WEB DEVELOPMENT NC III

Basic Competency
UOC8. Evaluate Environmental Work Practices
LO1. Interpret Environmental Practices, Policies and Procedures

Information Sheet 8.1-1: Environmental Issues

Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation

Global warming due to CO2 emissions — which according to the UN have increased
by almost 50% since 1990 — is accelerating climate change and threatens the
survival of millions of people, plants and animals by causing meteorological events
like droughts, fires and floods, which are becoming increasingly frequent and more
extreme. This means we need to take measures to mitigate its effects and adapt to
its consequences which, even if we keep global warming under 2 ºC as required by
the Paris Agreements, will last for centuries.

Pollution Problems and Their Effect on Health

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 90% of humanity breathes
polluted air, so is calling for a reduction in air pollution to cut rates of respiratory
illnesses, thus preventing seven million deaths a year. Contaminated water also
causes major health problems and five million deaths a year according to Oxfam
Intermón. The UN advocates eliminating dumping, minimising the use of chemicals
and treating more wastewater, among other measures.

Protecting the Oceans

The oceans have become the giant waste dumps for plastic. What's more, there are
other serious environmental problems related to the oceans such as damage to
ecosystems due to global warming, dumping of pollutants, wastewater and fuel
spills. The UN calls for improved management of protected areas, giving them
sufficient resources, and reducing overfishing, pollution and acidification of the
ocean caused by the increase in the earth's temperature.

The Energy Transition and Renewables

While energy accounts for 60% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the UN
calculates that 13% of the world population lacks access to electricity and that 3
billion people depend on fossil fuels for cooking. This situation requires an energy
transition towards a cleaner, more accessible and efficient model based on the use
of renewable energy sources to build communities that are more sustainable,
inclusive and resistant to environmental problems like climate change.

A Sustainable Food Model

Intensive food production harms the environment by depleting the soil and
damaging marine ecosystems. What's more, overexploitation of natural resources
has put food safety and the availability of drinking water at risk. The UN considers
it essential to change the food production model and our food habits, including a
more plant-based diet featuring local ingredients to save energy and reduce CO2
emissions.

Protecting Biodiversity
We have already lost 8% of known animal species and 22% are at risk of extinction
due mainly to the destruction of their natural habitats, poaching and the
introduction of invasive species. The UN has called for conclusive actions to put an
end to these threats and conserve our natural heritage, including our increasingly
threatened forests.

Sustainable Urban Development and Mobility

The growth of cities, which will need to accommodate around 5 billion people by
2030, will be another of the decade's big environmental challenges. The
metropolises of the future will need to be compact, safe, inclusive, ecological and
energy efficient, with more green spaces, more environmentally friendly buildings
and more sustainable methods of transport which put the needs of pedestrians
above those of traffic.

Hydric Stress and Water Scarcity

The lack of this resource, vital to human, animal and plant survival, affects more
than 40% of the world population, and according to the World Economic Forum,
agriculture accounts for more than 70% of the water used in the planet's most arid
countries. The responsible use of hydrological resources will improve food and
energy production, as well as protecting the biodiversity of our water ecosystems
and helping us slow climate change.

Extreme Meteorological Phenomena

Global warming is causing increasingly frequent, intense and devastating droughts,
hurricanes and heat waves. Keeping temperatures stable, as has been championed
in negotiations at the highest level, as well as improving our capacity to respond to
climate emergencies, are the keys to minimising the number of these catastrophes,
adapting to them, and defending ourselves from them.

Overpopulation and Waste Management

The UN expects the world population to exceed 8.5 billion by 2030, forcing us to
considerably reduce the amount of waste we generate through prevention,
reduction, reuse, and recycling as part of the circular economy, with the aim of
minimising the impact on health and on the environment.

Source:
https://www.iberdrola.com/sustainability/most-important-environmental-issues
 Information Sheet 8.1-2: Environmental Work Procedures

Corporates are obligated to protect the environment under the Environmental

Responsibility of the Corporations. Taking care of the environment can positively
impact the bottom line of a company.

1. Waste and Recycling Storage Facility

An approved disposal or recycling company should collect and dispose of the waste
generated by business operations by applicable laws and regulations. Recycling
plastic, paper, metals, and glass is mandated by waste management standards,
which compels all firms to separate these materials.

2. Business Entities Must Safeguard Conservation and Biodiversity

Animals and plants of all kinds are included in “biodiversity.” Global biodiversity is
being lost as a result of rising human activity. Businesses in the area should be
aware of biodiversity conservation and take steps to ensure it is protected. Land-
based industries like farming and forestry are just one example of businesses
headquartered in or near biodiversity hotspots subject to this rule.

Nature reserves, natural beauty places in need of conservation, wildlife habitats,

and national parks are all included in protected areas like UNESCO biospheres.

3. Social and Environmental Responsibility

Corporate entities are a component of society, and their economic operations have
an impact on society, either directly or indirectly. As a result, businesses must
deliver goods and services to society in a lawful, efficient, and profitable manner. It
is also one of the newest management strategies, in which companies try to benefit
society while doing business.

According to a Cone Communications study, most customers expect companies to

not only make a profit but also to operate responsibly in order to address social and
environmental challenges.

4. Corporate Social Responsibility Efforts

Companies have a high carbon footprint, which is being reduced through the
deployment of new technologies or other improvements. It would be considered
both to be beneficial to the corporation and to society. As a result, environmental
protection is the primary concern of corporate entities.

Corporates also demonstrate social responsibility by donating to national and local

organizations that benefit society. They have a wealth of resources that can be used
to assist the local community. Participating in volunteer events reveals a lot about a
company’s genuineness and sense of social responsibility. Companies can
communicate their concern for their issues and support certain groups by
performing good actions without asking anything in return.

5. Green Workplace
Toxic-free inks and pens, as well as refillable ink cartridges, are all examples of this.
The Green Office carries a wide range of environmentally friendly office supplies.
Here are a few important things that you can use in your workspace to save the
environment.

Electricity
Be sure to switch off any lights, computers, printers, and other electrical equipment
before leaving the facility for the evening. Screensavers can be activated after 10
minutes of inactivity if you want to save battery life during the day.

When leaving a room, many people forget to switch off the lights. Additionally,
wherever possible, use energy-saving lights and let the sun’s rays illuminate your
home. If individuals forget to turn off the lights when they leave, buying motion-
activated lights may be a good idea.

Choices in Food
Using less packaging, purchasing in bulk, or even considering vegan or vegetarian
options are just a few ways to go green when ordering food for a small group (cattle
are one of the largest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions). Rather than using
single-use plastic cups to refill your water from the machine, opt to use glasses
instead.

If you drink coffee, a reusable cup is both more eco-friendly and cheaper than
disposable mugs. Many coffee establishments give a slight discount to customers
who bring their own mugs!

Office without Paper

Papers can now be shared, updated, and passed on using cloud-based services like
Google Drive, OneDrive and GitHub. Also many online course creators like
aCompiler just use text and video based lessons to teach their students. You can
even have documents signed electronically. Also, whenever possible, promote the
use of recycled paper when creating printed materials.

A computer screen or projector could be used to display the meeting agenda or

other visual aids instead of printing them out.

Source:
https://cudoo.com/blog/environmental-practices-in-the-workplace/
 Information Sheet 8.1-3: Environmental Laws

GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS & POLICIES

Philippine Environmental Policy

Presidential Decree No. 1151 (06 June 1977): In the pursuit of advancing both the
productive and harmonious relationship of nature and the Filipino people of today
and the future, the Philippine Environmental Policy mandates an intensive and
integrated national environmental protection program mainly by requiring
environmental impact assessments and statements.

Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System

Presidential Decree No. 1586 (11 June 1978): This policy established the Philippine
Environmental Impact Statement System (PEISS) as the framework for all
environmental impact assessment activities nationwide. In consonance with the
Philippine Environmental Policy (PD 1151), the PEISS includes the classification of
every development project as either environmentally critical or environmentally
non-critical. All projects that can potentially cause any form of significant impact to
the environment are regarded as environmentally critical and are therefore required
to secure an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC).

Strategic Environmental Plan for Palawan Act of 1992

Republic Act No. 7611: The Strategic Environmental Plan (SEP) is “a comprehensive
framework for the sustainable development of Palawan.” All projects of government
agencies, from planning to implementation, in the province should be coordinated
and aligned to this framework. The main strategy here is to establish an
“Environmentally Critical Areas Network” or ECAN which is a graded system of
protective control over all terrestrial and marine natural resources, as well as the
tribal ancestral lands in Palawan. The Palawan Council for Sustainable Development
(PCSD) was created pursuant to this policy.

Climate Change Act of 2009

Republic Act No. 9729: In light of the climate vulnerability of the Philippines and its
people, the Climate Change Act of 2009 integrates climate change adaptation and
mitigation strategies into policy formulation and development activities of all
government agencies. It also created the Climate Change Commission, chaired by
the President of the Republic of the Philippines, as the central entity for all climate
change-related plans and programs in the country.

Writ of Kalikasan
Rules of Procedure for Environmental Cases (A.M. No. 09-6-8-SC, 29 April 2010): The
Writ of Kalikasan (A.M. No. 09-6-8-SC Rule 7) is one of the two (2) special civil
actions that any person or entity can avail of whenever their constitutional right to a
balanced and healthy environment is violated or threatened. The other civil action
that can be availed of is the Writ for Continuing Mandamus (A.M. No. 09-6-8-SC Rule
8) which applies when a government agency or officer violates an environmental
policy.

Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010

Republic Act No. 10121: Making the then National Disaster Coordinating Council
(NDCC) into what we know today as the National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Council (NDRRMC) to serve as the lead agency for disaster-related
programs in the Philippines such as but not limited to the development of the
comprehensive guides for DRR efforts nationwide (referred to as the National
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework [NDRRMF] and National
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan [NDRRMP]).

Here is the NDRRMP for 2011 to 2028. Pursuant to this Act, regional, provincial, city,
and municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) councils and
barangay DRRM committees were also created. Among other provisions, RA 10121
also mandated DRRM Education in secondary and tertiary education as well as in
the Sangguniang Kabataan along with the Mandatory DRRM training for public
sector employees (Section 14).

ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND POLICIES ON WASTE & POLLUTION

Philippine Sanitation Code

Presidential Decree No. 856 (23 December 1975): The Philippine Sanitation Code
sets sanitary standards for drinking water, food and other business establishments,
industrial hygiene, schools, health services, markets, slaughterhouses, transport
vehicles, terminals and other service stations, and lodging areas and infrastructures
among many others. It regulates nuisances (anything that injures health, endangers
life, offends senses, or produces discomfort to the community), and activities
concerning dead persons, their funeral, and remains. Importantly, it regulates other
forms of pollution not covered in the above-mentioned places like that caused by
certain substances, radiation, noise, and biological pollutants among others. It also
sets the requirements for the collection of sewage, operation of sewerage works
and sewage treatment plants, construction of septic tanks, and disposal of septic
tank effluents (Chapter XVII).

Marine Pollution Decree of 1976

Presidential Decree No. 979 (18 August 1976): Pursuant to this policy, dumping of
wastes and other hazardous matter into the ocean and inland waters of the
Philippines is considered unlawful unless due to unavoidable accidents or otherwise
prescribed by the National Pollution Control Commission or the Philippine Coast
Guard.

Water Code of the Philippines

Presidential Decree No. 1067 (31 December 1976): The Water Code of the
Philippines governs the ownership, allocation, utilization, control, conservation, and
the overall administration of all waters and water resources in the country through
the National Water Resources Board. Filipinos of legal age and entities, including
government agencies, must acquire a water permit (the written evidence of having
a water right) in order to be able to appropriate and use water. Any activities
affecting water resources shall likewise acquire a permit first.

The water permit specifies among others the:

(1) maximum amount and rate as well as the schedule of water diversion or
withdrawal,
(2) location of wells,
(3) place of use, and
(4) purpose/s of water use

The streambank easement zones of three (3) meters for urban areas, twenty (20)
meters for agricultural areas, and forty (40) meters for forest areas along the entire
length of the rivers and streams are also mandated under Article 51 of this Code.

Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990
Republic Act No. 6969: Importation, manufacturing, processing, sale, distribution,
use, and disposal of substances that pose an unreasonable risk and/or injury to the
health of the people and the environment are prohibited under this Act. All
chemicals being presently imported, manufactured, or used in the country are listed
in an inventory with full details and any new substances must undergo pre-
manufacturing or pre-importation regulations. To get to know more about
hazardous waste management in the Philippines, check out our definitive guide on
this topic here.

Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999

Republic Act No. 8749: One of the salient features of this Act is the establishment of
a multi-sectoral Integrated Air Quality Improvement Framework and Air Quality
Control Action Plan which will serve as the primary guide for air pollution
management and control in the country. Adopting a multi-sectoral or participatory
approach (also called “partnership approach to healthy air” or “people-driven
approach”) means that ideas and comments should be gathered from all
stakeholders, and information is largely disclosed to the public. Alongside many
other regulatory measures, all sources of air pollutant emissions are also mandated
by this Act to secure a permit to operate apart from the Environmental Compliance
Certificate (ECC). Importantly, this Act sets the emission limits for various types of
pollutants both stationary and mobile, including smoking, fuel and fuel additives,
ozone-depleting substances, greenhouse gases, and organic pollutants among
many others.

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000

Republic Act No. 9003: Aimed at establishing a nationwide ecological solid waste
management program, this Act provides for the furtherance of proper segregation,
collection and transport, recycling, and composting of wastes in the Philippines.
Article 6 of RA 9003 promulgates the guidelines for a comprehensive waste
management strategy including but not limited to: Prohibition of open dumps,
Requiring a permit for solid waste management facility construction and expansion,
Guidelines for controlled dumps, and Criteria for siting, establishment, and
operations of sanitary landfills in the country.

We wrote about solid waste management planning, requirements for solid waste
management operations and the different guidelines for waste management
facilities as mandated by this Act in this complete guide.

Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004

Republic Act No. 9275: The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 is the comprehensive
strategy for the protection and conservation of the country’s water resources, both
freshwater and marine. This Act requires the acquisition of water pollution permits
through the “Wastewater Charge System” which ensures that there are no
unauthorized, undocumented, and unregulated discharges in any water body in the
Philippines. Project and program proponents are also required to establish an
environmental guarantee fund (EGF) in order to finance the preservation and/or
rehabilitation of the health of the affected ecosystems, especially that of the
watersheds and aquifers among others. All persons or organizations that cause
pollution are likewise required to clean-up any pollution they have caused at their
own expense.

Source:
https://greendevsolutions.com/environmental-laws-and-policies-in-the-philippines/

Information Sheet 8.1-4: Environmental Hazardous and Non-Hazardous

Materials

Hazardous waste is waste that poses a severe threat to human health or the
environment if improperly disposed of. According to the EPA, a substance is a
hazardous waste if it appears on specific lists of hazardous waste or exhibits the
established characteristics of hazardous waste. Hazardous waste is regulated under
the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).
Listed Waste

Listed wastes appear on one of four official lists: the F, K, P and U lists.
The F list identifies non-source-specific hazardous wastes from common industrial
and manufacturing applications. The K list identifies source-specific wastes from
specific areas within industry and manufacturing.

The P and U lists define wastes that consist of pure, commercial-grade formulations
of specific unused chemicals. To be classified as a P or U waste, a substance must
meet the following three criteria:
1. The waste must contain one of the chemicals on the P or U lists.
2. The chemical in the waste must be unused.
3. The chemical in the waste must be a commercial chemical product. The EPA
considers a commercial chemical product to be one that is either a 100
percent pure commercial-grade product or one that is the sole active
ingredient in a given chemical formation.
The P list differs from the U list in that it designates acute hazardous wastes —
those that are toxic even at low levels.

Characteristic Waste

The EPA considers characteristic waste to be waste that exhibits any of four
properties:
1. Ignitability: Hazardous wastes that demonstrate the characteristic of
ignitability include the following: wastes with flashpoints of less than 60
degrees Celsius, non-liquid materials that cause fires, ignitable compressed
gases and oxidizers.
2. Corrosivity: Corrosive hazardous wastes include acidic liquid wastes with a pH
of two or less and basic liquid wastes that have a pH of 12.5 or more and can
corrode steel.
3. Reactivity: Reactive hazardous wastes include wastes that are unstable under
standard conditions, react with water, give off toxic fumes or have the
capability to explode or detonate when they are heated.
4. Toxicity: Toxic hazardous wastes include wastes that are harmful to health
when swallowed or absorbed. Toxic wastes are of particular concern because
they can leach through soil and contaminate groundwater.

Common Examples of Hazardous Waste

Many pesticides, herbicides, paints, industrial solvents, fluorescent light bulbs and
mercury-containing batteries are classified as hazardous wastes. So are medical
waste products such as cultures, human tissue, contaminated gloves, sharps and so
forth. Below are a few lists of common examples of hazardous wastes by list and
category.

Common F-List Wastes

The hazardous wastes on the EPA’s F list are divided into seven different categories
based on the industrial application from which they originated:

1. Spent Solvent Wastes

Some common types of spent solvent wastes include tetrachloroethylene,
trichloroethylene, methylene chloride, carbon tetrachloride and chlorinated
fluorocarbons, all of which are spent halogenated solvents used in degreasing.

Some common types of spent non-halogenated solvents include xylene, acetone,

ethyl acetate, ethylbenzene, ethyl ether, n-butyl alcohol, methanol, nitrobenzene,
toluene, methyl ethyl ketone, isobutanol, pyridine, benzene and many more.

All spent solvent solutions that contain 10 percent or more of any of these
substances also qualify, as do still bottoms from the recovery of spent solvents and
spent solvent mixtures.

2. Electroplating and Other Metal-Finishing Wastes

Electroplating and other metal-finishing wastes include spent cyanide bath plating
solutions and any plating bath solutions and residues from operations where
cyanides have been used. They additionally include wastewater treatment sludges
from the chemical coating of aluminum.

3. Dioxin-Containing Wastes
Dioxin-containing wastes include wastes from the production of tri-, tetra- or
pentachlorophenol or their derivatives, which are usually pesticides. Wastes from
the production of tetra-, penta- and hexachlorobenzenes also belong to this
category.

4. Wastes from the Production of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as perchloroethylene and trichloroethylene
are often used as solvents in dry-cleaning and other industries. Their hazardous
wastes include distillation residues, heavy ends, tars, clean-out wastes from
reactors, condensed light ends, spent filters and filter aids and spent desiccant
waste.

5. Wood-Preserving Waste
Wood-preserving waste is classified as hazardous waste if it comes from facilities
that use the preservative creosote — a potential carcinogen — or arsenic or
chromium preservatives. This waste can include process residuals, preservative
drippings and spent formulations.

6. Petroleum Refinery Wastewater Treatment Sludge

Any sludge created by the separation of oil, water and solids or by oily cooling
wastewater during petroleum refining is classified as hazardous waste. These
sludges are often generated in separators, tanks, impoundments, ditches, sumps,
storm water units that receive dry weather flow, induced air flotation units and
dissolved air flotation units.

7. Leachate from Multiple Sources

Leachate is any liquid that has percolated through waste disposed of on land.
Leachate that has flowed through more than one type of waste included on the
EPA’s hazardous waste listings is automatically classified as hazardous as well.

Common Wastes on the K List

The hazardous wastes on the K list, unlike those on the F list, come from specific
manufacturing and industrial sectors. Sources for the different types of wastes on
the K list fall into one of the following 13 categories:
1. Wood preservation
2. Organic chemicals manufacturing
3. Pesticides manufacturing
4. Petroleum refining
5. Veterinary pharmaceuticals manufacturing
6. Inorganic pigment manufacturing
7. Inorganic chemicals manufacturing
8. Explosives manufacturing
9. Iron and steel production
10.Primary aluminum production
11.Secondary lead processing
12.Ink formulation
13.Coal processing into coke

Common Wastes on the P List

Hazardous wastes on the P list are classified as acute hazardous waste — they are
toxic to humans even at low doses or when properly managed. Some examples of
the many acute hazardous wastes on the P list include the following:
 Acetamide
 Allyl alcohol
 Arsenic acid
 Barium, calcium, copper, hydrogen, potassium, silver, sodium and zinc
cyanides
 Beryllium powder
 Benzyl chloride
 Disulfoton
 Epinephrine
  Fluorine
 Nicotine and salts
 Nitric oxide
 Nitrogen oxide and dioxide
 Strychnine and salts
 Tetraethyl lead
 Thallic oxide
 Toxaphene

Common Wastes on the U List

A few of the common hazardous wastes on the U list are the following:
 Acetone
 Acrylic acid
 Benzene
 Diethylhexyl phthalate
 Methyl bromide
 Chlorobenzene
 Chloroform
 Methyl chloride
 Creosote
 DDT
 Dichlorodifluoromethane
 Dimethyl sulfate
 Ethyl acetate
 Ethyl ether
 Formaldehyde
 Hexachloroethane
 Hydrogen fluoride
 Isobutyl alcohol
 Lead acetate
 Mercury
 Methyl alcohol
 Methyl chloroform
 Methyl isobutyl ketone
 Nitrobenzene
 Pentachlorobenzene
 Phenol
 Pyridine
 Selenium sulfide
 Tetrachloroethylene
 Toluene
 Uracil mustard
 Xylene

What Is Non-Hazardous Waste?

Non-hazardous waste, by contrast, does not pose a direct threat to human health or
the environment, but it still cannot be dumped into a trash receptacle or a sewer
line because of the risks it could pose. Most of the waste produced in the United
States — paper, plastics, glass, metals, etc. — is non-hazardous waste because it is
not toxic by nature.

The RCRA considers the category of solid non-hazardous waste to include garbage
and other solid materials, but under this definition, other substances such as
slurries, semisolids, liquids and gas containers are considered solid waste as well.

Because non-hazardous waste is more loosely monitored than hazardous waste, it’s
difficult to develop precise estimates of how much non-hazardous waste the United
States generates every year. However, industry experts believe that, by a large
margin, industrial non-hazardous waste the largest category of waste produced
annually, on the order of seven billion tons or more. The mining, chemical, metal,
and pulp and paper industries have historically generated large amounts of non-
hazardous waste, often in the form of wastewater.

Regulation of Non-Hazardous Waste

The law regulates non-hazardous waste. Even though non-hazardous waste is not
inherently harmful to humans or to the local ecosystem or wildlife, it could still pose
risks and must be disposed of in a controlled, careful way.

The regulation of non-hazardous waste is largely left to state and local

governments, though the federal government will supply finding toward these
efforts. The EPA can also review and approve state methods. But generally, states
are responsible for granting permits, monitoring landfill use and making sure
facilities meet the minimum federal criteria for the disposal of non-hazardous waste.

Non-Hazardous Waste Disposal Methods

Disposal methods for non-hazardous wastes vary because there are so many
different types of waste and various regulations governing them. Large
manufacturing facilities may have private disposal grounds, whereas smaller plants
are more likely to use the services of private disposal companies. To get the best
information, contact a reputable waste-disposal company. The staff there will be
knowledgeable about the collection, transport and disposal of non-hazardous waste
and can advise you of the best options for your facility.

Source:
https://www.vlses.com/2022/07/05/hazardous-vs-non-hazardous-waste/

Information Sheet 8.1-5: Environmental required license, registration or

certification

There are several environmental permits and licenses that are required for certain
businesses to operate in the Philippines – particularly those that discharge any
materials into the air or water.

It is important to note that these licenses require the organization to not only have
a plan to deal with its offset of emissions and waste, but also have a trained, full-
time pollution control officer reporting on-site.

Water Discharge Permit

This is given annually to businesses that discharge wastewater into sewage or
wastewater treatment facilities.

Permit to Operate
This permit must be secured by companies and businesses that intend to use
generators.
Hazard Waste Generator ID
This must be secured yearly by companies producing any biological or hazardous
waste.

What is an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC)?

Any type of project created in the Philippines that may affect the environment must
secure an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) from the Department of the
Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). Alternatively, the project may be
issued a Certificate of Non-Coverage (CNC) if the DENR-EMB team finds that the
project is not part of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS).

The Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) came from Administrative Order

#42, which mandates the Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) under the
Department of the Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) to accept, process,
and approve qualified applications for ECC.

Initially, the administrative order sprung from the Presidential Decree created in
1978 by Ferdinand Marcos, which stated that “no person, partnership, or
corporation shall undertake or operate any such declared environmentally critical
project or area without first securing an Environmental Compliance Certificate
(ECC).”

Any proposed projects declared as Environmentally Critical Projects (ECPs) or

projects situated in Environmentally Critical Areas (ECAs) which allegedly cause
substantial environmental effects should secure DENR’s ECC.

Sources:
https://www.tripleiconsulting.com/environmental-permits/
https://www.tripleiconsulting.com/environmental-compliance-certificate/

SELF-CHECK 8.1-1

1. Global warming due to CO2 emissions — which according to the UN have

increased by almost 50% since 1990 — is accelerating climate change and
threatens the survival of millions of people, plants and animals by causing
meteorological events like droughts, fires and floods, which are becoming
increasingly frequent and more extreme.
a. True
b. False
2. Energy accounts for 70% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the UN
calculates that 13% of the world population lacks access to electricity and
that 3 billion people depend on fossil fuels for cooking.
a. True
b. False

3. The UN considers it essential to change the food production model and our
food habits, including a more plant-based diet featuring local ingredients to
save energy and reduce CO2 emissions.
a. True
b. False

4. We have already lost 8% of known animal species and 22% are at risk of
extinction due mainly to the destruction of their natural habitats, poaching
and the introduction of invasive species.
a. True
b. False

5. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 80% of humanity

breathes polluted air, so is calling for a reduction in air pollution to cut rates
of respiratory illnesses, thus preventing seven million deaths a year.
a. True
b. False