Learned
(Activity 4)
It makes human eyes disable

to see any object for a little
while
It is a raised source of light

on the edge of a road or path
(True or False) The purpose

of light is to rebel the
properties of the objects it
collides with

Name: Class number:

B.MAIN LESSON
A street light, light pole, lamppost, street lamp, light standard or lamp standard is a raised source of
light on the edge of a road or path. When urban electric power distribution became ubiquitous in developed
countries in the 20th century, lights for urban streets followed, or sometimes led.
The purpose of light is to reveal the properties of the objects it collides with.
Street lighting design

It is the design of street lighting such that people can safely continue their travels on the road also it
provide sufficient light for people to see important objects required for traversing the road.
Street lighting plays an important role in:

 Reducing the risk of night-time accidents
 Assisting in the protection of buildings/property (discouraging vandalism)
 Discouraging crime
 Creating a secure environment for habitation
The basic features of a street lighting luminaires are:

 Roadway luminaires are mounted horizontally and thus have fixed vertical aiming.
 Roadway lighting luminaires have particular intensity distributions which are desired to light long
narrow horizontal stripes on one side of the luminaire, while minimizing the intensities on the other
side of the luminaire.
 The intensity distributions up and down the narrow strip are generally the same.
 Any fixed aimed luminaire which does not have this type of intensity distribution is called an area
luminaire.
The main objectives of street lighting design scheme are given below:
 Perfect visual sensation for safety
 Illuminated environment for quick movement of the vehicles
 Clear view of objects for comfortable movement of the road users.
Various types of lamps are used in street lighting luminaires. They are
 High pressure sodium lamp
 Metal Halide Lamps
 Low pressure sodium lamps
 Incandescent Lamp (not recommended)
 LED
 CFL (used in Lanes or streets only not widely)
Types of Road to Implement Various Street Lighting Design Schemes
1. Type A of Street Lighting Design

o Heavy and high speed traffic
o The roads are separated with the separators.

Name: Class number:

o No crossing is allowed.
o Controlled access
o As the example: express ways.
2. Type B of Street Lighting Design

 Heavy and high speed traffic.
 Separate road for slow traffic movement or pedestrians.
 As the example: Trunk road.
3. Type C of Street Lighting Design

 Heavy mixed traffic with moderate speed.
 Rural and urban roads.
 As the examples: Ring Road or Radial Road.
4. Type D of Street Lighting Design

 Slow traffic and pedestrians’ purpose.
 Road in the city or shopping center.
 As the example: Shopping streets.
5. Type E of Street Lighting Design

 Mixed Traffic with limited speed.
 Connector road between residential areas.
 As the example: Local street.
Pole Arrangement Schemes in Street Lighting Design
a. Single Sided
When the width (W) of the road is nearly equal to the pole height (H), i.e. W = H then there are
arranged in one side only. Generally pole height is available of 10 meter.
The span between two poles is equal to the road width.
b. Double Sided
When the width (W) of the road is nearly double the pole height (H), i.e. W = 2H then the poles
are arranged along both sides in opposite to each other manner.
The span between two poles may not be equal to the road width.

Name: Class number:

c. Staggered Sided or Zigzag Pattern

When the width (W) of the road is nearly 1.5 times of the pole height (H), i.e. W = 1.5 H then
the poles are arranged in both sides in zigzag manner.
The span between two poles may not be equal to the road width.
d. Central Verge Position

When the width (W) of the road is much greater than the pole height (H), i.e. W>>H then the
poles are arranged in the central verge of the road. The luminaires are made to face towards
both the road surfaces from the central verge.
The span between two poles may not equal to the road width.
Typical Calculation of Road Lighting:

Name: Class number:

Luminaries are properly selected and mounted on a location most feasible and effective with minimum
cost. For a 230 volts system, a voltage drop of 5% is allowed although in extreme cases 15% voltage
drop is sometimes tolerated.
Street illumination level in Lux (E) = (Al x (cu x mf)) / (w x d)

E = The illumination in Lux w = Width of the roadway
d = Distance between luminaries
cu = Coefficient of utilization. Which is dependent on the type of fixture, mounting height, width of
roadway and the length of mast arm of outreach
Al = Average lumens, Al = (E x w x d) / Cu x mf
The typical value of Al:

 20500 lumens for 400 watts
The value of Al varies depending upon the type of lamp specified.
mf : It is the maintenance factor (Normally 0.8 to 0.9)

Name: Class number:

Glare in Street Lighting

Glare is the visual discomfortability of human eyes due to improper level of luminance distribution of the
luminaire to view an object. Glare can be classified into two types,
a. Disability Glare
Disability glare makes human eyes disable to see any object for a little while. For an example, when
we look at any bright source for a few seconds and then we look at any object with low brightness,
we become unable to see this object properly, rather we see black spot for some times. This is one
type of momentarily blindness.
b. Discomfort Glare
Discomfort glare is not the cause of momentarily blindness like disability glare, but it is responsible
to affect the visibility of the human eyes to an extent for long time. This kind of glare depends on the
luminaire installation. If the luminance is in higher value, the human eyes cannot observe the object
with lower luminance properly beyond this higher luminance. Discomfort glare is calculated in
logarithmic term. If we have the specific luminaire index (SLI) of a luminaire, we can easily calculate
this discomfort glare of that luminaire. SLI is the luminaire light distribution characteristics.
Sample problem 1.0:

Calculate Lamp watt for street Light Pole:
Calculate Lamp Lumen for street Light Pole having Road width of 7 meter, distance between two Pole is
50 meter, Maintenance factor is 0.9, Coefficient of utilization factor is 0.29, light pedestrian traffic is
medium and Vehicular traffic is very light and Road is concrete road.
Solution:
Recommended of illumination (E) in Lux is 6.46 per sq. meter.
w = 7.00 meters
d = 50 meters
mf = 0.9
cu = 0.29

Name: Class number:

 Average Lumen of Lamp (Al)=(E x w x d) / Cu x mf
6.46 𝑥 7 𝑥 50
𝐴𝑙 = = 8,662.83 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠
0.29 𝑥 0.9
Lamp lumen of a 250 watts lamp is 11,500 lm which is the nearest value to 8662.83 lumen.
Therefore, a 250 watts lamp is acceptable.
 Computing for the actual illumination E for 250 Watt Lamp

𝐴𝑙 𝑥 𝑐. 𝑢. 𝑥 𝑚. 𝑓.
𝐼𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐸) =
𝑤𝑥𝑑
11,500𝑥 0.29 𝑥 0.9

𝐼𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐸) =
7 𝑥 50
𝐼𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐸) = 8.57 𝑙𝑚 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑞. 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
Actual illumination (E) for 250 Watt is 8.57 lumen per sq meter which is higher than recommended
illumination (E) 6.46.
Therefore use 250 watt gives adequately lighting.
Sample problem 2.0:
Calculate Spacing between two Light Poles:
Calculate Space between Two Pole of Street Light having Fixture Watt is 250W , Lamp output of the
Lamp (LL) is 33200 lumens , Required Lux Level (E) is 5 lux , Width of the road = 11.48 feet (3.5
M),Height of the pole (H) = 26.24 feet (8 M) ,Coefficient of utilization (CU) = 0.18, Lamp Lumen
Depreciation Factor (LLD) = 0.8 ,Luminaries dirt Depreciation Factor (LDD) = 0.9
Solution:
 Luminaries Spacing (S) = (LLxCUxLLDxLDD) / (ExW)
Luminaries Spacing (S) = (33200×0.18×0.9×0.8) / (5×11.48)

Luminaries Spacing (S) = 75 feet (23 Meters)

Name: Class number:


Name: Class number:

Exercise A. Calculate Lamp Lumen for street Light Pole having Road width of 8 meter, distance between
two Pole is 50 meter, Maintenance factor is 0.80, Coefficient of utilization factor is 0.25, light pedestrian
traffic is medium and Vehicular traffic is light and Road is concrete road.
Exercise B. Calculate Space between Two Pole of Street Light having Fixture Watt is 250W , Lamp
output of the Lamp (LL) is 33200 lumens , Required Lux Level (E) is 5 lux , Width of the road = 19.68
feet (6.0M),Height of the pole (H) = 26.24 feet (8 M) ,Coefficient of utilization (CU) = 0.25, Lamp Lumen
Depreciation Factor (LLD) = 0.8 ,Luminaries dirt Depreciation Factor (LDD) = 0.9.

the chart.

a. Draw an image/isometric view of street light in Central Verge Position

Name: Class number:

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
Mark your place in the work tracker which is simply a visual to help students track how much work they
have accomplished and how much work there is left to do.
FAQs
1. Why are street lights different colors?

The reason that most streetlights are orange or yellowish in colour is because they contain the chemical
sodium. Some electricity is passed into the lightbulb and this gives energy to the sodium. Sodium, when it
gets excited by the energy, gives out a whole lot of orange light.
2. What is the standard lux level for street light?

Illumination levels for streetscape projects that provide full pedestrian lighting on sidewalks should have a
minimum average illumination level of 10 Lux (1.0 FC). The uniformity ratio should be designed for 3:1.
This lighting level should be in addition to the level provided by the regular street lighting system.
KEY TO CORRECTIONS

Name: Class number:

Lesson title: Building Communication System Materials:

Lesson Objectives: Module, Paper, Ballpen
At the end of the topic, you would be able to: References:
1. Enumerate the components of the building https://www.fiberoptics4sale.co
communication system. m/bl ogs/archive-
2. Illustrate some components of the system posts/95047110-
communication-systems-voice-
data-video-lan-hvac-fire-alarm-
security-and-cctv
Productivity Tip:
Even when we are in lockdown, take basic measures such as washing your hands for 20 seconds,
covering your mouth when you sneeze or cough and throwing away the tissue immediately,
maintaining at least six feet of space between other people.
A telecommunications system in a building is is a collection of nodes and links to enable to
communicate every person in a building. It is also important for security reason and for fire
protection as well as for paging system. It is also important for students to identify the components
of the system.

What I Learned
(Activity 4)
Are build systems that

regulate a building’s
environment or monitor it for
safety or security purpose?
Are connected to the control
unit with communication
cables and they are magnetic
card readers, key pads, or a
type of biometric sensing
device?

Name: Class number:

B.MAIN LESSON
Telecommunication Systems
A telecommunications system is a collection of nodes and links to enable telecommunication.

Telecommunication is communication at a distance using electrical signals or electromagnetic waves.
Five categories of communications systems in commercial buildings need structured cabling systems:
a. Phone systems
b. Data systems
c. Local Area Networks (LANs)
d. Building Automation and Control Systems (BACS)
e. Sound Systems
A. Phone Systems
It is required in businesses that has more than one phone line, so that employees can receive phone
calls while other employees are making phone calls. This is supported by a phone switch. Each
telephone is connected to the phone switch using UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) copper cable.
a. Small Business Phone Systems
Small businesses with fewer employees typically use small phone switches called Key Service Units
(KSU). A KSU is designed to support a fixed number of phone lines and telephone extensions.
A typical KSU supports up to eight phone lines coming from the Local Exchange Carrier (LEC, the
phone company), and up to 32 telephone extensions.

Name: Class number:

b. Large Business Phone Systems
Large businesses with hundreds or thousands of employees need a large phone switch called PBX
(Private Branch Exchange). PBX can support hundreds of phone lines from the LEC (phone company)
and thousands of telephone extensions. PBX systems can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars.

Name: Class number:

B. Data Systems
It is typically used to describe a mainframe or minicomputer system. It is not used to describe today’s
popular PC-Server LAN (Local Area Network) systems.
a. Mainframe Computers
It is a large, centralized computer that performed all computing activities. All applications were
installed on the mainframe computer, and all data was stored on the mainframe computer’s disk
drives.
The users interacted with the mainframe computer through terminals which were connected to a port
on the mainframe’s controller with a communication cable. A mainframe computer could support
hundreds of terminals. A mainframe computer was powerful enough to support an entire company.

Name: Class number:

b. Minicomputers
It is a smaller version of the mainframe computer. All applications ran on the centralized computer
system and all data was stored on the minicomputer’s disk drives. Users interacted with the
minicomputer through terminals which were connected to a port on the minicomputer with a
copper cable.
Because minicomputers were not as powerful as mainframes, they supported only small number of
terminals.
C. LAN (Local Area Networks)
The term LAN is defined as “a data communication system allowing a number of independent devices
to communicate directly with each other and within a moderately sized geographic area.”

Name: Class number:

LAN is composed of at least of the following components.
a. Computers
b. Network Interface Card (NIC)
c. Communication cable d. LAN hubs or switches
D. Building Automation and Control Systems (BACS)
Building Automation and Control Systems (BACS) are build systems that regulate a building’s
environment or monitor it for safety or security purpose.
BACS systems use a centralized control unit and distributed sensors or devices. Each sensor is
connected to a port on the centralized control unit with a cable. The cable may also provides power
from the central unit to the sensor.
The following systems are all part of a BACS system:
a. HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning)

HVAC system provides building temperature, humidity, and environmental control. It has a
centralized control unit, and thermostats placed throughout the building.
Thermostats are connected to the control unit with cable and preset thresholds will trigger the
centralized control unit to turn on a mechanical system to adjust the air pressure, rate of air flow,
and fan speeds.
b. Fire Alarm
A fire alarm system consists of the follow components.
 Sensors
 Sprinklers
 Lights and horns
The centralized fire alarm control panel is responsible for the detection, suppression and
notification of fire. Fire alarm sensors are wired to a port on the control unit. If the centralized
control panel receives a signal from a sensor indicating a fire condition, it may activate
the suppression and notification devices.

Name: Class number:

The fire alarm system can also integrate with security and access control system to unlock security
doors and to enable automatic doors to be manually opened to provide escape routes. It can also
integrate with the electrical system to operate emergency lighting and perform elevator capture to
prevent their use during a fire.
c. Security, Access Control, and Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) Security systems include the
following types:
 Alarm systems to provide intruder detection
 Control system to provide restricted access to specific areas of a building
 Closed circuit television systems to provide 24-hour surveillance of building grounds and
building spaces.
Security systems are often integrated with access controls systems together.
1) Security System
The security system is made up of the following components:
 A centralized control unit
 Sensors
 Magnetic contact points
The sensors and magnetic contacts are distributed throughout the building and connected back to
the control unit with communication cable. The security system monitors glass breaking,
motion, or separation of the magnetic contact points on doors and windows.

Name: Class number:

2) Access Control System

Access control system is made up of the following components:
 A centralized control unit
 Access points
Access points are connected to the control unit with communication cables and they are magnetic
card readers, key pads, or a type of biometric sensing device. The access point sends user’s
information to the control unit, and the control unit send the signal to open the door if user is
verified.

Name: Class number:

3) CCTV System
Closed Circuit Television system is a video network for security purpose. It is made up of video
cameras placed throughout a building and campus. The video cameras are wired to a headend
with coaxial cable. In turn, the headend sends the video signal to television monitoring sets in a
security office. A typical CCTV system is shown below.
E. Sound Systems
It includes overhead paging systems and audio systems. Sound systems are used buildings for
many people, such as airports, department stores, and sport stadiums. Overhead paging system
is used to broadcast messages in a building such as airports and sport stadiums. Audio systems
are used in department stores to distribute music and create a pleasant shopping environment.
A typical sound system is composed of the following components:

 Sound source
 Amplifier
 Communication cable
 Speakers

Name: Class number:

1. Enumerate the five categories of communication in a building.
2. Enumerate the five components of sound system Sound source
3. Enumerate the 3 types of Security systems
4. Enumerate the 4 components of LAN
5. Enumerate the three components of a security system.
6. Enumerate the two classification of Sound system.

of the chart.

Illustrate a LAN which has 5 client/work station, server, and hub

Name: Class number:

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
experience
FAQs
1. What do I need for a complete CCTV system?
A CCTV system will be based around a DVR or digital video recorder. CCTV cameras are
connected to the DVR using cables and there will be some ancillary items such as a power supply
for the cameras.
2. What is Ethernet?
Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies commonly used in local area networks
(LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN) and wide area networks (WAN).
KEY TO CORRECTIONS
Illustrate a LAN which has 5 client/work station, server, and hub

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CIE 116

PEN Code : CIE 116 Credit: 3 units

C. Course Topics and Time Allotment

Periodical Grade = (0.60 x Class Standing) + (0.40 x Periodical Exam)

Name: Class number:

Lesson title: Materials:

2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (5 mins)

What are the two

What is the difference

What are the main units used

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Name: Class number:

CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS

UNITS USED IN ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

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DIRECT CURRENT vs. ALTERNATING CURRENT

An alternating voltage source periodically reverses or

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Name: Class number:

Individual Practice. Observe proper units. (Summative assessment)

Solve for the voltage, V.

Solve for the resistance, R.

Solve for the power, P.

Worded Problems: (Summative assessment)

4. 4. How much power is consumed by a 24-V incandescent lamp if it draws 100 mA of

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Name: Class number:

3) Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (2 mins)

Which source can d. None of

Which type of source

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1) Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)

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Lesson title: SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS Materials:

2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (5 mins)

What is the difference

What are the two forms of

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Similar connections of two resistors in series

Similar connections of three resistors in series:

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SERIES TOTAL RESISTANCE

SERIES IR VOLTAGE DROPS

Checking the above solution: = 1+ 2 =4 +6 = 10

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PARALLEL TOTAL RESISTANCE

Shortcut for two parallel resistors R1 ‖ R2

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PARALLEL BRANCH CURRENTS