Wa0180.

STATES OF MATTER
Solids
● Solids have a fixed volume and shape and they have a high density.
● The atoms vibrate in position but can’t change location
● The particles are packed very closely together in a fixed and regular pattern
Liquids
● Liquids also have a fixed volume but adopt the shape of the container
● They are generally less dense than solids (an exception is water), but much
denser than gases
● The particles move and slide past each other which is why liquids adopt the
shape of the container and also why they are able to flow freely
Gases
● Gases do not have a fixed volume, and, like liquids, take up the shape of the
container
● Gases have a very low density
● Since there is a lot of space between the particles, gases can be compressed
into a much smaller volume
● The particles are far apart and move randomly and quickly (around 500 m/s) in
all directions
● They collide with each other and with the sides of the container (this is how
pressure is created inside a can of gas)
Properties of Solid, Liquid and Gases
Solids Liquids Gases
Shape have a definite take the shape take the shape of

shape of their their container
container
Density high medium low

Volume have a fixed have a fixed no fixed volume
volume volume
Particle Motion particles can particles can particles are

vibrate about their move past one mobile and move
fixed positions another randomly
Particle particles are particles are particles are

Arrangement arranged regularly randomly randomly
in a lattice arranged arranged
Diagram
Melting
● Melting is when a solid changes into a liquid

● Requires heat energy which transforms into kinetic energy, allowing the particles
to move
● Occurs at a specific temperature known as the melting point (m.p.)
Boiling
● Boiling is when a liquid changes into a gas

● Requires heat
● Occurs at a specific temperature known as the boiling point (b.p.)
Freezing
● Freezing is when a liquid changes into a solid

● This is the reverse of melting and occurs at exactly the same temperature as
melting, hence the melting point and freezing point of a pure substance are the
same. Water, for example, freezes and melts at 0 ºC
● Requires a significant decrease in temperature (or loss of thermal energy) and
occurs at a specific temperature
Evaporation
● Evaporation occurs when a liquid changes into a gas and occurs over a range of
temperatures
COOLING AND HEATING CURVES

● When substances are heated, the particles absorb thermal energy which is
converted into kinetic energy. This is the basis of the kinetic theory of matter
● Heating a solid causes its particles to vibrate more and as the temperature
increases, they vibrate so much that the solid expands until the structure breaks
and the solid melts
● On further heating, the now liquid substance expands more and some particles at
the surface gain sufficient energy to overcome the intermolecular forces and
evaporate
● When the b.p. temperature is reached, all the particles gain enough energy to
escape and the liquids boils
● These changes in state can be shown on a graph called a heating curve
● Cooling down a gas has the reverse effect and this would be called a cooling
curve
● These curves are used to show how changes in temperature affect changes of
state
● The horizontal sections occur when there is a change of state but there is no
change in temperatureThe horizontal sections occur when there is a change of
state but there is no change in temperature
A heating curve showing the states, state changes and temperature changes as time
progresses
The horizontal lines in the cooling and the heating curves represent the processes like melting,
freezing, etc. During this stage though the heating/cooling process is not stopped there is no
change in temperature as the energy is used to overcome the forces of attraction between the
particles and does not increase or decrease the kinetic energy. While heating the heat energy
supplied is taken up as the kinetic energy of the particles.
Diffusion:-
1. The movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration.
2. It is seen only in Fluids (gasses and liquids).
3. The rate of diffusion depends on the temperature, concentration, and molecular weight.
4. The rate of diffusion is maximum in gasses.

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STATES OF MATTER

Properties of Solid, Liquid and Gases

Solids Liquids Gases

Shape have a definite take the shape take the shape of

Density high medium low

Particle Motion particles can particles can particles are

Particle particles are particles are particles are

● Melting is when a solid changes into a liquid

● Boiling is when a liquid changes into a gas

● Freezing is when a liquid changes into a solid

COOLING AND HEATING CURVES

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