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    Fluid Mex

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    cool kid
    Here are the calculations for the requested viscosities and kinematic viscosities: Water: Absolute viscosity (cP) = 1 cP Density (kg/m3) = 1000 kg/m3 1 cP = 1 mPa·s Viscosity (Pa·s) = 1 mPa·s = 0.001 Pa·s Kinematic viscosity (m2/s) = Viscosity/Density = 0.001/1000 = 0.001 m2/s Air: Absolute viscosity (cP) = 0.018 cP Density (kg/m3) = 1.22 kg/m3 0.018 cP =

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    Fluid Mex

    Uploaded by

    cool kid
    36 views29 pages
    Here are the calculations for the requested viscosities and kinematic viscosities: Water: Absolute viscosity (cP) = 1 cP Density (kg/m3) = 1000 kg/m3 1 cP = 1 mPa·s Viscosity (Pa·s) = 1 mPa·s = 0.001 Pa·s Kinematic viscosity (m2/s) = Viscosity/Density = 0.001/1000 = 0.001 m2/s Air: Absolute viscosity (cP) = 0.018 cP Density (kg/m3) = 1.22 kg/m3 0.018 cP =

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    FLUID MEX

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    Here are the calculations for the requested viscosities and kinematic viscosities: Water: Absolute viscosity (cP) = 1 cP Density (kg/m3) = 1000 kg/m3 1 cP = 1 mPa·s Viscosity (Pa·s) = 1 mPa·s = 0.001 Pa·s Kinematic viscosity (m2/s) = Viscosity/Density = 0.001/1000 = 0.001 m2/s Air: Absolute viscosity (cP) = 0.018 cP Density (kg/m3) = 1.22 kg/m3 0.018 cP =

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    36 views29 pages

    Fluid Mex

    Uploaded by

    cool kid
    Here are the calculations for the requested viscosities and kinematic viscosities: Water: Absolute viscosity (cP) = 1 cP Density (kg/m3) = 1000 kg/m3 1 cP = 1 mPa·s Viscosity (Pa·s) = 1 mPa·s = 0.001 Pa·s Kinematic viscosity (m2/s) = Viscosity/Density = 0.001/1000 = 0.001 m2/s Air: Absolute viscosity (cP) = 0.018 cP Density (kg/m3) = 1.22 kg/m3 0.018 cP =

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 29

    FLUID MECHANICS

    Fluid Mechanics is basically a study of:

    Physical behavior of fluids and fluid systems and


    laws governing their behavior.

    Action of forces on fluids and the resulting flow


    pattern.
    Fluid is further sub-divided in to liquid and gas.

    The liquids and gases exhibit different characteristics


    on account of their different molecular structure.
    Spacing and latitude of the motion of molecules is
    large in a gas and weak in liquids and very strong in
    a solid.

    It is due to these aspects that solid is very compact


    and rigid in form

    liquid accommodates itself to the shape of the


    container, and gas fill up the whole of the vessel
    containing
    Fluid mechanics cover many areas like:

    - Design of wide range of hydraulic structures (dams,


    canals, weirs etc) and machinery (Pumps,
    Turbines etc).

    - Design of complex network of pumping and pipe


    lines for transporting liquids. Flow of water through
    pipes and its distribution to service lines.

    - Fluid control devices both pneumatic and hydraulic.


    - Design and analysis of gas turbines and rocket
    engines and air–craft.

    - Power generation from hydraulic, stream and Gas

    turbines.

    - Methods and devices for measurement of


    pressure and velocity of a fluid in motion.
    Units and Dimensions:

    A dimension is a name which describes the measurable


    characteristics of an object such as mass, length and
    temperature etc. a unit is accepted standard for measuring
    the dimension. The dimensions used are expressed in four
    fundamental dimensions namely Mass, Length, Time and
    Temperature.

    Mass (M) – kg
    Length (L) – m
    Time (T) – s
    Temperature (t) – 0C or K (Kelvin)
    Density: Mass per unit volume = kg/m3

    Newton: Unit of force expressed in terms of mass and


    acceleration, according to Newton’s 2nd law motion.
    Newton is that force which when applied to a mass of 1
    kg gives an acceleration 1m/sec2
    F = ma = kg – m/sec2 = N

    Pascal: A Pascal is the pressure produced by a force of 1

    Newton uniformly applied over an area of 1 m2


    Pressure = F / A = N / m2 = Pascal or Pa
    Joule: A joule is the work done when the point of
    application of force of 1 Newton is displaced
    Work = F x d = N - m = J or Joule.

    Watt: A Watt represents a work equivalent of a Joule


    done per second.
    Power = Work done per unit time = J/sec = W or
    Watt.
    Density or Mass Density:
    The density or mass density of a fluid is defined as the ratio
    of the mass of the fluid to its volume.

    ρ =, (density of water = 1000 kg/m3 )

    Specific weight or Specific density:


    It is the ratio between the weights of the fluid to its
    volume.
    The weight per unit volume of the fluid

    = , = mg/k, k=9.81 kg-m/kgf-s2

     
    Specific volume:
    It is defined as the volume of the fluid occupied by a
    unit mass or volume per unit mass of fluid. (commonly applied
    to gases )

    = = ,

     
    Specific Gravity:
    - It is defined as the ratio of the Weight density (or
    density) of a fluid to the Weight density (or density) of a
    standard fluid.
    For liquids the standard fluid taken is water and for
    gases the standard liquid taken is air.
    The Specific gravity is also called relative density. It is a
    dimensionless quantity.

    s.g. == = 1000 kg/m3


    1.225 kg/m3 @ 15 0C
    s.g =

     
    Example:

    1.) The specific gravity of mercury is 13.6, Find the density of


    mercury.

    = 13.6 ×1000kg/m3 = 13600 kg/ m3

    2.) A gas has a specific gravity of 0.001. What is its density,


    specific weight, and specific volume in SI units?

    s.g. = ,
    a.) = (s.g.)(H₂O ) = ( 0.001)(1000 kg/m3) = 1 kg/m3

     
    b.) = = = g = 1 kg/m3)(9.81 m/s2) = 9.81 N/m3

    c.) = = = = 0.001 m3/kg

     
    VISCOSITY

    The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to


    shear or angular deformation.

    liquids
    as the temperature increases viscosity decreases.

    gas
    viscosity increases with an increase in temperature.
    𝝉 𝜶
     

    When the two layers of a fluid move one over the other at
    different velocities, the viscosity together with relative velocities
    causes a shear stress acting between the fluid layers.
    The top layer causes a shear stress on the adjacent lower
    layer while the lower layer causes a shear stress on the adjacent
    top layer.
    This shear stress is proportional to the rate of change of
    velocity with respect to y.
    Shearing Stress

    = Newton’s equation of viscosity

    =
    = shear stress, N/m2 ( Pa)
    = viscosity of the fluid

    ( absolute viscosity, coefficient of viscosity, dynamic


    viscosity or viscosity )

     
    = = =
    unit:
    (S.I. unit)
    (English unit)
    poise ( dyne-s/cm2)
    1 N = 105 dyne

    = rate of shear strain, rate of shear deformation


    = velocity gradient

     
    KINEMATIC VISCOSITY:

    It is defined as the ratio between dynamic viscosity and density


    of fluid.

    unit:
    m2/s, cm2/sec(S.I. unit)
    ft2/s ( English unit)
    stoke ( 1 stoke = 1 cm2/sec)

     
    IDEAL FLUID
    may be defined as one in which there is no friction, its
    viscosity is zero (0).The internal forces at any internal section are
    always normal to the section even during motion. Such fluid does
    not exist in reality.

    NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
    all liquids and gases that do not behave according Newton’s
    law of viscosity.
    (Pastes, slurries, blood, high polymers)

    NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
    (water, air, gasoline, some oils)
    IDEAL FLUID
    NEWTONIAN

    du/dy NON-NEWTONIAN

    IDEAL PLASTIC

    ELASTIC SOLID

    Characteristics of a Newtonian fluid as to compared to Non-


    Newtonian fluid
    Example:
    1.) The density of an oil is 850 kg/m3. Find its relative density
    and kinematic viscosity if the dynamic viscosity is
    5x10-3 kg/m-s

    solution:
    850 kg/m3

    a.) s.g. = = 0.85

    b.) = = 5.8x10-6 m2/s

     
    2.) A fluid with absolute viscosity of 0.98 N-s/m2 and kinematic
    viscosity of 3 m2/s. Determine the density of fluid?

    Solution:

    μ = 0.98 N-s/m2 ( Absolute viscosity )


    = 3 m2/s ( kinematic viscosity)

    ν = μ/ρ

    ρ = 3 m2/s /(0.98 N-s/m2)

    ρ = 3.0612 kg/m3

     
    3.) The velocity distribution of a viscous liquid (dynamic viscosity,
    = 0.9 N-s / m2) flowing over a fixed plate is given by
    = 0.68y – y2 (is velocity in m/s and y is the distance from the
    plate in m).
    What are the shear stresses at the plate surface and at y = 0.34 m

    = 0.68y – y2, = 0.68 - 2y

    @ the face plate y = 0 m

    = 0.68 – 2 (0) = 0.68

    Shear stress at the face plate

    = ( ) = 0.9 N-s / m2 ( 0.68 ) = 0.612 N/m2

     
    @ y = 0.34 m

    = 0.68 – 2 (0.34) = 0

    Shear stress

    = ( ) = 0.9 (0) = 0

     
    Assignment:

    1.) The absolute viscosity of water, air, and glycerine at 200C


           are 1 cP, 0.018 cP and 1.5 cP respectively and their
           corresponding densities are 1000 kg/m3, 1.22 kg/m3, and
           1260 kg/m3. Compute their viscosities in SI units and
           also determine the kinematic viscosity of these fluids.

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