– Vehicles: automobiles, trains, ships, and planes, etc. – Environment – Physiology and medicine – Sports & recreation – Many other examples!
POLITEKNIK TUANKU SULTANAH BAHIYAH
Weather & Climate
POLITEKNIK TUANKU SULTANAH BAHIYAH
Vehicles
POLITEKNIK TUANKU SULTANAH BAHIYAH
Environment
POLITEKNIK TUANKU SULTANAH BAHIYAH
Physiology and Medicine
POLITEKNIK TUANKU SULTANAH BAHIYAH
Fluid Mechanics
Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics concerned
with the mechanics of fluids and the forces on them. It has applications in a wide range of disciplines, including mechanical, civil, chemical and biomedical engineering, geophysics, oceanography, meteorology, astrophysics, and biology. History • Faces of Fluid Mechanics
POLITEKNIK TUANKU SULTANAH BAHIYAH
Fluid Mechanics • Fluids essential to life – Human body 65% water – Earth’s surface is 2/3 water – Atmosphere extends 17km above the earth’s surface
• History shaped by fluid mechanics
– Geomorphology (the study of the physical features of the surface of the earth and their relation to its geological structures) – Human migration and civilization (AGRICULTURE, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, VEHICLES) – Modern scientific and mathematical theories and methods (Theorem Bernoullis, Archimedes Principles,Newton)
• Affects every part of our lives
POLITEKNIK TUANKU SULTANAH BAHIYAH
Fluids • Fluids: Have the ability to flow.
• A fluid is a collection of molecules that are
randomly arranged & held together by weak cohesive forces & by forces exerted by the walls of a container.(Doesn’t maintain a fixed shape
liquids & gases are usually consider as fluids
POLITEKNIK TUANKU SULTANAH BAHIYAH
Fluids • Fluid is a substance which is capable of flowing.
• It has no definite shape of its own but conforms
to the shape of the container.
• Fluid continues to deform when subjected to
shear force.
POLITEKNIK TUANKU SULTANAH BAHIYAH
• Two basic categories of fluid mechanics:
• Fluid Statics – Obviously, describes fluids at rest
• Fluid Dynamics – Obviously, describes fluids in motion
• the branch of applied science that is concerned with the
movement of liquids and gases,
POLITEKNIK TUANKU SULTANAH BAHIYAH
Fluid Dynamics the branch of applied science that is concerned with the movement of liquids and gases, Physical Characteristic GAS LIQUID
vibrate and move freely at high speeds vibrate, move about, and slide past each other assumes the shape and volume of its assumes the shape of the part of the container container because which it occupies because particles can move past one another particles can move/slide past one another compressible because not easily compressible because lots of free space between particles little free space between particles flows easily flows easily
well separated with no regular close together with no regular arrangement
arrangement Density • Density, ρ (lower case Greek rho, NOT p!) • Density (mass density) • It can be defined as the ratio of a fluid to its volume. • The unit used is kg/m3. The symbol used is ρ .
ρ = Mass of fluid Volume of fluid
ρ = (m/V) kg/m3
POLITEKNIK TUANKU SULTANAH BAHIYAH
Density • Note : ρ = m/V
⇒ Mass of body, density ρ, volume V is
m = ρV
POLITEKNIK TUANKU SULTANAH BAHIYAH
Density •ρ = m/V 3 (kg/m ) Or ω=specific weight
•ρ = ω/g 3 (kg/m ) The density of liquid may be considered constant as liquids are mostly incompressible while the density of gases changes with pressure and temperature. (Ketumpatan cecair boleh dianggap malar seperti cecair kebanyakannya tak boleh mampat manakala ketumpatan gas berubah dengan tekanan dan suhu)
In SI units, density is expressed in kg/m3
For water, ρ is 1000 kg/m3
POLITEKNIK TUANKU SULTANAH BAHIYAH
ρ = (m/V) SG = (ρ/ρwater) = 10-3ρ
POLITEKNIK TUANKU SULTANAH BAHIYAH
NOTE: 1. The density for a substance varies slightly with temperature, since volume is temperature dependent
2. The values of densities for various substances are an indication of
the average molecular spacing in the substance. They show that this spacing is much greater than it is in a solid or liquid
POLITEKNIK TUANKU SULTANAH BAHIYAH
Specific Weight (ω) • It is a force of gravity on the mass contained in a unit volume, i.e. specific weight w is the weight per unit volume
w = Weight of fluid = Mass x Acceleration = Mass of fluid x g
Volume of fluid V Volume of fluid
ω=W/V or ω = mg / V ω = ρ g (N/m3)
The specific weight of water is (9.81 x 1000) newton/m3 in SI units.
It is equal to 9810 N/m3
POLITEKNIK TUANKU SULTANAH BAHIYAH
Specific Volume (Vs) • Defined as volume of a liquid occupied by a unit mass OR volume per unit mass of fluid
• It is reciprocal to density and expressed in m3/kg. It
is most commonly used in gases.
Vs (Specific Volume)=volume of fluid
mass of fluid = 1 ρ
POLITEKNIK TUANKU SULTANAH BAHIYAH
Specific Gravity (s) • Specific Gravity (s): Ratio of density of a substance to density of water
ρwater = 1000 kg/m3 = 1 g/cm3
• It is a term used to compare the density of a liquid
(substance) with that density of water and hence s = Density of liquid = ρliquid Density of water ρwater
So, density of fluid = specific gravity (s) x density of water (ρwater )
POLITEKNIK TUANKU SULTANAH BAHIYAH
EXAMPLE 1 Calculate the specific weight , density and specific gravity of 1L of a liquid which weigh 7N.
Given Data :
Weight = 7 N Volume = 1 L Specific Weight ? Density ? Specific Gravity ? EXAMPLE 1
Answer : * 1m3 =1000L Weight, W = 7N * 1 L = (1/1000)m3=0.001m3 Volume, V = 1 L
Specific Weight, ω = W / V Density, ρ = m/V Specific Gravity, s = ρliquid ρwater • Specific Weight, ω = W / V = 7 N / (1 x 10-3)m3 = 7000 N/m3 ● Density, ρ = m/V
So, ρ = w/g = ( 7000 kgms-2/m3 ) / (9.81 ms-2) = 713.558 kg/m3 EXAMPLE 1 ρ • Specific Gravity, s = ρwater
s = 713.558kg/m3 1000 kg/m3 s = 0.714 EXAMPLE 2 Calculate the density, specific weight and weight of 1L of a specific gravity 0.7
Given Data :
specific gravity = 0.7
Volume = 1 L
Density ? Specific Weight ? Weight ? EXAMPLE 2 Answer : specific gravity = 0.7 Volume, V = 1 L
Density, ρ = m/V @ s x ρ water
Specific Weight, ω = W / V = ρ g Weight, W = ω / V EXAMPLE 2 Density, ρ = m/V @ s x ρ water = 0.7 x 1000 = 700 kg/m3
Specific Weight, ω = ρ g = 700 x 9.81 =6867 N/m3 Weight, W = ω / V * 1m3 =1000L * 1 L = (1/1000)m3=0.001m3
= 6867 x 0.001 = 6.867 N EXAMPLE 3 A container of volume 3m3 has 25.5 kN of an oil. Calculate specific weight , density and specific gravity.
Given Data :
Weight = 25.5 kN Volume = 3m3
Specific Weight ? Density ? Specific gravity? EXAMPLE 3
Weight = 25.5 kN Volume = 3m3
Specific Weight, ω = W / V = ρ g Density, ρ = ω/g, ρ = m/V @ s x ρ water Specific Gravity, s = EXAMPLE 3 Specific Weight, ω = W / V = 25.5 X 103 / 3 = 8500N/m3 Density, ρ = ω/g ◦ = 8500/ 9.81 ◦ = 866.463 kg/m3
Specific Gravity, s = ρoil
ρwater =866.463 1000 = 0.866 EXAMPLE 4 Mass of liquid is 56.55kg and 3300L respectively. Determine weight, density and specific volume Given Data :
mass = 56.55 kg Volume = 3300L
Weight ? Density ? Specific volume? EXAMPLE 4 mass = 56.55 kg Volume = 3300L
Weight, W = m x g = 56.55 x 9.81 = 554.756 N Density, ρ = m/V = 56.55 kg (3300 X 0.001) m3 =17.136 kg/m3
Vs (Specific Volume)= 1 ρ =1 17.136 = 0.058m3/kg EXAMPLE 5 1 L of liquid X has weight 15.5N. Calculate its specific weight, specific gravity and specific volume
Given Data :
weight = 15.5 N Volume = 1L
Specific Weight ? Density? Specific gravity? Specific volume? EXAMPLE 5
Specific Weight, ω = W / V
Density = ω / g
Specific Gravity, s = ρoil
ρwater
Vs (Specific Volume)= 1 ρ EXAMPLE 5 Specific Weight, ω = W / V = 15.5 (1 x 0.001)m3 = 15,500N/m3
Density, ρ = ω / g = 15500 / 9.81 = 1580.02kg/m3
Specific Gravity, s = ρliquid x
ρwater = 1580.02 1000 = 1.580 EXAMPLE 5
Vs (Specific Volume)= 1 ρ
= 1 1580.02
= 6.329 X10-4 m3/kg
Example 6 Question : One litre of crude oil weight 9.6 N. Calculate its specific weight, density and specific gravity. Given Data :
Weight = 9.6 N Volume = 1 L Specific Weight ? Density ? Specific Gravity ?
POLITEKNIK TUANKU SULTANAH BAHIYAH
Example 6
Answer : Weight, W = 9.6 N Volume, V = 1 L * 1m3 = 1000L * 1 L = (1/1000)m3 • Specific Weight, ω = W / V • Density, ρ = m/V • Specific Gravity, s = ρliquid ρwater
POLITEKNIK TUANKU SULTANAH BAHIYAH
Example 6 • Specific Weight, ω = W / V = 9.6 N / (1 x 10-3)m3 = 9600 N/m3 ● Density, ρ = m/V
ω = W/V = mg / V ω = ρg So, ρ = w/g = ( 9600 kgms-2/m3 ) / (9.81 ms-2) = 978.593 kg/m3 Example 6 ρ • Specific Gravity, s = ρwater
s = 978.593 kg/m3 1000 kg/m3 s = 0.979
POLITEKNIK TUANKU SULTANAH BAHIYAH
Exercises 1. If 6m3 of oils weighs 47kN, find its specific weight, density and relative density(specific gravity) (ans: 7833.33 N/m3, 798.505 kg/m3,0.799)
2. 1L crude oil weighs 9.6 N. Calculate its specific weight , density and specific gravity. (ans: 9600 N/m3, 978.593 kg/m3 ,0.979)
3. A liquid has a volume of 7.5 m3 and weight of 53kN. Calculate specific weight, density, specific gravity and specific volume (ans: 7066.667 N/m3, 720.353 kg/m3,0.72, 1 x 388 10-3m3 /kg)
4. A fluid of 5000kg filled an open cylinder container with 150cm diameter and 300 cm height. Calculate the density of fluid and specific gravity (ans: 943.218 kg/m3, 9252.969 N/m3) 5. The mass and volume for liquid N are 4000kg and 3.2m3 respectively. Determine weight, density , specific weight and specific gravity (ans: 39240N, 1250 kg/m3 ,1.25, 12262.5 N/m3) Physical Nature and Significance of Viscosity in Fluid Flow
• Viscosity is defined as the properties of a fluid
which offer resistance to the movement of one layer of fluid over another adjacent layer of the fluid.
• The viscosity of a fluid determines the amount
of resistance to shear force. • Viscosities of liquids decrease as temperature increases and are usually not affected by pressure changes. From Newton’s law of Viscosity ;
Laminar shear of fluid between two plates.
Friction between the fluid and the moving boundaries causes the fluid to shear. The force required for this action is a measure of the fluid's viscosity In a general parallel flow (such as could occur in a straight pipe), the shear stress is proportional to the gradient of the velocity
Viscosity, the slope of each line, varies among
materials
POLITEKNIK TUANKU SULTANAH BAHIYAH
Example of the viscosity of milk and water. Liquids with higher viscosities make smaller splashes when poured at the same velocity.
Honey being drizzled
POLITEKNIK TUANKU SULTANAH BAHIYAH
Peanut butter is a semi-solid and can therefore hold peaks
POLITEKNIK TUANKU SULTANAH BAHIYAH
Types of Fluid The shear stress is more than the yield value and shear stress is proportional to the rate of shear strain (or velocity gradient)
A real fluid, in which the shear stress is
not proportional to the rate of
A real fluid, in which the shear stress is
directly, proportional to the rate of shear strain (or velocity gradient
A fluid which is incompressible and is
having no viscosity, is known as an ideal fluid. Is only imaginary fluid as all fluids, which exist have some viscosity Ideal Fluids ● Ideal fluid: a fluid with no friction ● Also referred to as an inviscoity (zero viscosity) fluid ● Internal forces at any section within are normal (pressure forces) ● Practical applications: many flows approximate frictionless flow away from solid boundaries. ● Do not confuse ideal fluid with a perfect (ideal) gas
Real Fluids ● Tangential or shearing forces always develop where there is motion relative to solid body ● Thus, fluid friction is created ● Shear forces oppose motion of one particle past another ● Friction forces gives rise to a fluid property called viscosity Viscosity ● A measure of a fluid's resistance to angular deformation, e.g., – Motor oil: high viscosity, feels sticky – Gasoline: low viscosity, flows “faster” ● Friction forces result from cohesion and momentum interchange between molecules.
viscosity
temperature
Variation with temperature: Liquids: viscosity
decreases as temperature increases Gases: viscosity increases as temperature increases Viscosity ● Mechanisms of viscous action: – Liquids: cohesion forces (diminish with temperature) – Gases: molecular interchange between moving layers
● Molecular interchange in gases: – Molecular interchange
Äshear/friction between layers – As T increases, so does molecular activity Ä increasing viscosity in gases as T increases
● Rapidly-moving molecule into slowly-moving layer - Ä speeds
up the layer.
● Slow-moving molecule into faster-moving layer - Ä slows down
the layer Viscosity Moving & stationary parallel plates F,U y u U Y dy du velocity profile stationary plate moving plate ● Fluid particles adhere to walls: no-slip condition ● Velocities: zero at (1), U at (2) Ä velocity profile ● For small U, Y, and no net flow Ä linear velocity profile ● Experiments show that F ~ A⋅U/Y Viscosity Newton's equation ● From previous slide: F ~ A⋅U/Y ● τ = F/A = shear stress between layers ● Newton's equation of viscosity (for the linear velocity profile) ● μ = coefficient of viscosity, absolute viscosity, dynamic viscosity, or simply viscosity For solids, shear stress depends on magnitude of angular deformation (τ ~ angular deformation) 2 – For many fluids shear stress is proportional to the time rate of angular deformation (τ ~ du/dy) τ - vs.- (du/dy) behavior
Different materials
● Newtonian fluid: μ is constant – Air, water
are Newtonian fluids ● Ideal fluid has μ = 0 ● Ideal plastic: requires a threshold stress τ 0 before it flows ● Non-Newtonian fluids: μ varies with velocity gradient (du/dy) – Paints, printer's ink, gels, emulsions are NonNewtonian fluids. Viscosity Units of viscosity
● In B.G. Units ● In S.I. Units ● The poise (P): – Metric unit of viscosity – Named after Jean Louis Poiseuille (1799-1869) – The poise: 1 P = 0.10 N⋅s/m2 – The centipoise: 1 cP = 0.01 P = 1 mN⋅s/m2 – For water at 68.4o F (20.22o C), μ = 1 cP Viscosity – Kinematic viscosity ● Ratio of absolute viscosity to density ● Appears in many problems in fluids ● Called kinematic viscosity because it involves no force (dynamic) dimensions ● B.G. Units = ft2 /sec, S.I. Units = m2 /s ● The stoke (St) – Metric unit of kinematic viscosity – Named after Sir George Stokes (1819-1903) – The centistoke: 1 cSt = 0.01 St = 10-6 m2 /s – Kinematic vs. Dynamic ● μ for most fluids is virtually independent of pressure for the range of interest to engineers ● ν for gases varies strongly with pressure because of changes in density ( ρ ) ● To determine ν at non-standard pressures, look up the pressure- independent value of μ and calculate ν = μ/ρ. ● To calculate ρ use the perfect gas law.
