THE FAMOUS PLACES AND LANDSCAPES This will take you to the wharf in Gapyeong.

l take you to the wharf in Gapyeong. Board the ferry to car) and you can explore Hallstatt for an hour or two before it
OBJECTIVES: Nami Island. Entrance Fee: ₩13,000. really gets busy. In the morning, explore the old town, tour the
a.) The study of Places and Landscapes Can we go to Nami Island by car? salt mine, and enjoy the view from the Skywalk.
Explore the concepts and dynamics of people and activities 1: Driving To Nami Island
from various locations. Driving from Seoul to Nami Island is the fastest method of 3.) BANAUE RICE TERRACES - The Banaue Rice Terraces are
Exploring processes and patterns with historical lens, and getting there. It can take around 1 hour and 15 minutes from among the Philippines’ top tourist destinations. Called the 8th
understanding the relationship of the natural environment to Jamsil to Nami Island, 1 hour and 40 minutes from Wonder of the Modern World by locals, these terraces are said
the other aspects of human behavior. Myeongdong, and 1 hour and 45 minutes from Hongdae. to have been carved into the mountains and hillsides by the
b.) The value of Places and Landscapes ancestors of the local indigenous Ifugao tribes, and are well
Understanding of Landscape values is an essential means to 2.) HALLSTATT - is a small town in the district of Gmunden, in
over 2,000 years old. It’s also believed that these terraces were
support sustainable land use and spatial planning by citizen the Austrian state of Upper Austria. It is known for its
created with little or no machinery and were carved mostly by
participation. production of salt, dating back to prehistoric times, and gave its
Cultural Value- seek to recognize significant landscape features name to the Hallstatt culture. hand.
and place-making as a way to understand evolving community •Is Hallstatt worth visiting? •What would be best for a day trip in Banaue Rice Terraces?
and cultural values. In conclusion, Hallstatt is worth visiting, but it's essential to If you're planning a trip to Banaue, below are some tourist
Economic Value- measurement of how financially important keep in mind that the village and its residents have been attractions that you should take note of and add to your
landscapes and landforms are. It is relevant to tourism and affected by tourism. If you're looking for a more authentic itinerary.
mining industries. experience, I suggest staying in Obertraun or Bad Ischl and Marvel at the Beauty of Banaue Rice Terraces.
Aesthetic Value- it can be defined as the degree to which they visiting Hallstatt early in the morning before the crowds arrive. 1.Visit Batad Rice Terraces.
are pleasing or beautiful to look at. Landscape aesthetic value •Is Frozen based on Hallstatt? 2.See Bangaan Rice Terraces.
is defined as the enjoyment felt through the observation of Hallstatt is said to be the inspiration for Arendelle, the fictional 3.Enjoy Hapao Rice Terraces.
environmental scenery. setting in Disney's "Frozen." The Alpine village has a tiny 4.Get a Panoramic View at Banaue Viewpoint.
population but has been plagued with over tourism for years. 5.Explore the Banaue Museum.
c.) The Famous Places and Landscapes •What is special about Hallstatt?
•What outdoor activities are famous in Banaue Rice Terraces?
Hallstatt Austria is one of the oldest inhabited settlements in
1.Activities in Banaue Rice Terraces:
1.)NAMI ISLAND - is a half- moon shaped river island located in entire Europe. Apart from being a UNESCO heritage site,
Chuncheon, Gangwon Province, South Korea, formed as the Hallstatt is known for its salt mine, ice cave, Hallstatt Lake, and Hiking.
land around it was inundated by the rising water of the North other beautiful places to visit. 2.Trekking Mount Amuyao.
Han River as the result of the construction of Cheongpyeong •Which month is best for Hallstatt? 3.Tasting local dishes like pinikpikan.
Dam in 1944. The best months in Hallstatt are May, June, July, August and 4.Trying out the native Ifugao coffee and rice wine.
•Is Nami Island worth going to? September. On average, the warmest months are July and 5.Immersing in cultural activities with the locals.
Yes, Nami Island is worth visiting, especially if you're a K Drama August. The coldest months are January and February. The 6.Watching locals create handcrafted souvenirs.
fan! It's a fun way of getting to see and learn more about rainiest months are May, June, July and August.
Korea. I recommend spending 2 days near Nami Island, but if •How many hours is enough in Hallstatt? 4.) EIFFEL TOWER- it is a wrought-iron lattice tower on the
your time is short, you can visit on a day trip from Seoul. So if you plan to stay overnight, book early. While I believe that Champ de Mars in Paris, France. Constructed from 1887, it is
•Is Nami Island worth visiting in summer? six to eight hours in Hallstatt is enough to see all the (special) named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company
A perfect summer day for a tour around the island! Summers in places, I can understand if you would like to stay overnight. designed and built the tower. Locally nicknamed "La dame de
Nami Island is definitely one for the books. At this time of the Then you can experience Hallstatt in the morning or late
fer", it was constructed from 1887 to 1889 as the centerpiece
year, the trees and flowers are in full bloom, offering an afternoon when all the crowds are gone
of the 1889 World's Fair.
unparalleled natural landscape. You can walk along the •How do you spend a day in Hallstatt?
panoramic paths or rent a bike to save time. For the best experience, arrive in Hallstatt by 9 am. By getting •What happens to Eiffel Tower on cold days?
•How much is Nami Island's entrance fee? here early, you'll avoid parking issues (if you are traveling by
During cold weather the tower shrinks by about six inches. 8. expedition sponsored by the Royal Geographical Society in Thanks to the amazing natural water in Iceland's natural
Gustave Eiffel, the engineer and architect behind the tower, 1884. system, drinking from waterfalls is okay
was also involved in a disastrous attempt by the French to build •What's on top of Mount Roraima? •Do you get wet at Godafoss?
a canal in Panama, and his reputation was badly damaged by You can also climb up to the highest point of the summit - the The closer you get to Godafoss, the more spray you're going to
the failure of the venture. Maverick's Rock, at 2810 m. On the other side of the 31 encounter. After all, this is a waterfall we're talking about. In
•Should I go to the top of the Eiffel Tower or the second floor? square-kilometer mountain top is the Prow, the northernmost order to enjoy the place's natural beauty without shivering in
The peak experience is halfway down.By all means, go to the point of Mount Roraima - the triangular tip seen from many wet clothes, be sure to come prepared with waterproof shoes
top if you have the time (skip it if your schedule's tight). But I aerial photos. and jackets to help keep you comfortable and dry.
prefer to linger on the second floor: For me, the best views are •How much does it cost to climb Mount Roraima? •How long do you need at Godafoss waterfall?
from this middle level — high enough to see all of Paris, but Trek to Roraima 6 days & 5 nights. How long will it take to visit Godafoss? If you want to enjoy
low enough to pick out distinguishing landmarks. 5 nights in tents. Departing and ending in Santa Elena de both sides of the waterfall and take your time (and plenty of
•What does the Eiffel Tower do at night? Uairen. Prices per person: 6 days US$ 650 | 7 days US$ 750 | 8 pictures), plan a 1h stop. But it can easily be admired in just
The Eiffel Tower's Illuminations. Every evening, the Eiffel Tower days US$ 850 per person. 30min.
is adorned with its golden covering and sparkles for 5 minutes •What is special about Mount Roraima? •Is Godafoss waterfall worth seeing?
every hour on the hour, while its beacon shines over Paris. The highest tepui plateau, Mount Roraima, is famous for its Godafoss is a majestic waterfall in northern Iceland with an
•Can I visit the Eiffel Tower for free? prehistoric ecology, which sustains plants and animals found incredible history behind it. While it is not the tallest nor most
Can you walk beneath the Eiffel Tower without paying for a nowhere else in the world. A burgeoning tourism industry has powerful waterfall in Iceland, it is definitely worth a visit. Check
ticket? Yes. The Eiffel Tower gardens and esplanade are fully exposed this ancient environment to unfamiliar elements. out the viewpoints on both sides and then walk right down to
accessible without a ticket, i.e. for free. •Can you climb Mount Roraima? the water's edge.
•Why do tourists visit the Eiffel Tower? Straddling the triple border between Brazil, Venezuela, and
Its lighting, its sparkling lights, and its beacon shine and inspire Guyana, Mount Roraima is a perfect destination for 7.) PAMUKKALE- Fresh deposits of calcium carbonate give
dreams every evening. As France's symbol in the world, and the adventurous travelers. Spend your days exploring the towering these formations a dazzling white coating. The Turkish name
showcase of Paris, today it welcomes almost 7 million visitors a cliffs and unique landscapes of the mountain with the ultimate Pamukkale, meaning “cotton castle”, is derived from this
year (around 75% of whom are foreigners), making it the most goal of climbing the summit — known to many as "The Lost striking landscape.Pamukkale is more than 100 meters in
visited monument that you have to pay for in the world. World." height and can be seen from the closest town, Denizli, which is
•What does the Eiffel Tower do at night? located around 20 kilometers away. The waters that appear
The Eiffel Tower's Illuminations. Every evening, the Eiffel Tower 6.) GODAFOSS WATERFALL - Godafoss's water comes from the from the hot spring are at a temperature that ranges from 35°C
is adorned with its golden covering and sparkles for 5 minutes Skjalf Andafljot River, which is the fourth-longest river in to 100°C.
every hour on the hour, while its beacon shines over Paris. Iceland. This spectacular waterway is fed by the Vatnajokull •What is the best time of day to visit Pamukkale?
Glacier, which is itself Europe's largest glacier. Legend has it If you are going to visit Pamukkale and want to avoid the
5.)MOUNT RORAIMA- which can loosely be translated to that Þorgeir Ljósvetningagoði, the country's highest-ranking crowds, arrive early or stay late. By 7 a.m., some of the tour
“great blue-green house of spirits,” is a vast flat-topped and most notable lawspeaker at the time, threw his Norse buses started to arrive. By 9 a.m., tours and tourists crowded
mountain (or tepui) nestled between the borders of Venezuela, statues into the waterfall to mark the occasion and which the pools. The pools often empty out closer to sunset, so
Brazil and Guyana. Estimated to be over 2 billion years old, translates to the “waterfall of the gods”. staying until closing time may also be an option depending on
many consider it to be one of the oldest geological formations •Is Godafoss waterfall part of the Golden Circle? your schedule.
on earth. Goðafoss is located in north Iceland, on the Ring Road that fully •Can you swim in Pamukkale?
•Has anyone climbed Mt Roraima? encircles the country. It is considered part of the Diamond There are two areas where you can swim at Pamukkale—the
Monte Roraima was the first of the Tepuis to be climbed and Circle sightseeing route. public travertine pools and Cleopatra's Pool. The public
the credit goes to English botanist Everard Im Thurn on an •Can you drink water from Iceland waterfalls? travertine pools are automatically included with your entrance
ticket. Keep in mind that the pools at the very top and bottom the Lower Lakes section while Entrance 2 is near the Upper American national parks after Great Smoky Mountains National
of the hill have the hottest water. Lakes section. Park.
•How many days is enough in Pamukkale? •What is the best way to visit Plitvice Lakes? •Why must the Grand Canyon be visited?
Pamukkale is not a big place and two nights is more than The easiest way to get to Plitvice Lakes National Park is by Scenic Beauty. No photographs or descriptions can ever
enough in our opinion. Jump to our Road Trip Itinerary to get a private transfer or rental car, as this allows you to set your own completely describe the timeless beauty of the canyon. The
better idea of how many days you'll need in other destinations schedule. There are also direct bus connections to the park stunning visual changes and the vastness can only be
within Turkey. from Zagreb, Zadar, and Karlovac, making it possible to make experienced. It stretches for more than 100 miles and is
•What to buy in Pamukkale? this an easy day trip from these cities. nothing less than a truly American experience.
While shopping in Pamukkale, you can find the following: •Does it snow in Plitvice Lakes? •What is the history of the Grand Canyon?
Souvenir shops: There are a number of souvenir shops in The best and most spectacular sight is when the park is The history of the Grand Canyon begins approximately six
Pamukkale that sell traditional Turkish items such as ceramics, covered in snow and that happens almost every winter. million years with the Colorado River being the cause of its
textiles, and jewelry. You can also find a variety of items made Especially from December to February when temperatures creation. The Colorado River slowly eroded the land beneath it
from travertine such as ashtrays, bookends, and decorative below 0 are quite common. forming the spectacularly deep canyon that we all know today.
plates. •Is there accommodation inside Plitvice Lakes National Park? •Who visited the Grand Canyon?
•Is it worth staying overnight in Pamukkale? Yes, three park-owned hotels are within the park boundaries – The first Europeans to see the Grand Canyon were soldiers led
The town of Pamukkale has very limited accommodation Hotel Jezero, Hotel Bellevue, and Hotel Plitvice. They are all by García López de Cárdenas. In 1540, Francisco Vázquez de
options and this is probably your best bet for a 1-2 night stay in older hotels, so you will find more options in the surrounding Coronado and his Spanish army traveled northward from
the area. Many people plan a day trip to Pamukkale from villages if you want more amenities. Mexico City in search of the Seven Cities of Cíbola. After
Bodrum or İzmir, but I would recommend spending 1 night in •Is it better to see Plitvice in the morning or afternoon? traveling for six months, Coronado's army arrived at the Hopi
Pamukkale so that you can visit the travertines early in the If you want to visit Plitvice Lakes National Park without the Mesas, east of the Grand Canyon.
morning. crowds, then visit in the morning or early afternoon. This is the •What activities do people do at the Grand Canyon?
•What is the best time of day for Pamukkale? best way to avoid the crowds at Plitvice Lakes. Generally, the Things To Do
The first day we went was on a weekday, in the afternoon, park is less crowded in the morning, so it's best to visit in the 1.Ways to Experience the Canyon.
around 3:00 PM (big mistake). It was hard to find a place where morning if possible. 2.South Rim (Open All Year)
there were no people or even a small amount of people. •Can you swim in Plitvice waterfalls? 3.Visitor Centers.
Around sunset time the people begin to clear out and it is more A common question is “can you swim in Plitvice Lakes?” and 4.Visitor Center Theater.
enjoyable. Also early in the morning, right when they open, is there's an easy answer: no. Visitors are not permitted in the 5.Walking or Hiking.
ideal. water here, so if you want to swim under Croatian waterfalls 6.Walk the Trail of Time.
you'll have to head to Krka National Park instead. 7.Activities for Kids.
8.)PLITVICE NATIONAL PARK- is the oldest and the largest 8.Hermit Road.
national park in the Republic of Croatia. The exceptional 9.)GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK- located in northwestern •How do people visit the Grand Canyon?
natural beauty of this area has always attracted nature lovers. Arizona, is the 15th site in the United States to have been Helicopter tours, mule rides and mountain bike rim trails offer
As a result of that, it was declared the first national park of the named as a national park. The park's central feature is the other memorable ways to see the canyon in person. Survey the
Republic of Croatia as early as April 8,1949. The process of tufa Grand Canyon, a gorge of the Colorado River, which is often adventure level of your travel companions, and then use the
formation, through which tufa barriers and subsequently lakes considered one of the Wonders of the World. The park, which following resources to plan the adventure of a lifetime in the
are formed. covers 1,217,262 acres of unincorporated area in Coconino and Grand Canyon.
•What is the difference between entrance 1 and 2 Plitvice? Mohave counties, received more than 4.7 million recreational
There are two main entrances to Plitvice Lakes National Park – visitors in 2022, which is the second highest count of all 10.) SOSSUSVLEI- Sossusvlei is a perfect specimen of Namibia's
Entrance #1 and Entrance #2. Entrance 1 is situated closer to unspoilt desert beauty. It is a salt and clay pan situated in the
largest conservation area in Africa, the Namib-Naukluft so. The entire island surrounding Lake Hillier is a nature •Is Arashiyama Bamboo Forest worth visiting?
National Park. The word Sossusvlei originates from two preserve and remains uninhabited to protect the natural The experience has been described as other-worldly, serene,
languages, Nama and Afrikaans. It literally translates to “dead- ecosystem that thrives there. and dreamlike. The sound of the rustling bamboo within this
end” (from the Nama word “Sossus”) “marsh” (from the •Can you drink the water in Lake Hillier? forest has been named one of the “100 Soundscapes of Japan”
Afrikaans word “Vlei”). Like any salt water, it is not advisable to drink water from Lake by the Japanese Ministry of Environment. Together with
•What makes the sand dunes at Sossusvlei so special? Hillier. When you consume salty water it can cause serious Fushimi Inari and the Kinkaku-ji, it offers a Kyoto experience
The sand dunes in the Sossusvlei area are known as 'star dunes' damage to your body. High salt content in your bloodstream not to be missed.
due to the shape formed when the wind approaches from all puts a serious strain on your body's natural ability to stabilize
directions. As a result, the dunes hardly move. 8. The sand in sodium and chloride levels. 13.) LIJIANG- a city in the northwest part of China's Yunnan
the region is given its distinctive red color from the layer of iron •Can people visit Lake Hillier? province, is home to the Naxi and several other ethnic minority
oxide which coats it. Access is limited because Lake Hillier is an A-class Nature groups. It is an attractive tourist destination and considered as
•What is the best dune to climb at Sossusvlei? Reserve with extremely high environmental protection. You can a fairyland blessed with fresh air, clear streams, breathtaking
Dune 45 at 170 meters tall is the most well-known dune fly there with Fly Esperance and also see Cape Le Grand and snowy mountains.
chosen to climb by those who visit the Sossusvlei area. This other amazing spots around the region. •How do I get to Lijiang, China?
relatively 'easy' climb takes anywhere from 40 minutes to one •Why do people visit Lake Hillier? Plane. International travelers can get ongoing flights to
hour to reach the top, for most people. Coming down takes It's a surreal sight; the pink lake neighbors the dark blue waters Kunming Airport from Beijing, Guangzhou or Shanghai. There
less than 5 minutes. of the Indian Ocean, with a strip of lush green forest acting as a are regular flights to Lijiang Airport from Kunming. Take a
•What is the highest dune in Sossusvlei? barrier. shuttle bus to local hotels for ¥20 or a taxi for ¥80-¥100.
Big Daddy is the tallest dune in the Sossusvlei area. This •Why is the old town of Lijiang important?
magnificent dune is situated between Sossusvlei and Deadvlei 12.ARASHIYAMA- renowned for its bamboo grove, beautiful Criterion (ii): From the 12th century onward, the Old Town of
and at 325 meters it dwarfs the other dunes. location and famous heritage. Located in the northwestern Lijiang was an important goods distribution center for trade
•How long does it take to climb Big Daddy? area of Kyoto, Arashiyama draws many visitors for its world- between Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet, and is where the Silk Road
About 1 hour. The hike up Big Daddy Dune takes about 1 hour renowned bamboo grove and beautiful scenery that changes in the south joins the Ancient Chama (Tea and Horse) Roads.
and is hard work as you keep slipping back in the sand. It's with each season. •What language is spoken in Lijiang, China?
easiest to do in bare feet. Allow about 2 to 2 hours 30 minutes •Is Arashiyama good at night? The majority of China's Naxi people still live in and around
to hike up, savor the scene, drop down and explore Deadvlei. During the nighttime, the pillars are illuminated and you can Lijiang, and while the official language across mainland China is
Make sure you take plenty of water. enjoy a beautiful and dreamy atmosphere. With its Mandarin, around one third of people in Lijiang speak Naxi, a
instagrammable scenery, it's one of the best places to take a Sino-Tibetean language.
11.) LAKE HILLIER - it is located on Middle Island, Australia, is great picture at night! •How many days do you need in Lijiang?
the color of bright-pink bubble gum. Researchers recently •How long to walk Arashiyama? 2-3 days.Travelers usually enjoy 2-3 days in Lijiang to discover
discovered that the lake's unique color is caused by algae, 1 h 23 min. Explore this 2.8-mile point-to-point trail near Kyoto, Lijiang Old Town (Mufu Palace, Wangu Tower and Sifang
halobacteria, and other microbes. Additionally, this body of Kyoto. Generally considered an easy route, it takes an average Square), Jade Dragon Snow Mountain, Shuhe Old Town,
water is extremely salty—just as salty as the Dead Sea. It's of 1 h 23 min to complete. This is a very popular area for Dongba mural paintings, Black Dragon Pool, etc. for a classic
harmless to swim in, but you can't just hop in for a quick lap. walking, so you'll likely encounter other people while savory of this romantic ancient city
Lake Hillier is only viewable from the sky by a helicopter or exploring. •Is Lijiang worth a visit?
plane ride over the island. •How early should I go to Arashiyama? Lijiang in Yunnan province is one of China's best-preserved
•Why can't tourists swim in Lake Hillier? To get the best of Arashiyama, get there before the sunrise, as ancient towns. Little stone bridges cross small streams and
So while it is indeed safe to take a dip in these Pepto Bismol early in the morning as possible. This will ensure that the path canals running through town, old wooden architecture flank
waters, it's not likely that travelers would get permission to do is quiet (maybe have the odd photo enthusiast around).
the winding cobblestone streets and the local Naxi minority 15.) HA LONG BAY - is a beautiful natural wonder in northern dry, and less typhoons, so you will minimize the risk on your
group come out to dance in the town squares. Vietnam, near the Chinese border. The Bay is dotted with 1,600 trip.
14.)BORA BORA- is a small South Pacific island northwest of limestone islands and islets and covers an area of over 1,500 sq
Tahiti in French Polynesia. Surrounded by sand-fringed motus km. This extraordinary area was declared a UNESCO World Landscape of primary Activities Agriculture
(islets) and a turquoise lagoon protected by a coral reef, it’s Heritage Site in 1994. Most of the islands and the karst Objectives
known for its scuba diving. It's also a popular luxury resort limestone pillars in the bay are uninhabited and unaffected by A: Explain the significant role f agriculture in the early
destination where some guest bungalows are perched over the human activity. For many travelers, this place is like something realization o social and economic development.
water on stilts. At the island's center rises Mt. Otemanu, a right out of a movie. The fact is that Ha Long Bay features a B: Discuss the different significant agricultural practices in the
727m dormant volcano. wide range of biodiversity, while the surrealistic scenery has different pas of the world .
Provided labor and capital ( often in the form of export
•What do I need to know before going to Bora Bora? served as the magical backdrop of various scenes in numerous
earning) to the industrial sector and in turn provided a market
11 Important Things to Know Before You Travel to Bora Bora feature films.
for products.
1.It's very expensive. •Do you need a passport for Halong Bay? What is does landscape men in agriculture ?
2.All flights must go through Tahiti first. Yes you do have to bring it with you on a boat and please : Agricultures landscape are the visible outcomes of the
3.English is widely spoken. ... provide us your full names, gender, passport number, visa interaction between agriculture nature resources and the
4.The mainland only has one true beach. expiration date before your departure to Halong Bay. environment and encompass amenity culture and other values
5.High season is in North America's summer. •What is the best season in Halong Bay? Why is landscaping important in agriculture ?
6.Its coral reef is fantastic. Fall (October - December): Peak Season :Because landscaping allows different species plant to flourish
•Do I need a passport to go to Bora Bora? October – December is a great time if you have plans to visit ether natural habitat , free of pests .
Yes you will need a passport to leave the US and enter Bora Halong Bay, thanks to its pleasant weather. The humidity level What are the first primary activities? : agriculture , Fishing ,
Bora in French Polynesia. All international travel requires a drops considerably and the temperature is around 13°C-21°C. Forestry mining
valid passport. Most countries also require that your passport There is less rainfall during this period of time. Agricultural landscape provide more than just the crops grown
is valid for at least 6 months beyond entering another country •What should I wear to Halong Bay? on
Why Is Agriculture Important?
and that you can show an onward plane ticket. Clothes: You will need at least 3 set of clothes: for casual day
: Because agriculture is important to business and society is its
•Why do tourists go to Bora Bora? wear, for evening wear and for swimming if you plan to do so.
output — from producing raw materials to contributing to the
The distinct geography on the island of Bora Bora invites If you travel between May and October, it is fine to bring shorts global supply chain and economic development.
visitors to participate in one-of-a-kind experiences, such as and skirts and short sleeve shirts. For the rest of the year, bring Providing Raw Materials
scuba diving, reef discovery, safaris, hiking, fishing, and even extra sweaters since Halong Bay can get quite cold. : Raw materials are a core building block of the global
parasailing and seaplane charters. •What is special about Halong Bay? economy. Without access to raw materials, manufacturers
•Is it worth it to go to Bora Bora? Ha Long Bay, as known as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is can’t make products. Nonagricultural raw materials include
But spoiler alert; it's absolutely worth visiting. Bora Bora is a famous because of its stunning limestone mountains rising up steel, minerals, and coal. However, many raw materials derive
dream destination with so much to offer. You'll find idyllic from emerald waters that formed a thousand years ago. You from agriculture — from lumber for construction materials to
beaches, turquoise lagoons, and overwater bungalows with a also can have a chance to explore amazing caves as well as the herbs for adding flavor to food
view of the iconic Mount Otemanu! culture of Ha Long. Example: Corn, for example, is used to produce foods and
•Do we need a car in Bora Bora? •What is the best month to visit Halong Bay? serves as a foundation for ethanol, a type of fuel. Another
The best way to get around Bora Bora is by bike, especially Although summer and winter attract many domestic and example is resins: plant products used in various industrial
applications, such as adhesives, coatings, and paints used in
when you consider that the entire island only takes a few hours foreign tourists. However, the best times to visit Halong Bay
construction
to traverse. Rental cars are another option, but they cost would be spring and autumn (from March to April and
Creating a Strong Supply Chai
significantly more than a rental bicycle. September to October). Because the weather is very pleasant, : Importing and exporting goods such as agricultural products
requires shipping methods such as ocean freight, rail, and
trucking. Delays in shipping agricultural products from a Los health benefits, fruits and vegetables add flavors to the human from plants and herbs can also help in healthcare. For example,
Angeles port can create problems in China, and vice versa, pal. extracted chemicals from the foxglove plant are used for
imparting the global supply chain. Animal Feed digoxin, a drug used for heart failure. Another example is
Example: For example, sales of soybean crops from Iowa : Some fruits and vegetables are grown to provide feed for polylactic acid (PLA), a chemical produced when glucose is
skyrocketed in 2021 due to various factors including delays in animals, from poultry to livestock. The American Industry Feed fermented into lactic acid in green plants.
South American crop shipments, according to the Iowa Association reports that about 900 animal feed ingredients are
Soybean Association. In this example, Iowa benefited from a approved by law in the U.S. Importance of Agriculture in Everyday Life
competition standpoint. However, delays in shipping crops Natural Rubber Production : For thousands of years, agriculture has played an important
could also be detrimental to regions expecting shipment, : The number of vehicles in the world is more than 1.4 billion, role in everyday life. Before agriculture, hunting and gathering
limiting availability of products on store shelves and affective according to Hedges enabled humans to survive. It wasn’t until he transition to the
livelihoods. & Company market research. Every single one runs on rubber planned sowing and harvesting of crops that human began to
Encouraging Economic Development tires. According to GEP, the top rubber-producing countries are thrive
: Agriculture impacts global trade because it’s tied to other Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia —collectively representing Here are examples of the agricultural products we use in our
sectors of the economy, supporting job creation and approximately 70% of global natural rubber production— and everyday lives
encouraging economic development. Countries with strong about 90% of suppliers are small-scale farmers. Shelter
agricultural sectors experience employment growth in other Cotton for Clothing Wood and plant-based materials, such as bamboo, can be used
sectors, according to USAID. : From cotton to clothes, the journey starts with agricultural for indoor décor and construction material
Example: Infrastructure development Building production. Cotton grown, harvested, and then processed, Morning routing.
road ,bridges ,airports and other infrastructure can encourage spun, and woven into fabric before it becomes a piece of Mint is often an ingredient in toothpaste, adding flavor while
economic development by providing better access to clothing. Cotton production encompasses an expansive global brushing your teeth and the caffeine in coffee that keeps you
markets ,reducing transportation cost and attracting new bus in supply chain, and according to Forum for the Future, it’s a awake is derived from the coffee be.
Resources on the Importance of Agriculture leading commodity, making up approximately 31% of all textile Dressing up.
: The following resources provide information about the fibers globally In addition to cotton, clothing can be manufactured from
importance of agriculture as a source of raw materials and its Biofuels hemp, ramie, and flax. Bio-based materials can be used to
impact on transportation and contribution the economic : The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reports produce grooming products such as
development: favorable economics of biofuels, produced from biomass skin creams and shampoos
Example: Agricultural resources of means the land and on - sources including agricultural products such as corn, soybeans, Cleaning.
farm buildings equipment, manure processing and handling sugarcane, and algae. The benefits include reduced greenhouse Two types of chemicals used in
facilities and processing handling facilities gas and pollutant emissions and the potential for increased detergents, cleaning products, and
How Is Agriculture Important? incomes for farmers. However, biodiesel production requires bath or hand soap — surfactants and
: When global supply chains are disrupted, considerable the use of land and water resources that can affect food cost solvents — can be produced from biomass.
attention is given to the technology sector. For example, the Industrial Products Driving to work.
lack of computer chips — made from silicon, a nonagricultural : Bio-based chemistry involves using raw materials derived Plants make it possible to get to and from work. Think of
raw material — limits a manufacturer’s ability to make from biomass to develop industrial products. Different rubber (sourced from rubber trees) and biodiesel fuel, which
computers, cars, and other products. This impacts many areas industrial products derived from bio-based chemicals include often includes ethanol (sourced from corn )
of society and business. bioplastics, plant oils, bio lubricants, inks, dyes, detergents, and Entertainment.
Here are Different types of Products derived from agriculture fertilizers. Bi-based chemicals and products offer an alternative Paper from trees enables you to write, and some musical
Fruits and Vegetables to convention products derived from petroleum products. instruments, such as reed instruments, require materials made
: Fruits and vegetables are essential sources of fiber, proteins, Pharmaceutical Product from plants.
and carbohydrate in human diets. Vitamins, such as A, C, and E, : For thousands of years, humans have turned to plants to help Education
and minerals, such as magnesium, zinc, and phosphorus, are treat what ails them. For example, ginger, a plant root typically From pencils (still often made of wood) to paper textbooks,
naturally occurring in many fruits and vegetables. In addition to consumed in tea, can help aid digestion. Substances derived students rely on agricultural products every day.
Agriculture also impacts economic development materials, fuels, and more. According to the USDA, food and vegetation, buming the debris, clearing the area, known as
: Agriculture also impacts economic development by beverage manufacturing companies employ about 1.7 million swidden, and preparing it for cultivation
contributing to the overall U.S. gross domestic product (GDP), people in the U.S • Shifting cultivation can successfully support only low
directly and indirectly. It does so through farm production, population densities and, as a result of rapid depletion of soil
forestry, fishing activities, textile mills and products, apparel fertility, the fields are actively cultivated usually for three years.
and beverage sales, and service and manufacturing. Why Is Agriculture Important for the Future As a result, the infertile land has to be abandoned and another
Farm production : Agriculture offers an opportunity to improve the lives of site has to be identified, starting again the process of clearing
The latest USDA data on farming and farming income report millions of foo-insecure people and help countries develop and planting. The slash-and-burn technique thus requires
the U.S. had a little over 2 million farms, encompassing 897 economies that create jobs and raise incomes. Today’s extensive acreage for new lots, as well as a great deal of human
million acres, in 2020. Farm production includes producing agriculture also impacts future generations. To ensure the long- labor, involving at the same time a frequent gender division of
fruits, vegetables, plants, and varieties o crops to meet demand term success of the global agricultural sector, building a more labor. The kinds of crops grown can be different from region to
for agricultural products throughout the country and abroad sustainable economic region, dominated by tubers, sweet potatoes especially, and
Forestry and fishing activity. system aligned with the U.N.’s Sustainable Development Goals grains such as rice and corn. The practice of mixing different
Agricultural activities include forestry and harvesting fish in is a crucial imperative to help create a more equitable society. seeds in the same swidden in the warm and humid tropics is
water farms or in their natural habitat. Agroforestry is focused favorable for harvesting two or even three times per year. Yet,
on “establishing, SIGNIFICANT AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN THE DIFFERENT the slash-and-burn practice has some negative impacts on the
managing, using, and PARTS OF THE WORLD environment, being seen as ecologically destructive especially
conserving forests, Objectives: Discuss the different Agricultural Practices in the for areas with vulnerable and endangered species.
trees and associated different parts of the world. 3. Pastoralism
resources in a 1. SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE • Involving the breeding and herding of animals, pastoralism is
sustainable manner to Subsistence agriculture replaced hunting and gathering in another extensive form of subsistence agriculture. It is adapted
meet desired goals, many parts of the globe. The term subsistence, when it relates to cold and/or dry climates of savannas (grasslands), deserts,
needs, and values,” according to the USDA. to farming, refers to growing food only to sustain the farmers steppes, high plateaus, and Arctic zones where planting crops is
Textile mills and products themselves and their families, consuming most of what they impracticable. Specifically, the practice is characteristic in Africa
The S. cotton industry produces $21 billion in products and produce, without entering into the cash economy of the (north, central (Sahel) and south), the Middle East, central and
services annually, according to the USDA. The industry has country. The farm size is small, 2-5 acres (1-2 hectares), but the southwest Asia, the Mediterranean basin, and Scandinavia. The
created various employment roles, such as growers, ginners, agriculture is less mechanized; therefore, the percentage of species of animals vary with the region of the world including
and buyers working on farms and in textile mills, cotton gins, workers engaged directly in farming is very high, reaching 50 especially sheep, goats, cattle, reindeer, and camels.
offices, and warehouse percent or more in some developing countries (Figure 10.6). Pastoralism is a successful strategy to support a population on
Apparel and food and beverage sales Climate regions play an important role in determining less productive land, and adapts well to the environment.
Since agriculture is a business, selling products made from agricultural regions. Farming activities range from shifting Three (3) categories of pastoralism:
agricultural production is essential. A key aspect of the sales cultivation to pastoralism, both extensive forms that still prevail • Sedentary pastoralism- refers to those farmers who live in
component in agriculture is to help growers build capacity and over large regions, to intensive subsistence. their villages and their herd animals in nearby pastures. A
understand the market dynamics to meet the needs of 2. Shifting cultivation number of men usually are hired by the villagers in order to
customers, many of whom care deeply about Food services, • Also known as slash-and-burn agriculture is a form of take care of their animals. Equally important is the practice in
eating and drinking places accounted for 10.5 million jobs in subsistence agriculture that involves a kind of which the hired men gather the animals (cattle especially) in
2020, the largest share among all categories within the natural rotation system. the morning, feed them during the day in the nearby pasture,
agriculture and food sectors, according to the USDA. • Shifting cultivation is a way of life for 150-200 million people, and then return them to the village early in the evening. This is
Manufacturing globally distributed in the tropical areas, especially in the rain the typical pattern for many traditional European pastoralists.
Agricultural products contribute to the manufacturing of a forests of South America, Central and West Africa, and • Nomadic pastoralism- is a traditional form of subsistence
huge variety of goods, including food and beverage products, Southeast Asia. The practices involve removing dense agriculture in which the pastoralists travel with their herds over
textiles, cleaning and personal products, construction long distances and with no fixed pattern. This is a continuous
movement of groups of herds and people such as the Bedouins advances in research and technology such as the Global
of Saudi Arabia, the Bakhtiaris of Iran, the Berbers of North • In recent decades, as the result of the introduction of higher- Positioning System (autonomous precision seed-planting
Africa, the Maasai of East Africa, the Zulus of South Africa, the yielding grain varieties such as wheat, corn, and rice, known as robot, intelligent systems for animal monitoring, savings in field
Mongols of Central Asia, and other groups. The settlement Green Revolution, tens of millions of subsistence farmers have vegetable-growing through the use of a GPS automatic steering
landscape of pastoral nomads reflects their need for mobility been lifted above the survival level. The spread of these new system), and satellite imagery (finding efficient routes for
and flexibility. Usually, they live in a type of tent (known as yurt varieties throughout the farmlands of South, Southeast, and selective harvesting based on remote sensing management).
in Central Asia) and move their herds to any available pasture. East Asia, and Mexico greatly improved the supply of food in
Although there are approximately 10-15 million nomadic these areas. Equally important was the use of fertilizers, Climate regions also play an important role in determining
pastoralists in the world, they occupy about 20 percent of pesticides, irrigation, and new machines. Today, China and agricultural regions. In developed countries, these regions can
Earth’s land area. Today, their life is in decline, the victim of India are self-sufficient in basic foods, while Thailand and be individualized as six types of commercial agriculture: mixed
more constricting political borders, competing land uses, Vietnam are two of the top rice exporters in the world. crop and livestock, grain farming, dairy farming, livestock
selective overgrazing, and government resettlement programs. Although hunger and famine still persist in some regions of the ranching, commercial gardening and fruit farming, and
• Transhumance- is a seasonal vertical movement by herding world, especially in Africa, many people accept that they would Mediterranean agriculture.
the livestock (cows, sheep, goats, and horses) to cooler, be much worse without using these innovations.
greener high-country pastures in the summer and then 5. Commercial agriculture 6. Mixed Crop and Livestock
returning them to lowland settings for fall and winter grazing. • Generally practiced in core countries outside the tropics, is
Herders have a permanent home, typically in the valleys. developed primarily to generate products for sale to food • Mixed crop and livestock farming extends over much of the
Generally, the herds travel with a certain number of people processing companies. An exception is plantation farming, a eastern United States, central and western Europe, western
necessary to tend them, while the main population stays at the form of commercial agriculture which persists in developing Russia, Japan, and smaller areas in South America (Brazil and
base. This is a traditional practice in the Mediterranean and the countries side by side with subsistence. Uruguay) and South Africa. The rich soils, typically involving
Black Sea basins such as southern European countries, the • Unlike the small subsistence farms (1-2 hectares/2-5 acres), crop rotation, produce high yields primarily of corn and wheat,
Carpathian Mountains, and the Caucasus countries (Figures the average of the commercial farm size is over 150 hectares/ adding also soybeans, sugar beets, sunflower, potatoes, fruit
10.9 and 10.10). In addition, near highland zones such as the 370 acres (178 ha/193 acres U.S.) and, being mechanized, orchards, and forage crops for livestock.
Atlas Mountains (northwest Africa) and the Anatolian Plateau many of them are family owned and operated. Mechanization • In practice, there is a wide variation in mixed systems. At a
(Turkey), as well as in Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East also determines the percentage of the labor force in higher level, a region can consist of individual specialized farms
countries, and Central Asia, the pastoralists have to practice agriculture, with many developed countries being even below (corn, for example) and service systems that together act as a
another type of transhumance, such as the movement of two percent of the total employment, such as Israel, the United mixed system.
animals between wet-season and dry-season pasture. Kingdom, Germany, the United States, Canada, Norway, 7. Grain Farming
4. Intensive subsistence agriculture Denmark, and Sweden (Figure 10.6). Moreover, as the result of • Commercial grain farming is an extensive and mechanized
Characteristic of densely populated regions especially in industrialization and urbanization, many developed countries form of agriculture. This is a development in the continental
southern, south-eastern, and eastern Asia, involves the continue to lose significant areas of agricultural land. North lands of the mid-latitudes (mostly between 30° and 55* North
effective and efficient use of small parcels of land in order to America, for example, had 28.3 percent agricultural land out of and South latitudes), in regions that are too dry for mixed crop
maximize crop yield per acre. the total land and livestock farming. The major world regions of commercial
The practice requires intensive human labor, with most of the area in 1961 and 26 percent in 2014. The European Union grain farming are located in Eurasia (from Kiev, in Ukraine,
work being done by hand and/or with animals. The landscape decreased its agricultural land from 54.7 percent to 43.8 along southern Russia, to Omsk in western Siberia and
of intensive subsistence agriculture is significantly transformed, percent for the same period, during which some countries Kazakhstan) and North America (the Great Plains).
including hillside terraces and raised fields, adding the recorded outstanding decreases, such as Ireland from 81.9 to • In the southern hemisphere, Argentina, in South America, has
irrigation systems and fertilizers • Rice is the dominant crop in 64.8 percent, the United Kingdom from 81.8 to 71.2 percent, a large region of commercial grain farming, and Australia has
the humid areas of southern, south-eastern, and eastern Asia. and Denmark from 74.6 to 62.2 percent to mention only a few. two such areas, one in the southwest and another in the
In the drier areas, other crops are cultivated such as grains In addition to the high level of mechanization, in order to southeast. Commercial grain farming is highly specialized and,
(wheat, corn, barley, millet, sorghum, and oats), as well as increase their productivity, commercial farmers use scientific generally, one single crop is grown. The most important crop
peanuts, soybeans, tubers, and vegetables. grown is wheat (winter and spring), used to make flour.
• The wheat farms are very large, ranging from 240 to 16,000 other types of farming. Commercial gardening and fruit in South Asia; rubber in Southeast Asia, and/or other
hectares (593-40000 acres). The average size of a farm in the farming is quite diverse, requiring more manual labor and specialized and luxury crops such as palm oil, peanuts, cotton,
U.S. is about 1000 acres (405 hectares). In these areas land is gardening techniques. In the United States, commercial and tobacco. Plantations are located in the tropical and
cheap, making it possible for a farmer to own very large gardening and fruit farming is the predominant type of subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, and Latin America and,
holdings. agriculture in the Southeast, the region with a warm and although they are located in the developing countries, many
8. Dairy Farming humid climate and a long growing season. In addition to the are owned and operated by European or North American
Dairy farming is a branch of agriculture designed for long-term traditional vegetables and fruits (tomatoes, lettuce, onions, individuals or corporations. Even those taken by governments
production of milk, processed either on a farm or at a dairy peaches, apples, cherries), a new kind of commercial gardening of the newly independent countries continued to be operated
plant, for sale. It is practiced near large urban areas in both has developed in the Northeast. This is a non-traditional by foreigners in order to receive income from foreign sources.
developed and developing countries. The location of this type market garden, growing crops that, although limited, are These plantations survived during decolonization, continuing to
of farm is dictated by the highly perishable milk. The ring increasingly demanded by consumers, such as asparagus, serve the rich markets of the world. Unlike coffee, sugar, rice,
surrounding a city where fresh milk is economically viable, mushrooms, peppers, and strawberries. Market gardening has cotton and other traditional crops, exported from large
supplied without spoiling, is about a 100-mile radius. In the become an alternative business, significantly profitable and plantations, other crops can be required by the international
1980s and 1990s, robotic milking systems were developed and sustainable especially with the recent popularity of organic and market such as flowers and specific fruits and vegetables.
introduced in some developing countries, principally in the EU. local food.
There is an important variation in the pattern of dairy 11. Mediterranean Agriculture
13. Organic Farming.
production worldwide. Many countries that are large producers The term ‘Mediterranean agriculture’ applies to the agriculture
Organic farming, also known as ecological farming or biological
consume most of this internally, while others, in particular New done in those regions which have a Mediterranean type of
farming, is an agricultural system that uses fertilizers of organic
Zealand, export a large percentage of their production, some climate, hot and dry summers and moist and mild winters. Five
origin such as compost manure, green manure, and bone meal
from the organic farms. major regions in the world have a Mediterranean type of
and places emphasis on techniques such as crop rotation and
9. Ranching agriculture, such as the lands that border the Mediterranean
companion planting. It originated early in the 20th century in
Is the commercial grazing of livestock on large tracts of land. It Sea (South Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East),
reaction to rapidly changing farming practices. Certified organic
is an efficient way to raise livestock to provide meat, dairy California, central Chile, South Africa’s Cape, and in parts of
agriculture accounts for 70 million hectares (170 million acres)
products, and raw materials for fabrics. Contemporary ranching southwestern and southern Australia. Farming is intensive,
globally, with over half of that total in Australia. Organic
has become part of the meat-processing industry. • Primarily, highly specialized and varied in the kinds of crops raised. The
farming continues to be developed by various organizations
ranching is practiced on semiarid or arid land where the hilly Mediterranean lands, also known as ‘orchard lands of the
today. Biological pest control, mixed cropping, and the
vegetation is too sparse and the soil too poor to support crops, world,’ are dominated by citrus fruits (oranges, lemons, and
fostering of insect predators are encouraged. Organic standards
being a vital part of economies and rural development around grapefruits), olives (primary for cooking oil), figs, dates, and
are designed to allow the use of naturally-occurring substances
the world. In Australia, like in the Americas, ranching is a way grapes (primarily for wine), which are mainly for export. These
while prohibiting or strictly limiting synthetic substances. For
of life. In the United States, near Greeley, Colorado, there is the and other commodities flow to distant markets, Mediterranean
instance, naturally-occurring pesticides such as pyrethrin are
world’s largest cattle feedlot, with over 120,000 head, a products tending to be popular and commanding high prices.
permitted, while synthetic fertilizers and pesticides are
subsidiary of the food giant ConAgra. The largest beef Yet, the warm and sunny Mediterranean climate also allows a
generally prohibited. Synthetic substances that are allowed
producing company in the world is the Brazilian multinational wide range of other food crops, such as cereals (wheat,
include, for example, copper sulfate,
corporation JBS-Friboi. Argentina and Uruguay are the world’s especially) and vegetables, cultivated especially for domestic
elemental sulfur, and ivermectin. Genetically modified
top per capita consumers of beef. China is the leading producer consumption.
organisms, nanomaterials, human sewage sludge, plant growth
of pig meat while the United States leads in the production of 12. Plantation Farming
regulators, hormones, and antibiotic use in livestock husbandry
chicken and beef. Plantations are large landholdings in developing regions
are prohibited. Organic farming advocates claim advantages in
10. Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming designed to produce crops for export. Usually, they specialize in
sustainability, openness, self-sufficiency, autonomy and
A market garden is a relatively small- scale business, growing the production of one particular crop for market laid out to
independence, health, food security, and food safety.
vegetables, fruits, and flowers. The farms are small, from under produce coffee, cocoa, bananas, or sugar in South and Central
one acre to a few acres (.5-1.5 hectares). The diversity of crops America; cocoa, tea, rice, or rubber in West and East Africa; tea
DEFINITON OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
is sometimes cultivated in greenhouses, dis- tinguishing it from
The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the Hargreaves in 1768. Steam Engine was initially invented by productivity also occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and
19th century where major changes in agriculture, Thomas Newcomen in 1712; James Watt made improvements linen, but they were not as great as in cotton.
manufacturing, mining, transport, and technology had a to the machine in 1775. -the steam engine, used to power Steam power – the efficiency of steam engines increased so
profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions. steam locomotives, steamboats, steamships, and machines in that they used between one-fifth and one-tenth as much fuel.
Industrial Revolution, in modern history, the process of change factories. The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion
from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by In the period 1760 to 1830 the Industrial Revolution was made them suitable for industrial uses. The high pressure
industry and machine manufacturing. These technological largely confined to Britain. Aware of their head start, the British engine had a high power to weight ratio, making it suitable for
changes introduced novel ways of working and living and forbade the export of machinery, skilled workers, and transportation. Steam power underwent a rapid expansion
fundamentally transformed society. manufacturing techniques. The British monopoly could not last after 1800.
This process began in Britain in the 18th century and from forever, especially since some Britons saw profitable industrial Iron making – the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly
there spread to other parts of the world. Although used earlier opportunities abroad, while continental European businessmen lowered the fuel cost of pig iron and wrought iron production.
by French writers, the term Industrial Revolution was first sought to lure British know-how to their countries. Two Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces, resulting in
popularized by the English economic historian Arnold Toynbee Englishmen, William and John Cockerill, brought the Industrial economies of scale. The steam engine began being used to
(1852–83) to describe Britain’s economic development from Revolution to Belgium by developing machine shops at Liège (c. pump water and to power blast air in the mid-1750s, enabling
1760 to 1840. Since Toynbee’s time the term has been more 1807), and Belgium became the first country in continental a large increase in iron production by overcoming the limitation
broadly applied as a process of economic transformation than Europe to be transformed economically. Like its British of water power. The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in
as a period of time in a particular setting. This explains why progenitor, the Belgian Industrial Revolution centred in iron, 1760. It was later improved by making it double acting, which
some areas, such as China and India, did not begin their first coal, and textiles. allowed higher blast furnace temperatures. The puddling
industrial revolutions until the 20th century, while others, such France was more slowly and less thoroughly industrialized than process produced a structural grade iron at a lower cost than
as the United States and western Europe, began undergoing either Britain or Belgium. While Britain was establishing its the finery forge. The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than
“second” industrial revolutions by the late 19th century. industrial leadership, France was immersed in its Revolution, hammering wrought iron. Hot blast (1828) greatly increased
and the uncertain political situation discouraged large fuel efficiency in iron production in the following decades.
THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION investments in industrial innovations. By 1848 France had Invention of machine tools – The first machine tools were
The Industrial Revolution, also known as the First Industrial become an industrial power, but, despite great growth under invented. These included the screw cutting lathe, cylinder
Revolution, was a period of global transition of human the Second Empire, it remained behind Britain. boring machine and the milling machine. Machine tools made
economy towards more efficient and stable manufacturing Six factors facilitated industrialization: high levels of agricultural the economical manufacture of precision metal parts possible,
processes that succeeded the Agricultural Revolution, starting productivity to produce excess workforce and food; a pool of although it took several decades to develop effective
from Great Britain, continental Europe, and the United States, managerial and entrepreneurial skills; accessible ports, rivers, techniques.
that occurred during the period from around 1760 to about canals and roads to cheaply move raw materials and outputs;
1820–1840. This transition included going from hand natural resources like coal, iron and waterfalls; political stability Who fought against the Industrial Revolution?
production methods to machines; new chemical manufacturing and a legal system that supported business; and financial Before First industrial revolution happens, There such a group
and iron production processes; the increasing use of water capital available to invest. who against the industrial revolution Called:
power and steam power; the development of machine tools; The commencement of the industrial Revolution is closely THE LUDDITES
and the rise of the mechanized factory system. Output greatly connected to a small variety of innovations, starting within the The Luddites have been described as people violently opposed
increased, and a result was an unprecedented rise in second half of the eighteenth century. By the 1830s the to technological change and the riots put down to the
population and in the rate of population growth. The textile following gains had been made in important technologies: introduction of new machinery in the wool industry. Luddites
industry was the first to use modern production methods, and Textiles – mechanised cotton spinning powered by steam or were protesting against changes they thought would make
textiles became the dominant industry in terms of water increased the output of a worker by a factor of around their lives much worse, changes that were part of a new
employment, value of output, and capital invested. 500. The power loom increased the output of a worker by a market system.
Who made the machines in the Industrial Revolution? factor of over 40. The cotton gin increased productivity of The Luddites were a group of English textile workers who
Some of the most notable Industrial Revolution inventions removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50. Large gains in protested against the introduction of machinery during the
included the following: Cotton Jenny invented by James Industrial Revolution. They believed that the machines were
taking away their jobs and reducing their wages, so they principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation, The Industrial Revolution increased the overall amount of
attacked factories and destroyed machinery. with air being blown through the molten iron. In the. wealth and distributed it more widely than had been the case
Despite their efforts, the Luddites were ultimately unsuccessful The Most important inventions in the Second Industrial in earlier centuries, helping to enlarge the middle class.
in stopping the Industrial Revolution. The government and Revolution include the Telegraph, the telephone, the modern However, the replacement of the domestic system of industrial
factory owners were determined to continue with the light bulb, the automobile, aircraft, and the construction of the production, in which independent craftspersons worked in or
development of new technologies and machinery, which transcontinental railroad in the United States. near their homes, with the factory system and mass production
helped to increase productivity and lower costs. THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH consigned large numbers of people, including women and
Additionally, the Luddites did not have a unified leadership or a The electric Telegraph was an important inventions born out of children, to long hours of tedious and often dangerous work at
clear strategy for achieving their goals. They were also up Joseph Henry's electromagnetic motor. This was first efficiently subsistence wages. Their miserable conditions gave rise to the
against a powerful and well-organized opposition, which made accomplished by sending electrical pulses that caused an trade union movement in the mid-19th century.
it difficult for them to gain any real traction. electromagnetic to and rotate strike a bell. Samuel Morse •What were some important inventions of the Industrial
In the end, the Industrial Revolution brought about many improved Henry's design and made the electrical Telegraph Revolution?
positive changes, including increased production and improved more practical and commercialized. Morse design made the Important inventions of the Industrial Revolution included the
living standards for many people. While the Luddites' concerns electromagnetic move to make markings on a sheet of paper steam engine, used to power steam locomotives, steamboats,
about the impact of technology on employment were valid, which could be decoded according to Morse code to decipher steamships, and machines in factories; electric generators and
their tactics were ultimately not effective in stopping progres the message. electric motors; the incandescent lamp (light bulb); the
THE TELEPHONE telegraph and telephone; and the internal-combustion engine
THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION A significant inventions of the late period of the Industrial and automobile, whose mass production was perfected by
The Second Industrial Revolution also known as the Revolution was the telephone, which was invented by Henry Ford in the early 20th century.
TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION. Resulted from industrialization Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. Alexander Graham Bell was a OTHER INVENTORS TO START INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
of electricity and mass manufacturing. It happened around Scottish inventor although he lived and worked in both Canada Richard Trevithick and George Stephenson, who pioneered the
19th century, started in the UNITED STATES, and run on and the United States during the majority of his life and time steam locomotive;
electricity, cars, and communication technologies. inventing. Robert Fulton, who designed the first commercially successful
The Second Industrial Revolution was a phase of rapid scientific THE MODERN LIGHT BULB paddle steamer;
discovery, standardization, mass production and Thomas Edison 's carbon filament incandescent bulb or Michael Faraday, who demonstrated the first electric generator
industrialization from the late 19th century into the early 20th modern light bulb was one important invention that made the and electric motor;
century. rise of cities possible, after Edison patented his bulb in 1879, Joseph Wilson Swan and Thomas Alva Edison, who each
The First Industrial Revolution which ended in the middle of Factories quickly invested in electric lighting technology, which independently invented the light bulb;
the 19th century, was punctuated by a slowdown in important promised their business longer hours and more efficiency. Samuel Morse, who designed a system of electric telegraphy
inventions before the Second Industrial Revolution in 1870. and invented Morse Code;
Though a number of its events can be traced to earlier Other informations both 1st and 2nd IR: Alexander Graham Bell, who is credited with inventing the
innovations manufacturing. Such was the establishment. Of a telephone;and
machine tool industry, That development of methods for •How did the Industrial Revolution change economies? Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz, who constructed the first
manufacturing Interchangeable parts, As well as the inventions The Industrial Revolution transformed economies that had motorcycle and motorcar, respectively, powered by high-speed
of the Bessemer process And open Heart Furnace. To produce been based on agriculture and handicrafts into economies internal-combustion engines of their own design.
steel. The second in this revolution is generally dated between based on large-scale industry, mechanized manufacturing, and
1870 And 1914 The beginning of World War One. the factory system. New machines, new power sources, and CHARACTERISTICS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
new ways of organizing work made existing industries more The main features involved in the Industrial Revolution were
BESSEMER PROCESS productive and efficient. New industries also arose, including, technological, socioeconomic, and cultural. The technological
The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial in the late 19th century, the automobile industry. changes included the following:
process for the mass production of steel From molten pig iron •How did the Industrial Revolution change society? (1) the use of new basic materials, chiefly iron and steel,
before the development of the Open Heart furnace. The key
(2) the use of new energy sources, including both fuels and WESTERN EUROPE: Countries like Germany, France, and the (MOSFET, or MOS transistor) by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon
motive power, such as coal, the steam engine, electricity, United Kingdom were also at the forefront of the Third Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959, and the development of the
petroleum, and the internal-combustion engine, Industrial Revolution. These nations embraced digital complementary MOS (CMOS) process by Frank Wanlass and
(3) the invention of new machines, such as the spinning jenny technologies, automation, and the Internet of Things (IoT) to Chih-tang Sah at Fairchild in 1963.
and the power loom that permitted increased production with drive economic growth and increase productivity. Central to this revolution is the mass production and
a smaller expenditure of human energy, EAST ASIA: Japan, South Korea, and China were leaders in widespread use of digital logic, MOSFETS (MOS transistors),
(4) a new organization of work known as the factory system, adopting digital technologies and integrating them into their integrated circuit (IC) chips, and their derived technologies,
which entailed increased division of labour and specialization industries. These countries focused on advancements in including computers, microprocessors, digital cellular phones,
of function, manufacturing, automation, and robotics to revolutionize their and the Internet. These technological innovations have
(5) important developments in transportation and industrial sectors transformed traditional production and business techniques.
communication, including the steam locomotive, steamship, INTRODUCTION OF NUCLEAR ENERGY Since 2015, a Fourth Industrial Revolution has been proposed
automobile, airplane, telegraph, and radio, and Another century passes, and we bear witness to the Third to follow the Third Industrial Revolution.
(6) the increasing application of science to industry. These Industrial Revolution. In the second half of the 20th century, 1969-1989: INVENTION OF THE INTERNET, RISE OF HOME
technological changes made possible a tremendously increased we see the emergence of yet another source of untapped, COMPUTERS
use of natural resources and the mass production of nuclear energy. This kind of energy became ideal for its cheap 1989-2005: INVENTION OF THE WORLD WIDE WEB,
manufactured goods. price of electricity and one of the most efficient use of MAINSTREAMING OF THE INTERNET, WEB 1.0
•THE DIGITAL REVOLUTION (IR3) technology, After another hundred years, nuclear energy and 2005-PRESENT: WEB 2.0, SOCIAL MEDIA, SMARTPHONES,
Also known as The third industrial revolution (IR3) began in the electronics enter the landscape. Nuclear power began in DIGITAL TV
1950s that is considered as the move from mechanical and Europe, grew in both Great Britain and the United States, went The third revolution brought forth the rise of electronics,
analogue electronic technology to digital electronics which into remission for years, and grew in Asia. Nuclear energy and telecommunications and, of course, computers. the third
began in the latter half of the 20th century, with the adoption nuclear weapons were invented during the third stage of the industrial revolution opened the doors to space expeditions,
and proliferation of digital computers and digital record- Industrial Revolution, also known as the Atomic Age. This stage research, and biotechnology through the new technologies.
keeping, that continues to the present day, Implicitly, the term occurred from the mid-20th century to the present day and is Throughout history, people have always been dependent on
also refers to the sweeping changes brought about by digital characterized by advancements in electronics, technology. Of course, the technology of each era might not
computing and communication technologies during this period. telecommunications, and nuclear technology. The Atomic Age have the same shape and size as today, but for their time, it
The digital revolution marked the beginning of the information began with the development of nuclear weapons during World was certainly something for people to look at. People would
age. War IIand expanded with the advent of nuclear power plants always use the technology they had available to help make
DURING THE IR1&2 ONLY WESTERN EUROPE AND THE USA and nuclear medicine. their lives easier and at the same time try to perfect it and
WERE DEVELOPED BUT DURING THE IR3 THE WORLD BECOMES bring it to the next level. This is how the concept of the
ABOUT 10 TIMES WEALTHIER, AND DEVELOPMENT SPREADS THE RISE OF ELECTRONICS, TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND industrial revolution began. Right now, we are going through
ALMOST EVERY PART OF THE WORLD. OFCOURSE, COMPUTERS. the fourth industrial revolution.
The Third Industrial Revolution, originated in various parts of What were the inventions of the 3rd industrial revolution?
the world. Some of the key regions where it began include: In 1947, the first working transistor, the germanium-based •THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
UNITED STATES point-contact transistor, was invented by John Bardeen and Is the current and developing environment in which disruptive
WESTERN EUROPE Walter Houser Brattain while working under William Shockley technologies and trends such as the Internet of Things (IoT),
EAST ASIA at Bell Labs. This led the way to more advanced digital robotics, virtual reality (VR) and artificial intelligence (AI) are
UNITED STATES: The United States played a significant role in computers. changing the way modern people live and work. Web3,
initiating the Third Industrial Revolution. It was driven by Other important technological developments included the blockchain, 3D printing, genetic engineering, quantum
advancements in technology and the rise of Silicon Valley, invention of the monolithic integrated circuit chip by Robert computing, and other technologies. It's the collective force
which became a hub for innovation and the development of Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1959 (made possible by behind many products and services that are fast becoming
digital technologies. the planar process developed by Jean Hoerni), the first indispensable to modern life. The integration of these
successful metal-oxide- semiconductor field-effect transistor
technologies into manufacturing practices is known as Industry economy. At the time, people witnessed massive extraction of
4.0. coal along with the significant invention of the steam engine EVOLUTION OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS
Industry 4.0, the Fourth Industrial Revolution, and 4IR all refer that created a new type of energy that later on helped speed
to the current era of connectivity, advanced analytics, up the manufacturing of railroads, thus accelerating the Industrial Revolution was the transition from creating by hand
automation, and advanced-manufacturing technology that has economy. to using machines.
been transforming global business for years. THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (COAL AND FIRST
The Fourth Industrial Revolution represents a fundamental Following the first Industrial Revolution, we see the world go PROPONENTS OF MACHINERIES)
change in the way we live, work and relate to one another. It is through the second almost a century later. It started at the end The first Industrial Revolution transformed our economy from
a new chapter in human development, enabled by of the 19th century, with massive technological advancements agriculture to industry. Processes became mechanized and
extraordinary technology advances commensurate with those in industries that helped the emergence of a new source of products were manufactured for the first time. During this
of the first, second and third industrial revolutions. These energy-electricity, gas, and oil. period, the discovery of coal and its mass extraction, as well as
advances are merging the physical, digital and biological worlds This revolution resulted in the creation of the internal the development of the steam engine and metal forging
in ways that create both huge promise and potential peril. The combustion engine that started to reach its full potential. Other completely changed the way goods were produced and
speed, breadth and depth of this revolution is forcing us to important points of the second industrial revolution were the exchanged. Canal transportation began replacing wagons and
rethink how countries develop, how organisations create value development of steel demand, chemical synthesis and mules for moving around these goods. It came its roots in the
and even what it means to be human. The Fourth Industrial methods of communication such as the telegraph and the United Kingdom where, in that time, rosed as one of the most
Revolution is about more than just technology-driven change; telephone Finally, the inventions of the automobile and the powerful countries in the world in terms of military, political,
it is an opportunity to help everyone, including leaders, policy- plane at the beginning of the 20th century are the reason why, and even in industrial power. At that time, British monopolies
makers and people from all income groups and nations, to to this day, the Second Industrial Revolution is considered the are still on the rule, while Britons has seen opportunities
harness converging technologies in order to create an inclusive, most important one! abroad. William Cockerill, along with his son John, started the
human-centred future. The real opportunity is to look beyond THE THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION revolution of machinery advancements in the province of
technology, and find ways to give the greatest number of Another century passes, and we bear witness to the Third Liege, Belgium in 1807. Meanwhile, John Cockerill founded in
people the ability to positively impact their families, Industrial Revolution. In the second half of the 20th century, Seraing (a municipality in Leige province, Belgium) what was to
organisations and communities we see the emergence of yet another source of untapped, at become one of the largest ironmaking and machinery
OVERALL SUMMARIZATION: the time, energy. Nuclear energy! The third revolution brought complexes in Europe. Thus, Belgium became the first country
forth the rise of electronics, telecommunications and, of to benefit from the industrialization period, and gradually
course, computers. The third industrial revolution opened the spread to the rest of Europe in the following decades.
doors to space expeditions, research, and biotechnology SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (MASS PRODUCTION)
through the new technologies. In the world of the industries, The second Industrial Revolution is usually dated between
two major inventions, Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) 1870 and 1914, with the American inventor Thomas Edison
and Robots, helped give rise to an era of high-level automation. introduced of high resistance, incandescent electric light, that
Industry 4.0 (4RTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION) would be called "light bulb" today. Rapid advances in the
For many people, Industry 4.0 is the fourth Industrial creation of steel, chemicals and electricity helped fuel
Brief History of The 4 Industrial Revolutions that Shaped the Revolution, although a large portion of people still disagree. If production, including mass-produced consumer goods and
World we were to view Industry 4.0 as a revolution, we would have to weapons. It became far easier to get around on trains,
THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION admit that it is a revolution happening now. We are automobiles, planes and bicycles. At the same time, ideas and
The first industrial revolution followed the proto- experiencing it every day, and its magnitude is yet unknown. news spread via newspapers, the radio and the telegraph. This
industrialization period. It started at the end of the 18th Industry 4.0 started at the dawn of the third millennium with time, the expansion of industrialization reached the United
century to the beginning of the 19th. The biggest changes the one thing everyone uses every day—the Internet. We can States and Japan, became the first ones to benefit outside
came in the industries in the form of mechanization. see the transition from the first industrial revolution rooted in Europe, and soon becoming one of the global technological
Mechanization was why agriculture s know started to be technological phenomena to Industry 4.0 that develops virtual leaders. In this era, the gap between rich and poor became
replaced by the industry as the backbone of the societal reality worlds, allowing us to bend the laws of physics. wide, as business man kept an advantage to the expansion,
Some of them used industrialization so that they can exploit attention towards up-gradation of their communication skills. the living conditions. Culture is the symbolic communication, it
workers, that would be called "slavery", especially in the When the communication processes will be worthwhile and is passed on from one generation to the next. Culture
colonized countries in parts of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. meaningful, the individuals will be able to impart knowledge promotes unity among the individuals, irrespective of
From 1910s to 1940s, other countries also experienced the rise and understanding in terms of cultures to others in a well- differences among them. When the individuals need to work in
of industrial advancements, but unlike Europe, Japan, and organized manner. Information in terms of cultures can be co-ordination and integration with each other, particularly in
United States, there has been a limited privilege to experience transmitted in oral as well as in written forms of educational institutions and various types of organizations, it
it. communication. These are transmitted through symbols, is vital for them to accept each other’s cultures. One of the
THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (TECHNOLOGICAL constituting the distinctive achievements of human beings, important factors that needs to be taken into account are, all
ADVANCEMENTS) including their embodiments as artefacts. The essential core the individuals need to form positive viewpoints in terms of
In the second half of the 20th century, we see the emergence of culture therefore lies in those finer ideas, which are other cultures and there should not be any kind of
of yet another source of untapped, nuclear energy. This kind of transmitted within a group, both historically derived as well as discriminatory treatment. When one is conducting research on
energy became ideal for its cheap price of electricity and one selected with the attached value. Culture is referred to culture, one is able to understand that it consists of the
of the most efficient use of technology. Soviet Union, United historically transmitted patterns of meanings embodied in patterned way of thinking, feeling and reacting (The Concept of
States, and Japan are the leaders of nuclear energy. The third symbols, by means of which the individuals communicate, Culture, n.d.). These aspects are regarded as an integral part of
revolution brought forth the rise of electronics, preserve, and develop their knowledge. Culture is referred to one’s lives. It is necessary for the individuals to take into
telecommunications and computers. The third industrial the expression of the nature in the ways of living and thinking. account the cultures, when they are thinking in terms of
revolution opened the doors to space expeditions, research, It may be observed in various spheres, which are, social, something, feeling or reacting. It is essential for the individuals
and biotechnology through the new technologies. This era is in religious, economic, and political. There are two components to depict positivity in the implementation of various tasks,
the midst of the Cold War, in which the United States and of culture, material and non-material. Material culture consists functions and activities. Through culture, the individuals are
Soviet Union were competing for glory and domination. of objects that are related to the material aspects of one’s lives, able to understand the meaning and significance of positivity
Because of this, most countries have finally stepped in and are i.e. attire, food items, other goods etc. Whereas, non-material as well. They understand that positivity will contribute
enjoying the advancements for people's enhancement. components are, norms, values, beliefs and so forth effectively in helping them to identify the limitations and in
FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (INDUSTRY 4.0) (Culture: An Introduction, n.d.). There are differences in the bringing about improvements. In order to enrich one’s lives,
The Fourth Industrial Revolution is the current and developing cultural traits of the individuals, belonging to different regions, the individuals need to learn to put into operation the cultural
environment in which disruptive technologies and trends such states as well as countries. But when the individuals are traits in a well-organized manner. Research on culture has been
as the Internet of Things (IoT), robotics, virtual reality (VR) and generating information in terms of other cultures, they need to conducted by scholars. These scholars have identified the
artificial intelligence (AI) are changing the way modern people form positive viewpoints and accept them. Therefore, it can be contents and boundaries in terms of the interests of the
live and work. Other known technologies that are in public are stated that meaning and significance of cultures is regarded scholars, who have conducted research on it. Therefore,
3D printing, genetic engineering, blockchain, cryptocurrency, to be of utmost significance in achieving personal and research on culture is regarded as one of the central factors in
and many others. Because of the overusage of oil and coal that professional goals as well as in enhancing one’s overall living acquiring its efficient understanding. Objective culture can be
resulted into climate change and global warming, other sources standards and in maintaining sociable terms and relationships conceptualized and created by the individuals and the ones
of energy – renewable energies such as solar, wind, and with others. who are residing outside them. Objects, such as, artworks,
hydrogen, introduced to lessen the consequences of it. Meaning and Significance of Culture handicrafts, food items, clothing, tools, materials and
Because of the new requirements, countries needed to adapt The term ‘culture’ is derived from the Latin word cult or cultus, equipment are also regarded as important factors that put
as soon as possible, that some of them are still lagging behind. meaning tilling or cultivation or refining and worship. It is emphasis upon the culture. For instance, when an individual
CULTURE, LANDSCAPES, IDENTITIES AND PLACES referred to cultivating or refining a thing to such an extent that makes a visit to a colleague or a friend’s house, who belongs to
Culture its end product evokes ones reverence and admiration different community, and is different in terms of cultural traits,
Culture is referred to the human made environment, which (Culture: An Introduction, n.d.). A culture is regarded as the then the individuals will find differences in terms of above
includes material and non- material products that are way of life. For all individuals, irrespective of caste, creed, stated factors as well. In some cases, these factors are
transmitted from one generation to the next. When the race, religion, ethnicity, occupations, educational qualifications, appreciated, whereas, in other cases, these are not
individuals are required to transfer information or cultural gender, age and socio- economic background, culture is appreciated. When they are not appreciated, it is apparent that
aspects from one generation to the next, they need to pay regarded as one of the indispensable aspects that influences one should communicate with other individuals in a polite and
decent manner. When the individuals are cultured, they are environmental conditions, emotional intensity, and tasks and individuals make use of technologies, books and other reading
well-aware in terms of how to communicate with others in an activities, such as, conducting meetings, preparation of reports, materials to augment one’s understanding in terms of culture.
effective manner. Furthermore, when the individuals are documents and so forth (Spencer-Oatey, 2012). When the The characteristics of culture have been stated as follows:
conducting research on culture, they are able to generate individuals take into account these factors, they are able to Culture is learned and Acquired – From the stage of early
information in terms of various tasks and activities that needs implement cultures in an effective manner. In order to acquire childhood, culture is transmitted to individuals. Culture is
to be carried out in a well-organized manner. Therefore, an efficient understanding of culture, it is vital for the learned throughout the lives of the individuals . Throughout
meaning and significance of culture are regarded as crucial. individuals to communicate with others. From the stage of one’s lives, it is important for the individuals to generate
Cultures are defined as the complex whole that includes the early childhood, when the individuals communicate with their information in terms of various aspects of culture. The reason
set of knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws and customs, and parents, they provide them knowledge in terms of cultures. In being, there are changes taking place in various aspects
any other capabilities and habits that need to be put into this case, they are taught, they need to communicate with of cultures within the course of time, hence, it is essential for
operation by the individuals as members of society. Culture others in a polite and respectful manner, depict morality, the individuals to learn and implement them on a continuous
consists of patterns, which are implicit and explicit, of and for ethics, righteousness and truthfulness, inculcate the traits of basis. Family is regarded as the foundation from there
behaviour that are acquired and transmitted by symbols, diligence, resourcefulness and conscientiousness, pay attention learning of the individuals takes place. Hence, parents are
constituting the distinctive achievements of human groups, towards promoting enrichment of personality traits, and regarded as the first and foremost teachers, who impart
including their embodiment in artefacts. The essential core of generate awareness in terms of one’s job duties and knowledge to their children in terms of cultures. Furthermore,
the culture consists of traditionally, historically derived and responsibilities. When the individuals take into account these when the individuals get enrolled in various levels of
selected ideas and especially their attracted values. The culture factors, they ensure that they put into operation in their lives. educational institutions or get recruited within organizations to
systems on one hand, may be regarded as the products of When the individuals put these into practice in their lives, they generate a source of income and enhance their career
action and on the other hand, they are regarded as the are not only rendering a significant contribution in the prospects, the individuals need to generate awareness in terms
elements of future action. An important aspect of culture is, it achievement of personal and professional goals, but also of cultures. The instructors, supervisors and employers impart
distinguishes one group of individuals from the other group. It emerge into good human beings and productive citizens of the not only work-related knowledge, but also knowledge in terms
is referred to the set of attitudes, norms, values and beliefs, country. Therefore, it can be stated that culture renders a of culture. On the other hand, it is necessary for the students
which the individuals need to take into account and put into significant contribution in enabling the individuals to emerge and employees to understand and implement the knowledge,
operation in their lives. These are communicated from one into good human beings and in enriching their overall quality of which is related to work as well as culture. Therefore, it can be
generation to the next (Spencer-Oatey, 2012). lives. stated, culture is learned and acquired.
In conducting an analysis of various cultures, the individuals Characteristics of Culture Culture is shared by Group of Individuals – Culture is shared by
need to take into account three important areas, artefacts, The customs, traditions, norms, patterns, attitudes, values, the group ofindividuals. Whether the individuals are family
values, and basic underlying assumptions. The individuals principles, standards, ideals and symbols are regarded as some members, living in the same household, or are students,
generate awareness in terms of cultures from the stage of early of the important areas that govern the lives of the individuals. pursuing the same educational program or are colleagues.
childhood and need to make use of it throughout their lives. The behaviour and conduct of the individuals are administered When the individuals possess the same norms, values, beliefs
When one gets enrolled in an educational institution or gets by these aspects. When the individuals put into operation and viewpoints, it is stated that culture is shared by group of
recruited within organizations, they are imparted information moral and ethical conduct and behaviour, which is acceptable individuals. For instance, when three individuals are working in
in terms of rules, values, norms and principles. Apart from within the society, it is believed that they are well-aware in collaboration with each other on a project, it is apparent that
being dedicated towards the achievement of goals and terms of various aspects of culture. Within the community and they may have similar viewpoints. In order to promote mutual
objectives, the individuals need to possess adequate nation as a whole, it is crucial for all the individuals to conduct understanding and generate the desired outcomes, the
knowledge in terms of cultures and implement them. themselves in accordance to these aspects. Apart from these individuals need to work in collaboration and integration with
Through cultures, the individuals generate awareness in terms aspects, it is necessary for the individuals to generate each other. In this manner, culture related to their work is
of how to conduct themselves. Furthermore, they generate awareness in terms of characteristics of culture. Socialization is shared by group of individuals. In addition, the culture of the
information in terms of how to enhance their personality traits regarded as one of the indispensable ways through which individuals is influenced by the physical and social environment
and deal with other individuals. In the implementation of individuals generate awareness in terms of various aspects and in which they operate. Therefore, it can be stated, culture is
cultures, there are number of aspects that need to be taken characteristics of culture. Apart from socialization, the shared by group of individuals.
into account. These are, way of addressing each other,
Culture is Cumulative – The knowledge and understanding of and so forth. These are beliefs, which are followed by present existence, the individuals, belonging to various cultures
various factors in terms of culture is communicated in other household members. But it is not necessary that these beliefs have common aims of acquiring education and training, getting
words, transformed from one generation to the next. The will be practiced in all households. In some cases, one may engaged in employment opportunities, generating source of
culture is transmitted from parents to children and further to enter the kitchen to prepare one’s breakfast and may take income and leading to improvements in their overall quality of
their children. When the individuals augment their shower later. Hence, the above stated example, focuses upon lives. Therefore, the characteristic of diversity is regarded as a
understanding in terms of culture, they need to ensure they the dynamic characteristic of culture. Therefore, it can be crucial characteristic of culture.
put it into practice in order to enrich their lives. Furthermore, it stated, dynamic characteristic of culture is identified by the Culture is Ideational – When it is stated that culture is
is regarded to be of utmost significance to increase the individuals on a large scale in all communities and regions. ideational, it lays down an ideal pattern of behaviour, which is
positivity of culture and put it into practice in order to promote Culture provides the Range of Permissible Behaviour Patterns – to be put into operation by the individuals to a major extent.
well-being. Within the course of time, the individuals render an Through culture, the individuals generate information in terms For instance, socialization and effective communication are
important contribution in leading to an increase in knowledge of norms, values, beliefs and behavioural traits that they need regarded as crucial factors, which need to be focused upon by
in terms of culture. In other words, the meaning and to put into operation. The individuals need to implement the individuals, irrespective of their backgrounds, occupations
significance of culture is enriched and acknowledged. certain behaviour patterns in order to achieve personal and and categories. Through culture, the individuals generate
Adequate understanding in terms of culture renders an professional goals, maintain pleasant and amiable terms and awareness in terms of ways that are needed to communicate in
important contribution in providing solutions to various types relationships with others within as well as outside the homes an effective manner. These are, making use of polite language
of problems. Therefore, cumulativeness is regarded as an and in enriching one’s lives. The concept of culture renders an and decent words, smiling and wishing, addressing in a friendly
important characteristic of culture. important contribution in imparting knowledge and manner, saying thank you, apologizing when done something
Culture gets transformed – Within the course of time, culture understanding to the individuals in terms of behaviour wrong, being patient, waiting for one’s turn and giving others a
gets transformed. The individuals bring about transformations patterns. The important behaviour patterns that are acceptable chance, controlling the feelings of anger and frustration,
in number of aspects. These include, home environmental within the community are, communicating with others in a possessing an adjustable attitude and possessing a co-
conditions, personal appearance, jobs, tasks, activities, daily polite and respectful manner, inculcating the traits of morality, operative and approachable nature. It is necessary for the
life routine and so forth. When changes takes place in these ethics, diligence and conscientiousness, depicting helpfulness individuals to implement these factors within as well as outside
aspects, the culture also gets transformed. The individuals and co-operation, recognising one’s duties and responsibilities the homes, particularly when they are dealing with individuals,
bring about changes in attitudes and behavioural traits as well. and possessing a sharing nature. When the individuals are who they need to work and collaborate with. Therefore,
There are knowledge, customs, traditions and norms that are carrying out various tasks and activities within as well as culture is ideational is regarded as one of the important
no longer recognized and put into operation, as outside the households, they need to generate adequate characteristics of culture. Culture helps in Providing Solutions
transformations takes place in cultures. But when the knowledge in terms of performing it well and in achieving the to Problems – In an individual’s lives, it is apparent that they
individuals are bringing about changes in cultures, they need to desired aims. Therefore, it is comprehensively believed that experience number of problems and challenges. In order to
ensure that they should prove to be beneficial, worthwhile and culture provides the range of permissible behaviour patterns. enrich their lives, it is crucial for the individuals to provide
effective upon their lives. Bringing about transformations in Culture is Diverse – Culture is the system that has mutually solutions to problems and challenges. In some cases, the
culture is not regarded as negative, but it should be brought interdependent parts. Although these parts are separate, but individuals are able to solve the problems on their own,
about for promoting betterment and well-being of the they are interdependent on one another forming culture whereas, in other cases, they need to obtain help and support
individuals as well as organizations. Therefore, transformations as a whole. It is comprehensively understood that not only in from others. When the individuals need help and support
in culture is also regarded as an important characteristic of India, but in other countries of the world as well, there are from others, who are family members, friends, relatives,
culture. numerous categories and backgrounds of individuals, who are instructors, fellow students, colleagues, supervisors, employers
Culture is Dynamic – Culture does not remain the same and it is different from each other in terms of cultures. The cultures and so forth, they need to establish sociable terms and
of dynamic nature. Within the course of time, the individuals render an important contribution in enriching the overall lives relationships with them. One of the key aspects that helps in
bring in new ideas and perspectives and initiate new cultures. of the individuals. In other words, the influence of cultures on establishing sociable terms and relationships with others is
For instance, it is a belief that is possessed by the individuals the lives of the individuals is acknowledged to a major extent. effective communication. Culture imparts knowledge and
on a comprehensive scale that one should offer prayers in the The individuals, belonging to rural and tribal communities are understanding to the individuals that they need to establish
morning to the Almighty. In some households, one does not different from the ones residing in urban communities. Hence, pleasant and sociable terms and relationships with others, so
enter the kitchen to prepare meals without taking a shower diversity in culture is not regarded as negative. But in the they are able to obtain support and assistance from them in
providing solutions to various types of problems. Therefore, it traditions, norms and values, which need to be identified in promoting well-being and goodwill.
can be stated, culture helps in providing solutions to problems order to implement tasks and activities in an effective manner. Conclusion
is an important characteristic of culture. Therefore, one of the indispensable roles of culture is to Culture is referred to the human made environment, which
Culture Contributes in Effective Growth and Development of facilitate the implementation of tasks and activities in a well- includes material and non- material products that are
Individuals – As it is comprehensively understood that from the organized manner. An essential element of culture is the use of transmitted from one generation to the next. In order to make
stage of early childhood, parents at home as well as teachers in religious beliefs and symbolic expression. One needs to value use of culture in order to lead to goodwill and well-being, it is
schools impart to the individuals, knowledge and religious identity and generate awareness in terms of the vital for the individuals to augment ones understanding in
understanding in terms of cultures. When the individuals values and principles. With advancements taking place and terms of culture throughout their lives. In other words, it
acquire an efficient understanding and put into operation with the advent of modernization and globalization, the should be regarded as a lifelong activity. Culture promotes
cultures in their lives, they will be able to benefit in number of individuals are making use of modern, scientific and technical unity among individuals, irrespective of differences among
ways as well as contribute sufficiently in leading to their methods in the implementation of tasks and activities. But them in terms of various factors. When the individuals need to
effective growth and development. From the stage of early when one makes use of various forms of technologies as well work in co-ordination and integration with each other,
childhood, the parents are vested with the responsibility of as modern and innovative methods, they need to take into particularly in educational institutions and various types of
putting into operation the measures and approaches that may account the traits of morality, ethics, decency, righteousness, organizations, it is necessary for them to form positive
lead to effective growth and development of their children. On and truthfulness. Through cultures, the individuals understand viewpoints and accept each other’s cultures.
the other hand, when then individuals gain maturity, they that they need to depict honesty in the implementation of The characteristics of culture are, culture is learned and
themselves need to be aware in terms of measures and ways various tasks and activities. The inculcation of the traits of acquired, culture is shared by group of individuals, culture is
that would lead to their well-being and progression. The morality, ethics, decency, righteousness, and truthfulness are cumulative, culture gets transformed, culture is dynamic,
factors, which are beneficial and worthwhile, need to be regarded to be of utmost significance in achieving personal and culture provides the range of permissible behaviour patterns,
focused upon in the implementation of tasks and activities. professional goals and in enriching one’s lives. Therefore, one culture is diverse, culture is ideational, culture helps in
Through culture, the individuals generate awareness in terms of the important roles of culture is to impart knowledge and providing solutions to problems and culture contributes in
of methods and strategies that are needed to generate the understanding among the individuals in terms of morality, effective growth and development of individuals. Furthermore,
desired outcomes as well as lead to effective growth and ethics, decency, righteousness, and truthfulness. In accordance the role of culture is acknowledged in making provision of
development. Therefore, it can be stated, culture contributes in to the research studies, the individuals get engaged in various knowledge and understanding among the individuals in terms
effective growth and development of individuals is a types of criminal and violent acts. These include, verbal abuse, of various factors that may help them in emerging into moral,
fundamental characteristic of culture. physical abuse, sexual harassment, grievous hurt, rape, theft ethical and productive human beings. Finally, it can be stated,
Role of Culture in the Lives of Individuals and robbery and even murder. When the individuals are well- when the individuals will recognize the meaning and
Culture is closely connected with the lives of the individuals. aware in terms of culture, they realize that they should not significance of cultures and put into practice norms and
The role of culture in the lives of the individuals is to make implement such actions, which may impose detrimental effects principles in their lives, they will be able to enrich their lives
them emerge into moral, ethical and productive human beings. upon other individuals. In other words, when the individuals and emerge into moral, ethical, principled and productive
The individuals are engaged in number of tasks and activities, will generate awareness in terms of culture, their actions human beings. Landscapes
which are social, religious, economic, familial, political and so would not cause any harm to anyone. The three eternal and A landscape is the visible features of an area of land, its
forth. Furthermore, they pursue education, get engaged in universal values of truth, beauty and goodness are closely landforms, and how they integrate with natural or human-
employment opportunities, focus upon enhancement of their connected with culture. The role of culture is acknowledged in made features, often considered in terms of their aesthetic
career prospects and get engaged in numerous tasks and bringing the individuals closer to truth, philosophy and religion. appeal. A landscape includes the physical elements of geo
activities. When the individuals are participating in various It brings beauty into the lives of the individuals through arts physically defined landforms such as (ice-capped) mountains,
tasks and activities, they make use of their knowledge and and helps them emerge into aesthetic human beings. It is hills, water bodies such as rivers, lakes, ponds and the sea,
competencies and aspire to generate the desired outcomes. through culture that the individuals emerge into ethical human living elements of land cover including indigenous vegetation,
Through culture, the individuals are able to generate beings. The values of tolerance and peace are imparted to the human elements including different forms of land use,
awareness that they need to make use of their educational individuals through culture (Culture: An Introduction, n.d.). buildings, and structures, and transitory elements such as
qualifications, competencies and abilities in the best possible Therefore, it is comprehensively understood that the role of lighting and weather conditions. Combining both their physical
manner to achieve the desired goals. Culture includes, culture is acknowledged in the lives of the individuals in origins and the cultural overlay of human presence, often
created over millennia, landscapes reflect a living synthesis of Karst landscapes As an active process, it profoundly influences an
people and place that is vital to local and national identity. Karst landscapes are formed when slightly acidic water eats individual's capacity to adapt to life events and achieve a
Characteristics of Landscapes away at – or erodes – easily dissolvable bedrock. Bedrock is the state of well-being. However, it is important to note that
The character of a landscape helps define the self-image of the rock that lies below the surface of the land, like limestone. The identity originates from traits or attributes that individuals may
people who inhabit it and a sense of place that differentiates flow of this acidic water can create unique features such as have little or no control over, such as their family background
one region from other regions. It is the dynamic backdrop to caves, stalactites, springs and sinkholes. As a result, Karst or ethnicity. According to Peter Burke, & quot; Identities tell us
people's lives. Landscape can be as varied as farmland, a landscapes can be extremely unstable as the bedrock is always who we are and they announce to others who we are .& quot ;
landscape park or wilderness. The Earth has a vast range of being further eroded and changed by the flow of the water. TYPES OF IDENTITIES
landscapes including the icy landscapes of polar regions, Once too much of the rock has been eroded away beneath the 1. Personal Identities 2. Social Identities
mountainous landscapes, vast arid desert landscapes, islands, Earth’s surface, sections of land on the surface can collapse. For 3. Co-Cultural Identities
and coastal landscapes, densely forested or wooded example, sinkholes have been known to range from a couple of
landscapes including past boreal forests and tropical rainforests meters deep to over one Kilometers in depth, swallowing up PERSONAL IDENTITIES the components of self that are
and agricultural landscapes of temperate and tropical regions. everything on the surface including whole houses, sections of primarily intrapersonal and connected to our life experiences.
The activity of modifying the visible features of an area of land roads, and cars. Personal identities may change often as people have new
is referred to as landscaping. Mountain landscapes experiences and develop new interests and hobbies.
Different types of Landscapes: Mountain landscapes are formed by the convergence of Example : you may consider yourself a puzzle lover or identify
Coastal landscapes tectonic plates. As two or more tectonic plates converge as a fan of hip-hop music. Our social identities are the
A coastal landscape is an environment where water is the main against one another, the movement and pressure cause the components of self that are derived from involvement in social
geomorphic agent on the surrounding area and works to create land to be pushed up in a vertical direction to form mountains. groups with which we are interpersonally committed.
or shape a range of landform features. Some of these This process happens over time. Mountain landscapes are
geomorphic processes are erosional, some depositional. distinct as the mountains rise high above surrounding features. SOCIAL IDENTITIES differ from personal identities because they
Therefore, different sections of coastlines may be distinguished However, mountain landscapes can still be diverse as they can are externally organized through membership. Social identities
as individual coastal landscapes. One coastal landscape will be appear as a single mountain, as mountain ranges, or form do not change as often because they take more time to
distinguishable from neighboring coastal landscapes by the ridges. develop, as you must become interpersonally invested.
prevailing landform characteristics that dominate that section Definition of Identity Example:
of coastline. For example, water, in the form of waves may IDENTITY refers to people's feelings and perceptions, and we may derive aspects of our social identity from our family or
gently lap at the coastline or they may crash violently. In other their shared beliefs, traditions and ways of life. It can create a from a community of sports team fans.
areas, water may meet the coastline from rivers, streams or sense of community and feeling part of a wider group of similar CO -CULTURAL IDENTITIES are based on socially constructed
delta systems to also create or shape unique coastal people. Identity is the collection of attributes, beliefs, and categories that teach us a way of being, and include
landscapes. experiences that shape how an individual perceives themselves expectations for social behavior, ways of acting, and norms
Riverine landscapes and how they are perceived by others. It encompasses (Yep, G. A., 2002). The ways of being and the social
A riverine landscape is formed from the natural movement of a personal, social, and cultural components, often evolving over expectations for behavior within co-cultural identities can and
water system like a river or stream. These riverine landscapes time.is shaped by social and cultural factors and how others do change over time.
include the ecosystems in and around the area of the river or perceive and acknowledge one's characteristics.[4] The Example:
rivers and are suitable for agricultural uses as the land is rich etymology of the term & quot; identity& quot; from the Latin think of how ways of being and acting have changed for African
and fertile. noun identity as emphasizes an individual's mental image Americans since the civil rights movement or norms of
Desert landscapes of themselves and their & quot; sameness with others & quot; behavior for women today versus 50-years ago.
Desert landscapes, which can also know as arid landscapes, are Identity serves multiple functions, acting as a " self-
characterized by low rainfall, a lack of available water sources regulatory structure & quot; that provides meaning, direction, Aspects of Identities:
and high evaporation. Due to these factors, arid landscapes and a sense of self-control. It fosters internal harmony and ● Gender ● Family
support a much smaller amount and range of plant and animal serves as a behavioral compass, enabling individuals to orient ● Sex ● Values and Beliefs
life. themselves towards the future and establish long-term goals. ● Race ● Physical appearance
● Ethnicity ● Political views ethnicity, or culture. These are classified as core elements. embody all of the themes and narratives of geography and the
● Social class ● Personality Identity is also influenced by internal factors, such as political, vital themes of history.
● Religion religious, and spiritual beliefs, morals, attitudes, thoughts, and Think of the city, town, settlement, or farm where you were
Gender is your culturally assigned or self-identified association lived experiences. Political, religious, and spiritual beliefs make born or where you now live. places in which we live are
with characteristics including man (masculine), woman up chosen elements. One aspect that influences identity, and fragmented reflections of ourselves, pieces to the puzzles of
(feminine), and transgender. helps one understand it, is one's role in the world. our identity. To truly understand ourselves, we need the
Sex is a biological classification related to your reproductive DEFINITION OF PLACE different pressures and rewards of all of our places, present,
organs. In western society, we see these as the male and PLACE- Broadly defined, place is a location. The word is used to future and past, to line up just so. For it is only then that we
female sexes. describe a specific location, such as the place on a shelf, a will know who we are.
Race refers to your biological association with groups of physical environment, a building or locality of special DIVERSITY AND INTERCONNECTEDNESS IN A GLOBALIZED
humans with shared characteristics such as skin pigmentation significance, or a particular region or location. Place, on the WORLD
and facial features. other hand, refers to the physical and human characteristics of As China opened its economy to the world, its civic leaders and
Ethnicity. refers to the traditions of your ancestors. a spot on the map. In other words, location focuses on where; designers repeated a long-esrablished tradition among
Social class refers to both your socioeconomic status and the place focuses on what it is like there. Place also includes American elites-the Grand Tour of European capital cities and
traditions and subcultural practices of the people who share descriptions of a site’s features and environmental conditions. Landmarks.
that status. Common social classes include working-class, The physical and human characteristics of a place make it Some Chinese middle-class urbanites reside in neighborhoods
middle-class, and upper- class. unique. Physical characteristics include the natural that carry the name and capture the look of some of the
Religion was an extremely important unifying feature in environment, such as landforms, elevation, water features, world's most desirable places.
societies. climate, soil, natural vegetation, and animal life. Human New developments in Chinese cities have opened with names
Family may be the first thing you say. Your sense of who you characteristics include the size and density of the population, such as;
are is often connected to your family and your identity as a the ethnic and religious makeup of the population, language •Manha/Ian Gardens,
mother, father, brother, sister, daughter, or son. patterns, and other aspects of the culture. Human •Orange County,
Values and Beliefs Your personal values and beliefs are likely characteristics also include the built environment, such as •Palm Springs,
central aspects of your identity. A person may, for example, houses, roads, and other infrastructure. The study of a place •Thames Town
self-identify as a humanitarian, a conservative, or someone often focuses on creating a better understanding of how the •Vancouver Forest
who values honesty above all else. physical and human aspects of a location interrelate and These uncanny Chinese copies of foreign landmarks and
Physical appearance remains a feature of your identity. Society interact. landscapes reflect the rising economic power of China, its
may think differently of you based upon how you look, and fascination with Western culture, and the growth of its own
similarly, you may think differently of yourself. Example of Places: population Consumer culture. Nowhere is the growth of
Political views people are placing their political tribe at the  City ● Plaza Chinese consumer culture more apparent than in its immense
center of their sense of self.  Forest ● Caves shopping malls.
Personality refers to your temperament and attitude. Some  Farm ● Lakes ✓The three largest shopping malls in the world are all located
people have grumpy personalities, while others might be jovial.  Park ● Museums in China:
 Village ● Churches ✓The New South China Mall features twice as much leasable
SIGNIFICANCE OF IDENTITIES SIGNIFICANCE OF PLACES space as the famed Mall of America in Minnesota.
Identity is the concept of one's role in the world and the Places are building blocks for geographical knowledge; ✓As such, these addition the Chinese landscape demonstrate
core of who a person is. It incorporates what experiences they providers of experience in making sense of the landscape; the importance and interweaving of cultural landscapes and
have had, relationships they have had, lessons they have stages for events; and reminders that humans require space to cultural identities.
learned, values that have been created, and memories. Identity live, work, play, and prosper. People create and imprint places
is influenced by core, chosen, and given elements. Identity is a according to their distinctive knowledge, levels of technology, CULTURAL IDENTITIES
complex thought with many components. Some factors that historical development, and even whimsy. Places are involved
influence identity are external, such as socioeconomic status, in important decisions, both personal and corporate. Places
The ka leidoscope of culture presents an endless ly changing Nonmaterial Culture, in contrast, is the intangible part , the The Pennsylvania Dutch barn, with its origins in southern
design, different for every society, world region, and national mentifacts and socio facts expressed in oral tradition, folk song Germany, has two levels. Livestock occupy the ground level; on
unit. and folk story , and customary behavior. the upper level, reached by a gentle ramp, are the threshing
Folk-culture-the material and nonmaterial aspects of daily life floor, haylofts, and grain and equipment storage. A distinctive
preserved by small, local groups partially or totally isolated Within the United State s, true folk societies are rare ; the projecting fore bay provides shelter for ground-level stock
from the mainstream currents of the larger society around impact s of industrialization , urbanization , and mass doors and unmistakably identifies the Pennsylvania Dutch barn.
them. communication have been too pervasive for their full retention.
Sources Of Diverse Cultural identities are Provided by The Old Order Amish, with their rejection of electricity, the Culture Hearths of the United States and Canada
Language, Religion, and ethnicity, gender, and norms related to internal combustion engine, and other "worldly"
it, adds an additional element of cultural Diversity. Finally, accoutrements in favor of buggies, hand too ls, and traditional The United States and Canada are “lumpy stews” composed of
given time , easy communication, and common Interests, dress are one of the least altered-and few-folk societies of the groups of people who came with distinct ethnic identities and
globalized popular culture may provide a unifying color To the United States. underwent partial or complete assimilation. They brought
kaleidoscope , reducing differences among formerly distinctive (a)An Amish schoolhouse surrounded by horse-Drawn buggies more than tools, kitchen items, and clothing. They brought
groups , though perhaps not totally eradicating them. is evidence of a surviving folk culture. Motivated by religious ideas of what implements were proper to use, how to cook,
For geographers , the world is composed of multiple cultural convictions favoring simplicity, the Old Order Amish. A small dress prop- erly, find a spouse, and practice their faith. They
landscapes bearing the imprint of human culture: values, conservative branch of Protestant Christianity, shun mod- ern brought familiar songs to be sung and stories to be told, and
preference s, activities. Social relations, and technologies. luxuries and most connections with the wider secular society. ideas of how a house should look and a barn be built. They
Landscape features as varied as land survey systems, houses, Children take a horse and buggy, not a school bus, on their came, in short, with all the mentifacts and socio facts to shape
shopping malls, and heritage landscapes can all Be interpreted daily trip to this rural school in east central Illinois. the artifacts of their way of life in their new home.
to better understand diverse cultural identities and the tension (b) Distribution of Old Order Amish communities in the United Mentifacts
s between diversity and uniformity. States. Starting from Lancaster County in eastern Pennsylvania, Sociofacts
the Amish have spread west in search of available agricultural Their material and nonmaterial culture frequently underwent
FOLK CULTURE land. immediate modification in the New World. Climates and soils
Canada, on the other hand, has more clearly recognizable folk were often different from their homelands; new types of crops
Folk connotes traditional and non faddish, the characteristic or and decorative art traditions. One observer has noted that and livestock were found. Building materials differed. The
product of a cohesive, largely self-sufficient group that is nearly all of the national folk art traditions of Europe can be settlers still retained the essence and the spirit of the old but
isolated from the larger society surrounding it. found, in one form or another, well preserved and practiced made it simultaneously new and American. The first colonists,
Folk culture, therefore, may be defined as the collective somewhere in Canada. From the earliest arts and crafts of New their descendants, and still later arrivals created not one but
heritage of institutions, customs , skills, dress, stories, music, France to the domestic art forms and folk artifacts of the many cultural landscapes of America, defined by the structures
and way of life of a small, stable, close-knit, usually rural Scandinavians, Germans, Ukrainians, and others who settled in they built, the settlements they created, and the customs they
community. western Canada in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, folk followed. The natural land- scape of America became settled,
Folk culture is often understood in opposition to popular or and ethnic traditions have been adapted to the Canadian and superimposed on the natural landscape as modified by its
mass culture. It is seen as the unchanging , rural way of life, context. Amerindian occupants were the cultural traits and
largely relegated to no modern, “traditional” people s characteristics of the European immigrants
untouched by outside influence of mass media and market Indeed, in many respects, the geographies of ethnicity and folk The early arrivers established footholds along the East Coast.
economies. culture are intertwined. The variously named Swiss or Men- Their settlement areas became cultural hearths, nodes of
nonite or Dutch barn introduced into Pennsylvania by German introduction into the New World-through relocation diffusion-
Folk life in its unaltered form, however , is a cultural whole immigrants, has been cited as physical evidence of ethnicity; in of concepts and artifacts brought from the Old
composed of both tangible and intangible elements . Material some of its many modifications and migrations, it may also be Later arrivals, as we have seen in Chapter 6, added to the
Culture is made of physical, visible things: everything from seen as a folk culture artifact of Appalachia. cultural mix, and in some cases, they set up independent
musical instrument s to furniture, tools, and buildings. secondary hearths in advance of or outside the main paths of
diffusion. French settlement in the lower St. Lawrence Valley
re-created the long lots and rural house types of northwestern ✓ The Upland South showed a mixture of influences carried
France. Upper Canada was English and Scottish, with strong from the Southern Tidewater hearth and brought south from Folk music in North America is not merely intertwined with
infusions of New England folk housing carried by Loyalists who the Mid-Atlantic folk region along the Appalachian highlands by popular culture; it is the foundation for American popular mu-
left that area during the Revolutionary War. Southern New settlers of German and Scotch-Irish stock. sic. In turn, American popular music that was derived from folk
England bore the imprint of settlers from rural southern ✓ The North-dominated by New England, but including New sources exerts a global influence that since the late 1800s has
England, while the Hudson Valley hearth showed the imprint of York State, English Canada, Michigan, and Wisconsin-showed a fostered both popular and folk music genres throughout the
Dutch, Flemish, English, German, and French Huguenot folk culture of decidedly English origin. rest of the world.
settlers. ✓ The Midwest-a conglomerate of inputs from the Upland •The Northern song area-including the Maritime provinces of
South, from the North, and, particularly, from the Mid-Atlantic Canada, New England, and the Middle Atlantic states-in general
In the Middle Atlantic area, the Delaware River hearth was region is the least distinctive, most intermixed, and most featured unaccompanied solo singing in clear, hard tones.
created by a complex of English, Scotch-Irish, Swedish, and Americanized of the cultural regions. •The Southern Backwoods and Appalachian song area, ex-
German influences. tending westward to East Texas, involved unaccompanied,
Folk Food and Drink Preferences high-pitched, and nasal solo singing. The music, based on Eng-
Coastal Chesapeake Bay held English set- tlers and some lish tradition and modified by Appalachian “hardscrabble” life,
Germans and Scotch-Irish. The large landholdings of the area Food is one of the most important distinguishing elements of developed in isolation in upland and lowland settlement
led to dispersed settlement and prevented a tightly or clearly cultural groups. Ethnic foods are among the central attractions areas.Marked by moral, spiritual, emotional conflict with an
defined culture hearth from developing. How- ever, distinctive of the innumerable fairs and “fests” held throughout the undercur- rent of haunting melancholy, the backwoods style
house types later diffused from there. The Southern Tidewater United States and Canada. emerged in the modern period as the major source for the
hearth was dominantly English modified by West Indian, Folk food habits, on the other hand, are products of local distinctive and popular genre of “country” music.
Huguenot, and African influences. The French again were part circumstances; the diet consists of the natural foods derived •The northern and southern traditions blended together west
of the Mississippi Delta hearth, along with Spanish and Haitian from hunting, gathering, and fishing or the cultivated foods and of the Mississippi to create the Western song area. There,
elements. domestic animals suited to the local environmental conditions. story- telling songs reflected the experiences of the cowboy,
riverman, sodbuster, and gold seeker.
Later in time and deeper in the continental interior, the Salt Second, most areas of the world have been occupied by a •The Black folk song tradition, growing out of racial and
Lake hearth marks the pen- etration of the distant West by the complex mix of peoples migrating in search of food and economic oppression, reflects a union of American folk song,
Mormons, a group identified by their religious distinctive- ness. carrying food habits and preferences with them in their English country dancing, and West African musical patterns.
Spanish American borderlands, the Up- per Midwest migrations. The African American folk song of the rural South or the north-
Scandinavian colonies, English Canada, and the ethnic clusters ern ghetto was basically choral and instrumental in character;
of the Prairie provinces could be added to the North Ameri- Third, food habits are not just matters of survival but are hand clapping and foot tapping were used to establish rhythm.
can map of distinctive immigrant culture hearths. intimately connected with the totality of culture. A strong beat, a leader-chorus style, and deep-pitched mellow
Folk Culture Regions of the United States and Canada Diffusion voices were characteristic.
When folk customs-repeated, characteristic acts, behavioral In the United States, drink also represents a hybrid mixture of •Different folk music traditions metamorphosed and spread In
second- patterns, artistic traditions, and conventions regulating ethnic imports and folk adaptations. the 20th century as distinctive styles of popular music. Jazz
social iffusion. Life are shared by a people living in a distinctive Whiskey was a barley-based import accompanying the Scots emerged in New Orleans in the later 19th century as a union of
area, a folk eated the culture region may be recognized. and the Scotch-Irish to America, particularly to the rag- time and the blues, a type of Southern black music based
Appalachians. Whiskey also had significance in the cash on work songs and spirituals.
From the small Mid-Atlantic region, folk cultural items and economy. Small farmers of isolated areas far from markets Blue- grass style, a high-pitched derivative of Scottish
Hudson influences were dispersed into the North, the Upland converted part of their corn and rye crops into whiskey to bagpipe sound and church congregational singing, is performed
South, English. And the Midwest. produce a concentrated, low- volume, high-value commodity unamplified, true to its folk origins.
The folk culture of the Lowland South, by contrast, derived conveniently transportable by horseback over bad roads.
from English originals and African admixtures. Popular Culture and National Uniformities
Folk Music
In the early 20th century, rural America was a mosaic of unique Many of these North American elements of popular cul- ture glocalization describes this adapta- tion of globalized products
regional cultural landscapes. Socially, the cities of the eastern are oriented toward the automobile, the ubiquitous means of to fit local contexts. Regional food and drink preferences
and midwestern parts of the country were a world apart from local and interregional travel. Advertising and distinctive design persist.
life on the farm. assures instant recognition as chain outlets cluster along In contrast to the standardization of popular food and drink,
Regional character is transient. New immigrants, new eco- highway retail strips, guaranteeing that whatever regional char- there has been a movement termed neolocalism that empha-
nomic challenges, and new technologies serve as catalysts of acter still remains, the commercial areas are everywhere the sizes a return to local or regional food and drink products and a
rapid change. By World War I and the Roaring Twenties, the au- same-placeless. Critics perceive that the diffusion of popular rejection of more homogeneous national and global products.
tomobile, radio, motion pictures, and a national press began to culture promotes placelessness, the replacement of local iden- Neolocalism cultivates a distinctive local place identity and can
homogenize America. The slowing of the immigrant stream and tity and variety with a homogeneous and standardized land- be seen in the popularity of microbrewed beer. Beer was once
assimilation of second-generation immigrants blurred some of scape. Increasingly, news reports bring stories of communities a local product before refrigeration, interstate highways,
the most regionally distinctive cultural identifications. Mecha- protesting the arrival of a Wal-Mart “big box” store, the mul- national advertising, and industry mergers concentrated
nization, mass production, and mass distribution through mail- tiplication of uniform highway strip malls, and the like. The production in the hands of two companies, Anheuser Busch
order catalogs diminished self-sufficiency and household crafts. globalization of popular culture is seen in the rapid dif- fusion and Miller, both lo- cated in interior cities with large German
Popular culture began to replace traditional culture in everyday of brands and styles of clothing, food and drink, movies, immigrant populations. St. Louis and Milwaukee.
life for the majority of the population throughout the United television shows, and music. The names and labels used In craft beers, as well as the décor
States and Canada. Rapid introduction and quickly falling prices of high-tech in- side the brew pubs, are often based on local history,
communication and entertainment devices have had a landmarks, or distinctive landscapes that create and strengthen
As early as the middle 19th century, women’s magazines profound effect on lifestyles wherever personal freedom and the product’s place identity.
dictated taste in fashion and household furnishings, at least for Westernized economies, incomes, and cultures prevail. These Popular Music and Dance
urban elites. Mail order catalogs appearing in the late 19th new commu- nication technologies speed the diffusion of
cen- tury served the same purpose for more ordinary goods, popular culture and expand opportunities for education, The music and dance styles of folk and popular culture and
garments, and classes of customers. Popular culture, based on recreation, and information. Africa has lagged the rest of the high- status and low-status groups intertwine in complex ways.
fashions, standards, or fads developed in national centers of world in telecommunications access because it lacked landline For ex- ample, the waltz began as a folk dance in Austria and
influence, dif- fused across wide areas and diverse social strata. telephone networks in many areas. southern Germany, was refined into an elite style of dance in
Popular culture promises liberation through exposure to a Popular Food and Drink Vienna, diffused through the cities of Europe and the Americas,
much broader range of available opportunities-in clothing, and finally sparked a popular culture craze among the rising
foods, tools, recreations, and lifestyles-than the limited choices Fast-food restaurants-franchised or corporate owned-use a middle and working classes.
imposed by custom and isolation. standardized logo, building design, and menu across cultural
and political borders (Figure 7.10). With large budgets for In popular music and dance, geography still matters. Dif-
As we have seen, folk and popular culture are distinct but not advertis- ing and expansion, they are major carriers of the ferences in regional tastes and hearth regions for innovation
necessarily opposites. Folk or ethnic culture is the domain of globalization of popular culture. are evident. Music is symbolically expressive of the experiences
distinctive small groups, and above all, tradition. Popular Starting in the 1990s, specialty coffee establishments serv- ing and emotions of people with particular geographic and group
culture, in contrast, refers to the general mass of people, cappuccinos, lattes, and other variants began displacing local identi- ties. Country music lyrics, for example, contain themes
mostly urban or suburban constantly adopting, conforming to. beverages such as tea or soft drinks. Like other globalized prod- that reso- nate with the experience of the rural working class.
ucts, specialty coffee has a distinct geography and place At the local scale, both rap and grunge originated as
Cultural Globalization identity. Drinking coffee connects consumers to the world, expressions of the alien- ation felt by particular segments of
offering the sensation of globe-trotting by purchasing beans the youth population in the Bronx and in Seattle, respectively.
Popular culture exerts a leveling force, reducing but not elimi- from Sumatra, Colombia, Kenya, or Ethiopia. Regional musical expressions of culture include Cajun music of
nating locally distinctive lifestyles and material and nonmaterial The standardization brought about by glo- balized popular south Louisiana, Tejano music of the TexMex borderlands, and
cultures. Uniformity replaces diversity. Landscapes of popular culture, of course, is not com- plete. Seemingly universal the polka of the Upper Midwest.
culture also tend to acquire uniformity through the installation popular icons are always differentially adapted and modified
of standardized facilities. for easy acceptance by different national societies. The term
Globalization of popular music with folk culture roots is clearly medium, the cultural landscape is the result.’ Landscapes are create a system for surveying, dividing, claiming, and allocating
demonstrated by world music. It is usually described as music more than pretty scenes. They are all around us, and they tell land and that system leaves a lasting legacy, shaping the look
strongly rooted in the folk and/or ethnic traditions of non- us a great deal about those who shaped them. The cultural and feel of both rural and urban landscapes.
Western cultures but often blended with Western music to landscape is a blended work of nature and culture and offers
retain its sense of the exotic and yet be acceptable to Western some of the best evidence of human-environment interactions. For the most part, the English established land-division policies
tastes. Originally used to describe music from Africa and its In other words, the everyday landscape-farms, gardens, in the Atlantic Seaboard colonies. The metes-and- bounds
diaspora in the New World, the term world music now more suburbs, cemeteries, trailer parks, shopping malls, and more— system, which had long been used in England, was used to
broadly includes the music of folk, ethnic, and minority groups offers the savvy observer important insights into a culture’s describe property boundaries using landform or water features
in any culture.Reggae first diffused to England from Jamaica in attitudes, priorities, and way of life. Landmarks come to or such temporary landscape elements as prominent trees,
the early 1970s, taken up by Jamaicans who migrated there in symbol- ize a city in the mental imagery of residents and unusual rocks, or cairns. Not surprisingly, the metes-and-
the 1950s and 1960s. In Britain, lyrics were modified to ex- tourists alike. London’s Big Ben, Paris’s Eiffel Tower, New York’s bounds system led to boundary uncertainty and dispute and
press the place-specific immigrant experience of West Indian Statue of Liberty, and Sydney’s Opera House are just a few lengthy descriptions of property boundaries. It also resulted in
neighborhoods. Much like the commercialization of rock and examples of symbolic landmarks. topographic road patterns, such as those found in Pennsylvania
roll from its black rhythm and blues roots in America, the The sequential occupation of the landscape by different groups and derelict landscape of the other eastern states, where
mainstreaming of reggae in Britain involved its adoption by of people almost always leaves be- hind visible traces, some of routes are often controlled by the contours of the land rather
white British bands. In that process, reggae as a musical plat- which influence future human uses of the land. Ancient paths than the regularity of a geometric survey.
form of cultural protest was transformed into a cultural com- and roads have often become the busy streets of the Settlement Patterns
modity that helped reggae reach beyond the Afro-Caribbean contemporary world. The trace of ancient medieval walls
community. remains visible as circular parkways in many European cities. Settlement patterns reflect ways different cultures understand
The routes of abandoned railroad lines are often reused for the relationship between the individual and the wider group. In
The emergence of reggae as a global commodity is identi- fied trail networks. Thus, the landscape has been compared to a some cultures, the extended family is the basis for the
with Bob Marley’s 1972 album Catch a Fire. In record- ing palimpsest an ancient parchment or vellum document that has settlement system.In much of the world, farmers historically
sessions, however, London-based Island Records thought the been written on over and over again, with the earlier writings lived in small, agricultural villages creating a clustered rural
album’s music was too “Jamaican,” and an alternative rock scraped away. population.
album with a strong roots reggae sound was produced. The Elite landscapes communicate the refined taste and exclusivity Other survey systems permitted different culturally rooted
global was thus fused with the local. To stress the local. of society’s most privileged and powerful members. Through settlement choices. The New England village reflected the
However, the record and CD covers purposefully portrayed imposing architecture, gardens, gates, and the generalous use transplanting of an English tradition. The central village, with
“dreadlocked revolutionaries” to authenticate their exotic place of space, elite landscapes communicate sophistication, power, its meeting ing house and its commons area, was surrounded
origins to Western consumers. For a more recent example of and status. In doing so, elite landscapes tend to legitimate and by larger fields subdivided into strips for allocation among the
the connections between the local and the global in popular reproduce the status of their occupants. Vernacular or ordinary community members. The result was a distinctive pattern of
music, see the feature “Hip-Hop Undergoes Globalization and landscapes of houses, trailer parks, roadside motels, and fast- nucleated agricultural villages and fragmented farms.
Glocalization.” food restaurants are equally im- portant to the geographer Agricultural villages were found as well in Mormon settlement
seeking to understand a culture. areas, in the Spanish American South- west, and as part of the
Cultural Landscapes Land Survey Systems cultural landscapes established by utopian religious
communities, such as the Oneida Community of New York; the
Folk and popular cultures involve more than food, drink, music, Flying over North America, one sees a distinct difference Rappites’s Harmony, Indiana; Fountain Grove, California nia;
and folklore. Cultures make a distinct impression on the land- between the checkerboard fields of the Midwest, the narrow and others. On the prairies of Canada, the Mennonites were
scape, as they fashion the raw material of the natural fields of southern Quebec, and the irregular shaped fields of granted lands not as individuals, but as communities. Their
landscape into a human habitat. Influential geographer Carl the Atlantic Seaboard. These differences stem from different agriculture cultural villages with surrounding communal fields
Sauer de- scribed it as follows: land survey systems. In a capitalist system, the division of land reflected their religious ideals and re-created in Manitoba the
The cultural landscape Is fashioned from a natural landscape by into individual holdings is necessary for both agricultural and land- scape of their European homelands.
a culture group. Culture is the agent, the natural area is the urban development. The charter group settling an area had to Houses
Houses are among the most important material expressions of plains, rivers, and lakes. Mountain chains help form the land Himalayas. Because the Indian subcontinent is technically still
a culture and most visible features of the cultural landscape. boundary between Europe and Asia, with the tow dividers smashing into Asia, the Himalayas continue to grow about 2
Nearly a century ago, French geographer Jean Brunhes called being the Ural Mountains in Russia and the Caucuses region. inches every year.
houses a “central fact” of human geography. Using Abraham The Himalayas, a mountain chain found in between India and How the Himalayas were formed.
Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs as a framework, we can China, is where the tallest mountain in the world, Mount
see that houses meet both basic and higher-level human Everest, is located. Other elevated landforms in Asia include The Himalayas are massive. This mountain range extends
needs. Houses meet physiological needs for shelter, safety plateaus, such as the famous Tibetan Plateau in western China. around 1,550 miles and covers more than 236,000 square
needs for the protection of one’s person and property, and Asia also has very flat landforms, such as deserts and the miles, or an area almost as expansive as Texas. The world's
needs for belonging by placing individuals within a household steppes. One of the most famous is the Gobi desert, a cold highest mountain, Mount Everest (over 29,000 feet high), is
and a community. At the higher end of the needs hierarchy, desert found in between located in the Himalayas.
houses meet needs for self-esteem by serving as a marker of China and Mongolia covered Right to the north of the Himalayas lies the Tibetan Plateau. It's
achievement, and they meet self-actualization and self- by rocky ground; the Gobi is often called the 'Rooftop of the World' because it's a very large
expression needs through their design, color, and interior and famous for being part of the and tall area of high ground. From here, some of the most
exterior décor. Silk Road, an ancient trading important rivers in Asia arise. This is because, outside of the
Thus, folk housing is wonderfully diverse, reflecting ingenious route in Eurasia. Steppes are North and South Poles, the Tibetan Plateau contains the most
adaptations to local conditions. Industrialization, flat grasslands in central important volume glaciers. When ice from these glaciers melts,
transportation improvements, and the influences of popular Asia, with the most notable being found in Mongolia and it feeds into Asia's rivers.
culture have revolutionized styles of house construction so that Siberia. The West Siberian Plain is a steppe in Siberia that Finally, we can't forget the Ural Mountains, which extend for
today, there is more diversity in a given place but fewer contains numerous habitats, such as grasslands, forest, and 1,550 miles in a north-south direction in Russia. Unlike the
differences between places. In some cases, folk housing styles wetlands. Himalayas, the Urals are some of the world's oldest mountains
are being revisited as contemporary homebuyers attempt to In addition to its landforms, Asia is noted for its waterways. and have actually decreased in height due to erosion. Many
recover a local sense of place and/or reduce the amount of Rivers were essential for human civilization, as the fertile people use the Ural Mountains to demarcate Europe from Asia.
energy used to heat and cool their houses. valleys around the water were excellent for agriculture. The
earliest known civilization, the Sumerians, settled in between Water
UNIT V. ASIA, NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA; PHYSICAL AND the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, in the Middle East. Asia also As you just learned, areas of very high ground are often an
CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE has the third-longest river in the world, the Yangtze, found in important source of water, such as for rivers. And Asia has
Asia is the world largest and most diverse continent. It occupies China. In terms of lakes, the most famous are the Caspian Sea some very famous and important water features. Since we
the eastern four-fifths of the giant Eurasian Landmass. The and Lake Baikal. The Caspian Sea is a large saltwater body in were just talking about Russia, why don't we start there?
name Asia is ancient, and its origin has been variously the Caucuses that is the largest inland body of water in the The deepest and oldest lake in the world, a freshwater lake
explained. The greeks used it to designate the land situated to world. Lake Baikal, found in eastern Russia, is the world's called Lake Baikal, is found in Russia. This lake is truly
the east of their homeland. deepest lake. In addition to its inland waterways, Asia has impressive. It can reach a depth of 5,315 feet (over a mile) and
The geographic term "Asia " was originally used by ancient numerous seas. One of the most important is the Persian Gulf, holds 20% of the world's unfrozen freshwater!
Greeks to describe the civilizations found off the eastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula, as it
east of their empire. Ancient asian contains important oil reserves that form the backbone of the
peoples, However, saw themselves economies of numerous countries in the region. Lake Baikal as seen from space.
as a varied and diverse mix culture Mountains & Plateaus
- not a collective group. Perhaps the most important mountainous geographical feature Russia's neighbor, China, is not without its impressive water
Asia is the largest of the seven continents on Earth. It contains is that of the Himalayas. This is a mountain range in Asia that features, either. The longest river in Asia - and the third longest
the largest country on Earth by size (Russia) and two of the separates Asia from the Indian subcontinent (also considered overall - is the Yangtze River. It is about 3,915 miles long, and
most populous countries (China and India). In addition for its to be part of Asia today). The Indian subcontinent was once a one-third of China's population depends on it.
varied cultures. Asia is known for its physical geography. Five of part of Africa, but the subcontinent broke away from Africa and While not as long, we can't omit two other very important
its most recognizable landforms include mountains, deserts, smashed into Asia over 50 million years ago, which created the rivers. They are the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, found flowing
through numerous countries in the Middle East. The world's Eastern Asia - Is the eastern region of Asia, Which is defined in entire landmass. Because Mexico and Central America share an
earliest civilizations depended on these rivers for survival in an both geographical and ethno - cultural terms. Iberian heritage with nearly all of South America, this entire
area between the two called Mesopotamia. Southern Asia - is the southern subregion of Asia, which is region frequently is grouped under the name Latin America.
The Middle East also contains the Persian Gulf, which borders defined in both geographical and ethnic-cultural terms. As South America’s geologic structure consists of two
numerous Middle Eastern nations, such as Saudi Arabia, Iran, commonly conceptualized, the modern states of South Asia dissymmetric parts. In the larger, eastern portion are found a
and Iraq. This part of the world may have 50% of the world's oil include Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, number of stable shields forming highland regions, separated
reserves underneath its seabed. Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. by large basins (including the vast Amazon basin). The western
And let's not forget the massive oceans that border Asia. To the South-Eastern Asia - is the southern subregion of Asia, portion is occupied almost entirely by the Andes Mountains.
north is the Arctic Ocean, to the east is the Pacific Ocean, and consisting of the regions that are geographically south of China, The Andes—formed as the South American Plate drifted
to the south is the Indian Ocean. east of the indian subcontinent and northwest of Australia. westward and forced the oceanic plate to the west under it—
Western Asia - The Southwestern part of asia is called by many constitute a gigantic backbone along the entire Pacific coast of
Deserts & Plains names: West Asia, Western Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East the continent. The basins east of the Andes and between the
Unlike oceans, what lacks a lot of water? Deserts! Asia is home or Near East. The Southwestern - most part of Asia is a region eastern highlands have been filled with large quantities of
to some important deserts. The Rub' al Khali is a massive at the crossroad between Asia, Africa and Europe. The terms sediment washed down by the continent’s great rivers and
desert found in the southern Arabian peninsula. While it is have to some extent a similar notion as "middle east". their tributaries.
about 15 times smaller than the African Sahara, the largest Central Asia Eastern Southern South- Western No other continent—except Antarctica—penetrates so far to
desert on earth, the Rub' al Khali contains half as much sand! Asia Asia Eastern Asia the south. Although the northern part of South America
This desert is part of the much larger Arabian Desert, which is Kazakhstan China Afghanistan Asia Armenia extends north of the Equator and four-fifths of its landmass is
China, Bangladesh Brunei Azerbaijan
found throughout the Arabian Peninsula. Kyrgzstan Bahrain located within the tropics, it also reaches subantarctic
Tajikistan Hong Kong Bhutan Cambodia
The Arabian Desert as seen from China, India Indonesia
Cyprus latitudes. Much of the high Andes lie within the tropics but
space. Turkmenistan Georgia
include extensive zones of temperate or cold climate in the
Macao Iran Laos Iraq
Uzbekistan Japan Maldives Malaysia Israel vicinity of the Equator—a circumstance that is unique. The
Mongolia Nepal Myanmar Jordan
A Diverse Continent North Pakistan Philippines Kuwait great range in elevation produces an unrivaled diversity of
Which part of the world contains Korea, Sri Lanka Singapore Lebanon climatic and ecological zones, which is probably the most
Oman
about 30% of the world's land area and about 60% of the Democrati Thailand Qatar prominent characteristic of South American geography.
world's population? It's Asia, the largest continent in the world. c People's Timor- Saudi Arabia The original inhabitants of South America are believed to have
Republic of Leste Palestine
And this continent is home to a very diverse collection of Korea Viet Nam Syrian Arab descended from the same Asiatic peoples who migrated to
people. Just as diverse as its people and cultures is its physical South Republic North America from Siberia during the most recent (Wisconsin)
Turkey
geography. Korea, ice age. Few of these peoples, however, survived the arrival of
United Arab
Republic of
The regions of Asia vary according to geographic literature and Korea
Emirates Europeans after 1500, most succumbing to disease or mixing
organization. The United Nations geoscheme for Asia has been with people of European and (especially in Brazil) African
subdivided by the UN Statistics Division: South America is a continent entirely in the Western origin. Some parts of the continent are now industrialized, with
Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a modern cities, but the people in rural areas still follow an
Central Asia - Central Asia relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the agricultural way of life. The wealth of mineral products and
is a region made up of 5 northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the renewable resources is considerable, yet economic
republics: Kyrgyzstan, southern subregion of a single continent called America. It is development in most of the continent lags behind the more
Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, home to the world's largest river (the Amazon) as well as the industrially advanced regions of the world. Nonetheless,
Turkmenistan and world's driest place (the Atacama Desert). concern has arisen about the rapidly increasing and often
Uzbekistan. Their The name America is derived from that of the Italian navigator destructive exploitation of these resources.
inhabitants are exposed Amerigo Vespucci, one of the earliest European explorers of South America, the fourth-largest continent, extends from the
to natural hazards, from the New World. The term America originally was applied only Gulf of Darién in the northwest to the Tierra del Fuego
earthquakes to floods, as well as chronic water shortages. to South America, but the designation soon was applied to the archipelago in the south. Along with the islands of Tierra del
Fuego, the continent includes the Galápagos Islands (Ecuador), Most plants in the alpine biome are small, and their leaves are sloths, snakes, and iguanas. Thousands of native birds include
Easter Island (Chile), the Falkland Islands (United Kingdom), stiff and strong to protect them from frost and drought. The brightly colored macaws, parrots, toucans, and parakeets.
and the Chiloé and Juan Fernández archipelagos (Chile). largest herb in the world, Puya raimondii, is known as the The Orinoco River flows north of the Amazon. The Orinoco
Queen of the Andes. A Puya raimondii can live for 100 years flows in a giant arc for more than 2,736 kilometers (1,700
South America’s and can grow to more than 9 meters (30 feet) tall. The leaves of miles), originating in the Guiana Highlands of northern Brazil
extreme geographic this endangered species all grow from one woody stem, and discharging in the Atlantic Ocean in Venezuela. The
variation allowing moisture to run down the leaves to the base of the Orinoco River basin covers an area of about 948,000 square
contributes to the plant. kilometers (366,000 square miles) and encompasses
continent’s large Outside the Andes, South America has two principal highland approximately 80 percent of Venezuela and 25 percent of
number of biomes. areas: the Brazilian Highlands and the Guiana Highlands. Colombia.
A biome is a Located south of the Amazon River in Brazil, the Brazilian A vast savanna or grassland region, known as the Llanos, is the
community of animals and plants that spreads over an area Highlands are made up of low mountains and plateaus that rise primary biome of the Orinoco River basin. The Llanos is
with a relatively uniform climate. to an average elevation of 1,006 meters (3,300 feet). The primarily made up of grasses. Swamp grasses, sedges, and
Within a few hundred kilometers, South America’s coastal Guiana Highlands are located between the Amazon and bunchgrass are found in wet, low-lying areas. Carpet grass is
plains’ dry desert biome rises to the rugged alpine biome of Orinoco Rivers. The heavily forested plateau of the Guiana found in the higher and drier elevations.
the Andes mountains. One of the continent’s river basins (the Highlands covers southern Venezuela, French Guiana, Guyana, Like most grassland biomes, the Llanos is the perfect habitat
Amazon) is defined by dense, tropical rain forest, while the northern Brazil, and a portion of southeastern Colombia. for many bird species, including the scarlet ibis, bellbird, and
other (Paraná) is made up of vast grasslands. umbrellabird. Important river species include the piranha,
With an unparalleled number of plant and animal species, River Basins electric eel, and the Orinoco crocodile, which can reach a
South America’s rich biodiversity is unique among the world’s South America has three important river basins: the Amazon, length of more than 6 meters (20 feet).
continents. Orinoco, and Paraguay/Paraná. The Paraguay/Paraná River basin covers almost 2.8 million
South America can be divided into three physical regions: The Amazon River basin has an area of almost 7 million square square kilometers (1,081,000 square miles), which is much of
mountains and highlands, river basins, and coastal plains. kilometers (2.7 million square miles), making it the largest southeastern Brazil and Bolivia, Paraguay, and northern
Mountains and coastal plains generally run in a north-south watershed in the world. The basin, which covers most of Argentina. The Paraná River includes Iguazu Falls, a massive
direction, while highlands and river basins generally run in an northern South America, is fed by tributaries from the glaciers series of waterfalls that extend for 2.7 kilometers (1.7 miles).
east-west direction. of the Andes. Every second, the Amazon River empties 209,000 Along with the Uruguay River, the Paraná River empties into
cubic meters (7,381,000 cubic feet) of freshwater into the the Rio de la Plata estuary between Argentina and Uruguay.
Mountains & Highlands Atlantic Ocean. The Rio de la Plata is the most populated region of both
South America’s primary mountain system, the Andes, is also The Amazon River is the life force of the equally vast Amazon countries. The capital cities of Buenos Aires, Argentina, and
the world’s longest. The range covers about 8,850 kilometers rain forest, which makes up about half of the rain forest of the Montevideo, Uruguay, practically face each other across the
(5,500 miles). Situated on the far western edge of the entire planet. This tropical biome has as many as 100 different estuary.
continent, the Andes stretch from the southern tip to the tree species on a single acre, including the rubber tree, silk The Paraguay/Paraná River basin supplies water to the plains
northernmost coast of South America. There are hundreds of cotton tree, and Brazil nut tree. Other important plant species biome, or Pampas, of South America. The Pampas have rich,
peaks more than 4,500 meters (15,000 feet) tall, many of which include palms, ferns, and ropelike vines known as lianas that fertile soil and predictable rainfall patterns. They are the most
are volcanic. network throughout the rain forest’s dense canopy. important grazing and cropland areas on the continent.
The highest peak in the Andes, Aconcagua, stands at 6,962 The diversity of animal life in the Amazon rain forest is
meters (22,841 feet) and straddles the Argentina-Chile border. unsurpassed in the rest of the world. The rain forest is perfectly Coastal Plains
Aconcagua is the tallest mountain outside Asia. suited for arboreal, or tree-living, animals. More than 2 million A coastal plain is an area of low, flat land next to a seacoast.
High plateaus are also a feature of the Andes. The altiplano of species of insects are native to the region, including hundreds South American coastal plains are found on the northeastern
Peru and Bolivia, for example, has an elevation of about 3,700 of spiders and butterflies. Primates are abundant—howler coast of Brazil, on the Atlantic Ocean, and the western, Pacific
meters (12,300 feet). The Patagonia region of Argentina and monkeys, spider monkeys, and capuchin monkeys—along with coast of Peru and Chile. The coastal plains of northeastern
Chile consists of lower-elevation plateaus and rugged glaciers.
Brazil are extremely dry. The Brazilian Highlands act as a wedge new to 15th-century European explorers, but home to the mountain ranges in the western part of the continent. The
that pushes moist sea winds away from the coastal plains. Indigenous people living there. Cordilleras extend from Canada all the way to the Isthmus of
The western coastal plains are also extremely dry. They are Panama.
trapped between the cold Peru Current to the west and the The Sierra Madre mountain system is part of the Cordilleras.
Andes Mountains to the east. The Peru Current brings cold The Sierra Madre stretch from the southwestern United States
water to the Pacific coast of Peru and Chile. This cold surface to Honduras. The Sierra Madre include many high volcanoes
water results in thermal inversion: cold air at sea level and (up to 5,636 meters, or 18,500 feet) that stretch across Mexico
stable, warmer air higher up. Thermal inversion produces a south of the cities of Guadalajara and Mexico City.
thick layer of clouds at low altitudes. These low-lying clouds Volcanic mountain ranges in Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua,
blanket much of the Pacific coast of South America. They do Costa Rica, and Panama are also considered part of the
not allow precipitation to form. Cordilleras. Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur
The Atacama Desert is part of the western coastal plain. The frequently in this region. Volcanic activity can destroy towns
Atacama is considered the driest region in the world. The and cities. It also contributes to the rich, fertile soils of the
average rainfall is about 1 millimeter (0.04 inches) a year, and region.
some parts of the Atacama have never had rain in recorded Some of Earth’s youngest mountains are in the Cascade Range
history. of the U.S. states of Washington, Oregon, and California. Some
Very few plants grow in this desert. Even bacteria, insects, and peaks began to form only about one million years ago—a blink
fungi are scarce. Larger animal species are also rare, and of an eye in Earth’s long history. The mountains include
include the grey fox, a type of deer called the huemul, and the temperate rainforest—a biome unique to the area. The
viscacha—the largest member of the chinchilla family. Ocean temperate rainforest receives an incredible amount of
birds, such as penguins, cormorants, and pelicans, are found on precipitation, between 254 to 508 centimeters (100 to 200
the desert coast. While Atacama lacks flora and fauna, it is a North America can be divided into five physical regions: the inches) annually. However, its cool winters and mild summers
rich source of copper and a chief source of revenue for the mountainous west, the Great Plains, the Canadian Shield, the promote the growth of mosses, ferns, fungi, and lichens.
Chilean economy. varied eastern region, and the Caribbean. Mexico and Central
America’s western coast are connected to the mountainous The temperate rainforest supports a wide variety of life. The
North America is a continent in the Northern and Western west, while its lowlands and coastal plains extend into the Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), western red cedar (Thuja
Hemispheres.[c] North America is bordered to the north by the eastern region. plicata), and Douglas fir are trees native to North America’s
Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the Within these regions are all the major types of biomes in the temperate rainforest. Some of these trees grow to more than
southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the world. A biome is a community of animals and plants spreading 90 meters (300 feet) tall and three meters (10 feet) in diameter.
west and south by the Pacific Ocean. The region includes over an extensive area with a relatively uniform climate. Some Black bears (Ursus americanus), Roosevelt elk (Cervus
Canada, the Caribbean, Central America, Greenland, Mexico, diverse biomes represented in North America include desert, canadensis roosevelti), and marmots (Marmota flaviventris) are
and the United States. grassland, tundra, and coral reefs. indigenous animal species.
North America, the third-largest continent, extends from the The three major desert regions of North America—the
tiny Aleutian Islands in the northwest to the Isthmus of Western Region Sonoran, Mojave, and Chihuahuan—are all in the American
Panama in the south. The continent includes the enormous Young mountains rise in the west. The most familiar of these southwest and northern Mexico. These large deserts are
island of Greenland in the northeast and the small island mountains are probably the Rockies, North America’s largest located in the rain shadows of nearby mountains. The
countries and territories that dot the Caribbean Sea and chain. The Rockies stretch from the province of British mountains block precipitation and accelerate the movement of
western North Atlantic. In the far north, the continent Columbia, Canada, to the U.S. state of New Mexico. hot, dry wind over these regions. The Sonoran is in the rain
stretches halfway around the world, from Greenland to the The Rocky Mountains are part of a system of parallel mountain shadow of the Coast Ranges, the Mojave is in the shadow of
Aleutians. But at Panama’s narrowest part, the continent is just ranges known as the Cordilleras. A cordillera is a long series of the Sierra Nevada, and the Chihuahuan is in the shadow of the
50 kilometers (31 miles) across. North America is one of three mountain ranges. Although cordilleras exist all over the world, Sierra Madre.
continents (along with South America and Oceania) that were in North America, “the Cordilleras” indicate the massive
Notable desert plant species includes the saguaro cactus During the summer, this top layer of soil thaws less than 10 Coral reefs are made of millions of tiny animals—corals—that
(Carnegiea gigantea), Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia), and centimeters (only a few inches) down, forming numerous form a hard shell around their bodies. This hard surface
mesquite. Animal species include the roadrunner, Gila monster shallow lakes, ponds, and bogs. Lichens, mosses, algae, and provides a rich community for algae and plants such as
(Heloderma suspectum), and rattlesnake. succulents take advantage of these shallow waters. In turn, seagrass. Brightly colored tropical fish, as well as sharks, sea
In addition to mountains, deserts, and forests, the northern they provide food for the caribou (Rangifer tarandus) and musk turtles, sea stars, and sea horses, are animals native to the
part of the western region of North America also has the ox (Ovibos moschatus) that are typical of this area. Caribbean’s coral reefs.
richest deposits of oil and natural gas on the continent. Most of
these deposits are located offshore, in the Arctic and Pacific Eastern Region Natural Wonders
Oceans. This varied region includes the Appalachian Mountains and the North America’s varied landscape features many natural
Great Plains Atlantic coastal plain. wonders. It has deep canyons, such as Copper Canyon in the
The Great Plains lie in the middle of the continent. Deep, rich North America’s older mountain ranges, including the Mexican state of Chihuahua. Denali, the continent’s highest
soil blankets large areas of the plains in Canada and the United Appalachians, rise near the east coast of the United States and peak, stands at 6,194 meters (20,320 feet) within Denali
States. Grain grown in this region, called the “Breadbasket of Canada. These areas have been mined for rich deposits of coal National Park and Preserve in the U.S. state of Alaska.
North America,” feeds a large part of the world. The Great and other minerals for hundreds of years. Yellowstone National Park, in the U.S. states of Wyoming,
Plains are also home to rich deposits of oil and natural gas. The Atlantic coastal plain extends from river, marsh, and Montana, and Idaho, has some of the world’s most active
Much of the fertile soil was formed from material deposited wetland regions east of the mountains toward the sandy geysers. Canada’s Bay of Fundy has the greatest tidal range in
during the most recent glacial period. This ice age reached its beaches of the Atlantic coast. Wetland areas are a biome of the the world. The Great Lakes form the planet’s largest area of
peak about 18,000 years ago. As glaciers retreated, streams of eastern region and consist of areas of land whose soil is freshwater. The Mississippi River, at 3,730 kilometers (2,320
melted ice dropped sediment on the land, building layers of saturated with permanent or seasonal moisture. The Florida miles) long, is one of the longest river systems in the world and
productive soil. Everglades is the largest wetland system in the United States, drains all or parts of 31 U.S. states.
The grassland or prairie regions of the Great Plains make up the covering more than 11,137 square kilometers (4,300 square
largest biome in North America. Extreme weather prevents the miles) of southern Florida. Population contrast in Asia, North America, and South
growth of large plants but is perfectly suited to the native The Everglades is a biologically diverse region and contains America
grasses that dominate the region. several bordering ecosystems. Sawgrass marshes are the most
Native grasses vary in size from two meters (seven feet) in iconic plant community of the Everglades and thrive on the ASIA
tallgrass prairies to only 20 or 25 centimeters (eight or 10 slow-moving water of the wetlands. Alligators (Alligator Asia is the largest continent on Earth and is home to a
inches) in shortgrass prairies. Native animal species include mississippiensis) nest in the sawgrass, while wading birds such diverse range of cultures and communities. It is also the most
bison, prairie dogs, and grasshoppers. as herons, spoonbills, and ibises make their breeding grounds populous continent, with over 4.6 billion people living within
in other wetland tree species, such as cypress and mangrove. its borders. The continent is home to a large number of
Canadian Shield countries, each with its unique culture, history, and identity.
The Canadian Shield is a raised but relatively flat plateau. It Caribbean Region List of the most populated countries in Asia:
extends over eastern, central, and northwestern Canada. The The Caribbean Region includes more than 7,000 islands, islets, India -1.429 billion
Canadian Shield is characterized by a rocky landscape pocked reefs, and cays. The region’s islands and smaller islets are India is the most populated country in Asia, with a
by an astounding number of lakes. varied in their topography; some have relatively flat and sandy population of over 1.429 billion people. It is also the seventh-
The tundra, stretching along the northern borders of Alaska terrain while others are rugged, mountainous, and volcanic. largest country in the world in terms of land area. India is a
and Canada to the Hudson Bay area, is a biome common to the The coral reefs and cays of the Caribbean Sea are among the diverse country with a rich cultural heritage, and it is home to
Canadian Shield. Tundra is where low temperatures and most spectacular biomes in North America. A reef is a ridge of several religions, languages, and traditions.
precipitation levels hinder tree growth. The tundra is jagged rock, coral, or sand just above or below the surface of China-1.426 billion
characterized by permafrost—soil that is frozen for two or the sea. Some coral reefs surround islands, such as the China is the second-most populous country in Asia and the
more years. This permafrost keeps moisture near the soil’s Bahamas, Antigua, and Barbados. Others are found off the world, with over 1.426 billion people. It is also the third-largest
surface, promoting vegetation growth even in the extreme, Florida Keys, a chain of cays—small islands situated on a coral country in the world in terms of land area. China is a unique
Arctic conditions of the tundra. reef platform—near the southern coast of Florida.
blend of ancient traditions and modernity, with a rich culture Turkey -86 million The Dominican Republic has a population of 10.65 million
and history spanning over thousands of years. Turkey is the tenth-most populous country in Asia, with a people. About 3 million Dominicans live in the metropolitan
Indonesia -278 million population of over 86 million people. It is a predominantly area of Santo Domingo, the capital city. The population density
Indonesia is the third-most populated country in Asia, with a Muslim country and is located at the crossroads of Europe and stands at 197 people per square kilometer which ranks among
population of over 278 million people. It is the largest island Asia. Turkey has a rich cultural heritage, with influences from the highest in the world (65th). The population is expected to
country in the world, comprising over 17,000 islands. Indonesia Ottoman, Byzantine, and Islamic cultures. reach 12 million in the next 10-15 years.
has a diverse culture, with influences from Hinduism, 6. Haiti - 10,847,334
Buddhism, and Islam. NORTH AMERICA Haiti is a country located in the Caribbean islands sharing
Pakistan -240 million North America is home to over 580 million people, most of the island of Hispaniola to the east with the Dominican
Pakistan is the fourth-most populated country in Asia, with a whom reside in the United States, Mexico, and Canada. The Republic. It has a population of 10.85 million people and
population of over 240 million people. It is a Muslim-majority continent is found in the northern hemisphere and almost averages a population density of 255 people per square
country and shares its borders with India, China, Afghanistan, entirely in the western hemisphere. By total area, North kilometer. About a third of Haitian population lives in urban
and Iran. Pakistan has a rich cultural heritage, with a blend of America covers 24.71 million kilometers square and is the third areas and coastal plains of the country.
South Asian, Central Asian, and Islamic influences. largest continent by area. North America has a population 5. Cuba - 11,475,982
Bangladesh-173 million density of about 647 people per square kilometer. By some Cuba is a Caribbean country with a population of 11.48
Bangladesh ranks fifth in Asia with a population of over 173 guidelines, North America is considered to be a subcontinent of million residents. It has a population density of 100.7 people
million people. It is a predominantly Muslim country and is the Americas. per square kilometer. Havana, the capital city, is home to about
located in South Asia. Bangladesh has a rich cultural heritage, According to the most recent population data, these are the 2 million residents making it the most populous city in the
with influences from Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam. most populous countries in North America. country.
Japan -123 million 10. El Salvador - 6,344,722 4. Guatemala - 16,582,469
.Japan is the sixth-most populated country in Asia, with a El Salvador has an estimated population of 6.3 million. Guatemala is found in the central part of the Americas, south
population of over 123 million people. It is a highly developed Emigration has historically affected the population growth of of Mexico. It has a population of 16.58 million people. The
country and is known for its technological advancements, the country as many residents migrated to the United States population is evenly distributed between rural and urban
unique culture, and cuisine. Japan has a rich history, dating during the civil wars in the early 1970s. Currently, El Salvador is areas. Nearly 40% of the population is made up of indigenous
back thousands of years. the smallest and most densely populated country in North people who speak Amerindian languages. Guatemala City is the
Philippines-117 million America. The largest city is San Salvador with an estimated largest metropolitan with a population of 3 million people.
The Philippines ranks seventh in Asia with a population of population of 1.7 million people.
over 117 million people. It is an archipelago of over 7,000 9. Nicaragua - 6,149,928 3. Canada - 36,289,822
islands and is located in Southeast Asia. The Philippines has a Nicaragua has an estimated population of 6.15 million Canada has a population of 36 million people. Majority of
unique culture, with influences from Spanish, American, and people, a majority of them living in the capital city of Managua. Canadians live in the southern parts of the country as opposed
Chinese cultures. The capital city has a population of 1.2 million inhabitants. to the northern parts which are less arable. Over the last two
Vietnam-99 million About 2.7 million Nicaraguans live in the Pacific region while decades, the population of Canada grew by 5.6 million people
Vietnam is the eighth-most populous country in Asia, with a 700,000 live in the region neighboring the Caribbean. representing 20.4% overall growth.
population of over 99 million people. It is located in Southeast 8. Honduras - 9,112,867 2. Mexico - 127,540,423
Asia and is known for its stunning natural beauty, unique Honduras is found in the central region of the Americas. The Mexico has an estimated population of 127.5 million people.
cuisine, and rich history. Vietnam has a diverse culture, with country has a population of 9.1 million people occupying a It is the second-most populous country in North America and
influences from Chinese, French, and Khmer cultures. landmass of 112,492 kilometers squared. The population takes the tenth position globally. About 78% of the population
Iran-89 million density stands at 64 people per square kilometer. Tegucigalpa, lives in urban areas in major cities such as Mexico City (8.9
Iran ranks ninth in Asia with a population of over 89 million the capital of Honduras, is home to 1.12 million Hondurans and million people). The population has experienced a reversed
people. It is a predominantly Muslim country and is known for is the largest Metropolitan in the country. population growth rate in the last five years representing less
its rich history and culture. Iran has a unique blend of Persian, 7. Dominican Republic - 10,648,791 than 1 percent.
Arab, and Central Asian influences. 1. United States - 322,179,605
 The United States has a population of 322 million people cities and major towns with the rest of the population in rural the Colombian people are young - the country has a high
and is the third most populous country in the world after China areas. proportion of children below the age of 15. Colombia has an
and India. About 81% of the population lives in urban areas 7. Chile - 18 Million annual population growth rate of 0.9 percent. The highest
and major cities. This is well above the world average of the Chile is a country found west of the Andes and occupies the population density is found in the Andean highlands.
urbanized population which lies at 54%. Most of the United long narrow strip bordering the Atlantic Ocean to the west. It
States residents live in the western and the southern parts of has an estimated population of 18 million people. Chile has a 1. Brazil - 204.5 Million
the country. Major cities such as New York are among the steady population growth rate of 1.05 percent which means Brazil is the most populous country in South America and the
biggest and most populous cities in the world. The that the population will continue to increase at a stabilized rate fifth most populous in the world with a population of 204
American population grows at a rate of 1.3 percent annually. like most South American countries. million people. It is also the largest country by the area covered
6. Ecuador - 16.3 Million measuring about 8.6 million kilometers squared. Brazil has a
SOUTH AMERICA Ecuador is in the northwestern part of South America, very high population growth rate that has surpassed previous
South America is a subcontinent (or continent, depending on bordering Colombia to the north and Peru to the south and projections. However, the population growth is expected to
opinion) located in the southern, western and partly in the east. It is recognized as one of the famous 17 megadiverse stabilize in the next few years.
northern hemisphere. The continent is the fourth largest countries in the world and has a very diverse population. As of
continent in the world and is made up of 12 countries: 2017, Ecuador has a population of 16 million people and an Asia, North and South America's Economy and Resources
Colombia, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, Peru, Uruguay, Brazil, annual growth rate of 1.57 percent. ASIA
Paraguay, Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana, and Ecuador 5. Venezuela - 30.6 Million The economy of Asia comprises about 4.7 billion people (60%
10. Uruguay - 3.3 Million Venezuela is located on the northern coast of South America of the world population) living in 50 different nations. Asia is
Uruguay is found in the southeastern region of South and is home to over 30 million people. Most of the population the fastest growing economic region, as well as the largest
America. The country has a population of 3.3 million people lives in urban areas making Venezuela one of the most continental economy by both GDP Nominal and PPP in the
and the lowest population growth rate of below 1 percent urbanized countries in South America. Major urban centers and world. Moreover, Asia is the site of some of the world's longest
(0.8). About 1.8 million residents live in the metropolitan area cities are in the northern part of the country. Only 5 percent of modern economic booms, starting from the Japanese
of Montevideo, the largest city. Uruguay is the second-smallest the population occupies the southern region. economic miracle (1950–1990), Miracle on the Han River
country by area in South America, only after Suriname. 4. Peru - 31.2 Million (1961–1996) in South Korea, economic boom (1978–2013) in
9. Paraguay - 7 Million Peru occupies the western side of the continent, bordering China, Tiger Cub Economies (1990–2020) in ASEAN, and
Paraguay borders Argentina to the south and Brazil to the Ecuador and Colombia to the north and Brazil to the east. It has economic boom in India (1991–present).The Greater Tokyo
east and northeast. It is the ninth most populous country in a population of 31 million people, making it the fourth most Area has the largest gross metropolitan product in Asia.
South America with a population of 7 million people and an populous country in South America. Most of the people, up to As in all world regions, the wealth of Asia differs widely
annual growth of 1.58 percent. Majority of the people occupy 75%, live in urban areas. In recent years, the growth rate has between, and within, states. This is due to its vast size,
the eastern region of the country near the capital city, declined from 2.6% to 1.5% between 1950 and the year 2000. meaning a huge range of different cultures, environments,
Asuncion, which hosts 10 percent of the population. Only 56 Lima, the country’s capital, is home to over 9.8 million historical ties and government systems. The largest economies
percent of the people of Paraguay live in urban areas which is residents. in Asia in terms of PPP gross domestic product (GDP) are China,
the lowest percentage in South America. 3. Argentina - 43.1 Million India, Japan, Indonesia, Turkey, South Korea, Saudi Arabia, Iran,
Argentina is the third most populous country with a Thailand, Pakistan and Bangladesh and in terms of nominal
8. Bolivia - 10.5 Million population of 43 million people. The population density of gross domestic product (GDP) are Japan, Taiwan, South Korea,
Bolivia, a landlocked country, is found in the western- Argentina is 15 persons per square kilometer which is much China, India, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Thailand and Iran.
central region of South America. It borders Brazil to the east lower than the world average of 50 persons per square Total wealth (as well as overall GDP) is mainly concentrated in
and north and Paraguay to the south. The Andean mountain kilometer. The population growth rate stands at 1.03% annually East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia, while if measured by
range covers about one-third of the total land area of Bolivia. which is among the lowest in South America. GDP per capita; is mostly concentrated in Japan, South Korea,
The country has a population of 10.5 million people. In the last 2. Colombia - 48.5 Million Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore, and Brunei, as well as in
five decades, the population has tripled by a population growth Colombia comes second in population in South America with oil rich countries in West Asia such as Saudi Arabia, Qatar,
rate of 2.25 percent annually. About 62.3% of Bolivians live in an estimated population of 49 million people. The majority of
United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Oman. Israel and manufacturing cheap low value goods to high-tech value added North America comprises more than 596 million people (8% of
Turkey are also two major economies in West Asia. goods.Many developed-nation firms from Europe, North the world population) in its 24 sovereign states and 15
The impact of Asia’s resources on global economic growth is America, Japan and South Korea have significant operations in dependent territories.The US, Canada and Mexico have
formidable. Asian countries rank as some of the top producers developing Asia to take advantage of the abundant supply of significant and multifaceted economic systems. In 2011, the US
of many agricultural, forest, fishing, mining, and industrial cheap labor. One of the major employers in manufacturing in has an estimated per capita gross domestic product (PPP) of
products. This increased production has brought both extreme Asia is the textile industry. Much of the world's supply of $47,200, and is the most technologically developed economy in
wealth and negative environmental impacts to the continent. clothing and footwear now originates in Southeast Asia and North America. The United States' services sector comprises
Primary Sector South Asia, particularly in Vietnam, China, India, Thailand, 80% of the country's GDP (estimated in 2017), industry
Asia is by a considerable margin the largest continent in the Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Indonesia. comprises 19.1% and agriculture comprises 0.9%.Canada's
world, and is rich in natural resources. The vast expanse of the Tertiary Sector economic trends are similar to that of the United States, with
former Soviet Union, particularly that of Russia, contains a Asia's top ten important financial centers are located in Hong significant growth in the sectors of services, mining and
huge variety of metals, such as gold, iron, lead, titanium, Kong, Singapore, Tokyo, Shanghai, Beijing, Dubai, Shenzhen, manufacturing. Canada's GDP (PPP) was estimated at $39,400
uranium, and zinc.These metals are mined, but inefficiently due Osaka, Seoul and Mumbai. India has been one of the greatest in 2010.Canada's services sector comprises 70.2% of the
to the control of a few state-sponsored giants that make beneficiaries of the economic boom. The country has emerged country's GDP (estimated in 2017), industry comprises 28.2%
participation difficult for many international mining companies. as one of the world's largest exporters of software and other and agriculture comprises 1.6%.Mexico has a GDP (PPP) of
Nevertheless, profits are high due to a commodity price boom information technology related services.Consultancy Services $15,312, and per capita income is estimated at one-third of the
in 2003/2004 caused largely by increased demand in China.Asia have emerged as the world's most sought after service United States'.The country has both modern and outdated
extracts an immense wealth of minerals, of which its mineral providers.Call centers are also becoming major employers in industrial and agricultural facilities and operations,and is
fuels—coal, petroleum, and natural gas—are of greatest value. the Philippines due to the availability of many English speakers, modernizing in sectors such as energy production,
The largest Asian coal producers are China and Russia (Siberia), and being a former American colony familiar with the American telecommunications and airports.North America benefits
followed by India, Kazakhstan, North Korea, South Korea, and culture.Huge corporations from English speaking countries like greatly from its fertile soils, plentiful freshwater, oil and mineral
Japan.Oil is Southwest Asia's most important natural resource. USA, Canada, Australia and even UK invest in the Philippines deposits, and forests.With a strong domestic and export
Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Kuwait are rich in oil reserves and have because they pay for the employees and companys' economy focused on this abundant array of natural resources,
benefited from recent oil price escalations. miscellaneous costs are cheaper in the Philippines. According North America has become one of the most developed regions
Asia’s water resources constitute a vast potential, both for to CNBC International news last 2014, Philippines became the in the world.
generating hydroelectricity and for irrigating crops. High BPO Capital with an estimated 15.5 billion US dollars of Agriculture is very important in Central American and
productivity in agriculture, especially of rice, allows high revenue creating more than 900,000 jobs for Filipinos. Caribbean nations. In western Canada, in the provinces of
population density of many countries.Agriculture constitutes a On the other hand, there are also potential huge holes for BPO Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia and Manitoba, wheat
high portion of land usage in warm and humid areas of business. The increase of numbers of international banks major and other various main agricultural products are grown. The
Asia.Many hillsides are farmed in a terrace method to boost huge corporations are trying to cut their annual company U.S. also has many states with significant agriculture
arable land.The main agricultural products in Asia include rice expense by changing BPO to AI (Artificial Intelligence). If the production, mainly in the central continental U.S. Mexico
and wheat.Opium is one of major cash crops in Central and Philippine government will not think new competitive ideas to produces many tropical fruits and vegetables as well as edible
Southeast Asia, particularly in Afghanistan, though its maintain the BPO business in the country, the country will lose animals.
production is prohibited everywhere.Forestry is extensive a billion dollars of revenue by the next 10 years (according to In the tropical zones of North America, farmers harvest
throughout Asia, with many of the items of furniture sold in ABS-CBN business news channel).The rise of the Business oranges, sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, and bananas. These crops
the developed nations made out of Asian timber. More than Process Outsourcing (BPO) industry has seen the rise of India grow on coastal plains and humid mountain slopes. Cotton and
half of the forested land in Asia is in China, Indonesia, and and China as the other financial centers. Experts believe that hemp are cultivated in the warmer and drier intermediate
Malaysia. Fishing is also a major source of food. the current center of financial activity is moving toward climate zone. These crops are important exports for Central
Secondary Sector "Chindia" – a name used for jointly referring to China and India American countries.Fruits, vegetables, cotton, and tobacco are
The manufacturing sector in Asia has traditionally been – with Shanghai and Mumbai becoming major financial hubs in predominant in the warm, subtropical zones of northern
strongest in the East Asia region—particularly in China, Japan, their own right. Mexico and the United States.These areas benefit from ample
South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan. The industry varies from North America rain and warm air currents.
Agriculture in North America's tropical and subtropical zones is often linked with states near the Appalachians.Oil and gas As one of the most important contributors of the world's
threatened by monoculture. Monoculture is the practice of extraction is the dominant industry around the Gulf and Arctic agricultural market, South America accounts for approximately
growing one crop in an area over a long period of time.Farmers regions of North America. Mexico leads other North American 10% of the global agricultural product export.The different
and agribusinesses combat the threats of monoculture with countries as one of the top oil exporters in the world, largely climatic regions are home for diverse types of crops. In the
the use of fertilizers and pesticides. However, extensive use of because of its reserves in and around the Gulf. tropical climatic regions, two of the most important cash crops
fertilizers and pesticides can have a harmful impact on the North America has developed and its manufacturing sector has are coffee and cacao.South America dominates the global
environment. The continent's cool temperate zones are ideal grown. In the beginning the European nations were the large market in coffee production, having Brazil as the world's largest
for hardy fruits, such as apples and peaches. manufacturing powers. At the start of the 1950s, the United exporter of coffee.In the temperate regions, maize (corn) is
The Dairy Belt, Corn Belt, and Wheat Belt are three agricultural States was a top manufacturing power, with Canada and produced and it is the second most exported product in
areas in the continent's cool temperate zones.Dairy animals, Mexico also making significant progress.The United States leads Argentinas.Additionally in cold climatic regions such as the
including cows, goats, and sheep, feed on the hay and hardy North America in investment and banking.Tourism of national Andes, there is a high production of crops such as quinoa,
small grains that thrive in New England and the Great Lakes-St. parks and natural landmarks, such as Mount Rushmore and the increasingly valued internationally, as well as the grazing of
Lawrence region along the Atlantic coast. This is the Dairy Grand Canyon in the United States, and Niagara Falls and llamas, vicuñas and alpacas. These animals are bred for their
Belt.The Corn Belt, located between the Ohio River and the Moraine lake in Canada, contribute to the economy in these wool and it is exported globally as a high-quality textile.The
lower Missouri River, receives ample water and strong summer regions. four countries with the strongest agriculture are Brazil,
sun, ideal for corn and soybeans.West of the Corn Belt, the Argentina, Chile and Colombia.Sugarcane plantation in São
Wheat Belt stretches from the U.S. state of Kansas through the South America Paulo. In 2018, Brazil was the world's largest producer, with
Canadian Prairie provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and South America is a continent of extremes. It is home to the 746 million tons. South America produces half of the world's
Manitoba. This vast area of the Great Plains allows wheat to be world's largest river (the Amazon) as well as the world's driest sugarcane.Soy plantation in Mato Grosso,in 2020, Brazil was
cultivated in both winter and spring.Dry zones, common in the place (the Atacama Desert).South America comprises the world's largest producer, with 130 million tons. South
southwestern U.S. and northern Mexico, are ideally suited for approximately 434 million people living in twelve nations and America produces half of the world's soybeans.South America
livestock ranching. three territories. It encompasses 6 percent of the world's produces half of the world's coffee.Orange in São Paulo. In
Forestry is a major economic activity for much of North population.From the 1930s to 1980s, countries of South 2018, Brazil was the world's largest producer, with 17 million
America. In the United States, the timber industry is strong in America used Import Substitution, an economic policy that tons. South America produces 25% of the world's oranges.
the Pacific Northwest, the Gulf states, and South Atlantic replaces foreign businesses as well as imports with domestic Brazil has the third-largest manufacturing sector in the
coastal plains. In Canada, forestry is a major industry in the production. This was a policy made to increase domestic Americas. Accounting for 28.5 percent of GDP, Brazil's
provinces of Quebec, Ontario, and British Columbia.Forestry is manufacturing. From the 1990s onward countries in South industries range from automobiles, steel, and petrochemicals
the management, cultivation, and harvesting of trees and other America switched over to the system of Free-Market economy. to computers, aircraft (Embraer), food, pharmaceutical,
vegetation in forests.Overharvesting of timber is a concern Now, major economic activities include agriculture, industry, footwear, metallurgy and consumer durables. In the food
throughout North America. The reduction of forested land forestry, and mining. industry, in 2019, Brazil was the second largest exporter of
reduces biodiversity and threatens the longevity of the timber South America has diverse agricultural products, vast mineral processed foods in the world.Mining is one of the most
industry. The logging industry and local governments must wealth, and plentiful freshwater. It also has rich fisheries and important economic sectors in South America, especially for
work together to develop sustainable plans to harvest ports on three bodies of water: the Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Chile, Peru and Bolivia, whose economies are highly dependent
timber.Extractive activities, such as mining and drilling, Ocean, and Pacific Ocean. The continent’s economy is centered on this sector. The continent has large productions of gold
dominate the North American economy. Mining provides on the export of natural resources.Throughout history, since (mainly in Peru, Brazil and Argentina); silver (mainly in Peru,
billions of dollars and millions of jobs throughout the the colonial period, the export of natural resources has been a Chile, Bolivia and Argentina); copper (mainly in Chile, Peru and
continent. North America is a leading producer of coal, used in key factor for South America's economy. With a land that can Brazil); iron ore (Brazil, Peru and Chile); zinc (Peru, Bolivia and
energy production; bauxite, used to create aluminum; iron and be divided into four climatic regions (tropical, temperate, arid Brazil);molybdenum (Chile and Peru); lithium (Chile, Argentina
copper, both used in construction; and nickel, used to create and cold), South America is a diverse land that is rich in natural and Brazil);lead (Peru and Bolivia);bauxite (Brazil); tin (Peru,
steel, which North American companies export around the resources. It has a wide variety of agricultural products, Bolivia and Brazil); manganese (Brazil);antimony (Bolivia and
world. Gold and silver mines operate in the western part of the mineral wealth, plentiful freshwater and rich fisheries. Ecuador);nickel (Brazil); niobium (Brazil); rhenium (Chile);
continent.Coal remains a primary industry for the U.S., and is iodine (Chile),among others.
In South America, most banks and financial institutions are Asian governments and citizens have created and responded to The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is the
large enterprises, with branches in many cities and political and social change in ways that have profoundly premier regional grouping in Southeast Asia. It aims to
towns.South America.Intraregional trade in South America has affected these relationships at both the local and international promote political, economic and social cooperation and
increased since the 1980s, accounting for about one-fifth of level. As the continent continues to increase its political and regional stability.
total exports. A firm conviction prevails in South America that economic prominence, its policy decisions will hold greater Cambodia and Singapore are examples of “electoral
intensification of intraregional trade is a necessary condition weight for the global community. authoritarianism”. The second group of “closed autocracies”
for overall economic growth, and it has in fact helped to reduce Five parts of Asia: that avoid de-facto competition in elections includes, Brunei,
the region’s excessive dependence on foreign markets, to South Asia. Laos, Vietnam, Myanmar, and Thailand. Laos and Vietnam are
diversify exports, and to alleviate balance-of-payments It includes the countries of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Pakistan, self-proclaimed communist party states. Brunei is a royal
problems. Nepal, and Sri Lanka; Afghanistan and the Maldives are often dictatorship, whereas Myanmar and Thailand are directly or
External trade represents a key element in South America’s considered part of South Asia as well. indirectly ruled by the military. The third category of “electoral
economic growth. Essential imports, particularly capital and The region is bounded to the north by a series of mountain democracies”, includes Indonesia, Malaysia, Timor-Leste and
basic intermediate goods, are needed to accelerate the ranges: the Philippines.
industrialization process. A major problem has been that Hindu Kush to the northwest Central Asia.
exports and net external financing have not generated Karakoram Range in the central north Extending from the Caspian Sea in the west to the border of
sufficient income to pay for those imports. Despite increases in Himalayas to the northeast. western China in the east. It is bounded on the north by Russia
trade, South America’s share of world trade has remained South Asia is home to one of the world’s earliest known and on the south by Iran, Afghanistan, and China. The region
small, primarily because the volume of trade between major civilizations, the Indus civilization, and today is one of the most consists of the former Soviet republics of Kazakhstan,
industrialized countries has grown at an even faster rate.South densely populated regions on the planet. Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan.
America’s major exports, in terms of value, are mostly primary South Asia does not have one political system for the entire Leveraging their critical geography, these nations are renewing
commodities, including foodstuffs and plant products, fuels, region. Instead, each country within the region has its own their role as the crossroads of trade between the West and
and raw materials. Within the first group the most important political system. India and Pakistan are both federal republics. Asia—resulting in significant economic development, especially
commodities are sugar, bananas, cocoa, coffee, tobacco, beef, Afghanistan is an Islamic republic. Bangladesh rules under a in the sectors of energy and natural resources. While moves
corn, and wheat. Oil, natural gas, and petroleum products parliamentary democracy. Bhutan uses a constitutional toward reform and democracy have been made since
dominate the second group, while linseed oil, cotton, cattle monarchy. Maldives and Sri Lanka are both republics. Nepal is independence in 1991, corruption and human rights issues
hides, fish meal, wool, copper, tin, iron ore, lead, and zinc top a federal democratic republic. Although each country uses its remain prevalent throughout the region.
the third group. South American manufactured goods have own system, each country is able to rule in an appropriate way East Asia.
gained access to world markets as well. for their people. It is consist of Japan, North and South Korea, China, Mongolia,
Southeastern Asia. and Taiwan. It borders Siberia and the Russian Far East to the
POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY OF ASIA, NORTH AND SOUTH It is a vast region of Asia situated east of the Indian north, Southeast Asia to the south, South Asia to the
AMERICA subcontinent and south of China. southwest, and Central Asia to the west.
Political Geography Southeast Asia has been formed to a large extent by the North Korea and China are authoritarian government.
-A branch of geography that deals with human governments, convergence of three of the Earth’s major crustal units: Democratic government includes Japan, South Korea and
the boundaries and subdivisions of political units (as nations or the Eurasian Taiwan. Mongolia is a multiparty parliamentary democracy.
states), and the situations of cities Indian-Australian Western Asia.
-It is the internal and external relationships between a  Pacific plates. It includes Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Georgia, Iraq,
continent’s various governments, citizens, and territories. It consists of two dissimilar portions: a continental projection it Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi
Why is political geography important? includes the country of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar (Burma), Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. It is
-Political geography provides critical insight on the spatial Thailand, Vietnam, and Singapore(commonly called mainland bounded in the west by the Mediterranean Sea and the Red
dimensions of political issues, such as how boundaries and Southeast Asia) and a string of archipelagoes to the south and Sea, in the north by the Black Sea, the Caucasus, and the
territories are created and maintained, and how conflicts arise. east of the mainland it includes the country of Indonesia and Caspian Sea, on the east by the fringing mountains of Iran, and
Asia the Philippines.(insular Southeast Asia). in the south by the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean
Most countries in western Asia have monarchial and republican (part of Denmark), and the northwestern part, which is Alaska home to several of the world's oldest civilizations, that
type of government. Three of the last six absolute monarchies (part of the United States). produced the majority of the great religious systems, the oldest
(Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia) The politics of North America is a framework of a constitutional known recorded myths and codices on ethics and morality.
federal republic and presidential system, with three distinct
branches that share powers: However, Asia's enormous size
1.Legislative branch-a bicameral legislative body comprising separates the various civilizations
the House of Representatives and the Senate. by great distances and hostile
2.Executive branch-which is headed by the president of the environments, such as deserts
United States, who serves as the country’s head of state and and mountain ranges. Yet by
government. challenging and overcoming these
3.Judicial branch-composed of the Supreme Court and lower distances, trade and commerce
federal courts, and which exercises judicial power. gradually developed a truly universal, Pan-Asian character.
South America Inter-regional trade was the driving and cohesive force, by
It is the southern continent of the two Americas, situated which cultural elements and ideas spread to the various sub-
entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly (about ¾) in regions via the vast road network and the many sea routes.
the Southern Hemisphere. MULTIPLE CULTURAL REGIONS
It lies between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. The continent Asia's various modern cultural and religious spheres
is culturally, ethnically and racially diverse, home to indigenous correspond roughly with the principal centers of civilization.
peoples and to descendants of settlers from Europe, Africa and West Asia (or Southwest Asia as Ian Morrison puts it, or
Asia. sometimes referred to as the Middle East) has their cultural
Due to its history of colonialism most South Americans speak roots in the pioneering civilizations of the Fertile Crescent and
Spanish or Portuguese, and its societies and states are Mesopotamia, spawning the Persian, Arab, Ottoman empires,
commonly modeled after Western traditions. as well as the Abrahamic religions of Judaism and later
Since the 1980s, presidential and general elections have been Islam.According to Morrison, in his book Why the West Rules--
held in many countries in Latin America, and the election For Now, these original civiliza seedtions of the Hilly Flanks are
systems based on the multi-party system has taken root in so far (by archaeological evidence) the oldest (first evidence of
these countries. At present, nearly all of the 33 Latin American farming c9000 BC). The Hilly flanks is also the birthplace of his
and Caribbean countries have established democratic definition of the west (which groups the Middle East with
Nor governments. Europe). According to his definition this would make Asia the
th America origin of western culture. Not everybody agrees with him
North America is the third-largest continent in the world and CULTURAL LIFE IN ASIA though.
has an area of 24,346,000 square km. North America extends The culture of Asia encompasses the collective and diverse South Asia, India and the Indosphere emanate from the Indus
from the tiny Aleutian Islands in the northwest to the Isthmus customs and traditions of art, architecture, music, literature, Valley civilisation.
of Panama in the south. lifestyle, philosophy, politics and religion that have been The East Asian cultural sphere developed from the Yellow River
The continent includes the enormous island of Greenland in practiced and maintained by the numerous ethnic groups of civilization.Southeast Asia's migration waves of more varied
the northeast and the small island countries and territories the continent of Asia since prehistory. ethnic groups are relatively recent. Commercial interaction
that dot the Caribbean Sea and western North Atlantic Ocean. However, the continent is commonly divided into six with South Asia eventually lead to the adoption of culture from
In the far north, the continent stretches halfway around the geographic sub-regions, that are characterized by perceivable India and China (including Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism,
world, from Greenland to the Aleutians. commonalities, like culture, religion, language and relative Daoism). The region later absorbed influences from Islam as
The northern half of North America is covered mostly by ethnic homogeneity. These regions are Central Asia, East Asia, well, and the Malays are currently the largest Islamic
Canada, except for the northeastern part, which is Greenland North Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia and West Asia.As the population in the world.North Asia's (otherwise known as
largest, most populous continent and rich in resources, Asia is Siberia) harsh climate and unfavorable soil proved to be
unsuited to permanently support large urban settlements and system (also see List of tributaries of China). The Imperial landscape planning, Heian literature, Vietnamese Water
only permits the presence of a pastoral and nomadic Chinese Tributary System is based on the Confucian religious puppetry and the artifacts of the Đông Sơn culture. Modern
population, spread over large areas. Nonetheless, North Asian and philosophical idea of submission to celestial harmony was research has also focused on the several nations pivotal role on
religious and spiritual traditions eventually diffused into more also recognized by nations beyond, in Southeast Asia in the collective body of East Asian Buddhism and the Korean
comprehensive systems such as Tibetan Buddhism that particular. Ceremonies were presided over by the Emperor of influence on Japanese culture as well as Japanese influence on
developed its own unique characteristics (e.g. Mongolian China as the Son of Heaven and curator of the Mandate of Korean culture.
Buddhism). For these reasons it is becoming more Heaven. In elaborate ceremonies both, the tributary state and SOUTH ASIA
unconventional to separate it from the rest of East Asian the various Chinese dynasties agreed to mutually favorable
cultures. economic co-operation and beneficial security policies.
Central Asia has also absorbed influences from both West Asia Some of defining East Asian cultural characteristics are the Language families
and East Asia (including Persia and Mongolia), making it
another melting pot of cultures.
Chinese language and traditional writings systems of Hanzi as
well as shared religious and ethical ideas, that are represented
in South Asia
The cultural spheres are not mutually disjoint and can even by the Three teachings Buddhism, Taoism and
overlap, representing the innate diversity and syncretism of Confucianism.The Chinese script is one of the oldest
human cultures and historical influences. continuously used writing systems in the world, and has been a
EAST ASIA major unifying force and medium for conveying Chinese culture Traditional Rajasthani
in East Asia. Classical Chinese was the literary language of elites garments from Jaipur,
and bureaucrats. Historically used throughout the region, it is Rajasthan
still in use by Chinese diaspora communities around the world,
as well as in Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and pockets of Southeast
Evidence of Neolithic culture
Asia.
has been found throughout
However, as Chinese writing concepts were passed on to Korea,
the modern states Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives,
Japan and Vietnam, these nations developed their own
Nepal, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka that represent South Asia
characteristic writing systems to complement Hanzi. Vietnam
(also known as the Indian subcontinent). Since 3,300 B.C. in
invented their own Chữ Nôm glyphs, Japan invented Kana, and
The term East Asian cultural sphere defines the common modern-day northeastern Afghanistan, in Pakistan and
Korea invented their own alphabet Hangul. To this day,
cultural sphere of China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea in northwestern India a sophisticated Bronze Age cultural
Vietnam mostly writes in Chữ Quốc ngữ(a modified Latin
East Asia and Vietnam in Southeast Asia.Ethnic and linguistic tradition emerged, that after only a few centuries fully
alphabet) but there is also a resurgence of Hán-Nôm (a type of
similarities, shared artistic traditions, written language and flourished in urban centers. Due to the high quality of its arts,
writing that combines both Chữ Hán and Chữ Nôm) as well.
moral values suggest that most East Asian people are crafts, metallurgy and buildings, the accomplishments in urban
Sino cognates compose a vast majority of the vocabulary of
descendants of the Yellow River civilization, that emerged in planning, governance, trade and technology etc. it has been
these languages (see Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary, Sino-Korean
the flood plains of northern China around 10.000 years classified as one of the principal Cradles of civilization. Referred
vocabulary, Sino-Japanese vocabulary). In the 20th century,
B.P.People within this sphere are sometimes referred to as East to as the Indus Valley civilisation or Harappan Civilisation it
China has also re-borrowed terms from Japan to represent
Eurasian, and the major languages of this region (including thrived for almost 2.000 years until the onset of the Vedic
western concepts known as Wasei-kango.
Sino-Tibetan, Austroasiatic, Altaic, Austronesian, Kra-Dai) are period (c. 1500 – c. 600 B.C.).The great significance of the Vedic
Apart from the unifying influence of Confucianism, Taoism,
thought to have originated from regions in China (see East texts (that don't mention cities or urban life) for South Asian
Chinese characters and numerous other Chinese cultural
Asian cultural sphere#historical linguistics). culture, their impact on family, societal organisation, religion,
influences, East Asian national customs, architecture, literature,
Historically, China occupied the prominent, central role in East morale, literature etc. has never been contested. The Indus
cuisines, traditional music, performing arts and crafts also have
Asia for a long time in recorded history, as it "deeply influenced Valley Civilisation on the other hand has only come to light by
developed from many independent and local concepts, they
the culture of the peripheral countries and also drew them into means of 20th century archaeology. Scholars, who employ
have grown and diversified as many rank among the most
a "China-centered" [...] international order", that was briefly several periodization models argue over whether South Asian
refined expressions of aesthetic, artistic and philosophical ideas
interrupted by the 20th century. Nations within its orbit from tradition is consciously committed to the Harappan culture.
in the world. Notable among others are Japanese gardens and
Central Asia to Southeast Asia paid to the Chinese tributary
Declining climatic conditions, (aridification) and population where the cultural character has been made by both, Persia, a routes since around 500 B.C., the region has been greatly
displacement (Indo-Aryan migration) are regarded as to have civilization rooted in Mesopotamia and the influenced by the culture of India and China. The most of the
caused the fatal disruption of the Harappa culture, that was Indosphere.Pakistan is split with its two western regions of influence of India came in the era of the Chola dynasty
superseded by the rural Vedic culture. Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa sharing a greater Iranic spreading Tamil and Hindu cultures across present south east
Following the Indo-Aryan settlement in the Indo-Gangetic Plain heritage due to the native Pashtuns and Baloch people of the asian countries and even expanding and establishing Hindu
and the establishment of the characteristic social groups regions. Its two eastern regions of Punjab and Sindh share kingdoms in the region. The term Indianised Kingdoms is a
(Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras) in the caste cultural links to Northwest India. Bangladesh and the Indian designation for numerous Southeast Asian political units, that
system based on the Jāti model in the Varna order, the tribal state of West Bengal share a common heritage and culture had to a varying degree adopted most aspects of India's
entities variously consolidated into oligarchic chiefdoms or based on the Bengali language. The Culture of India is diverse statecraft, administration, art, epigraphy, writing and
kingdoms (the 16 Mahajanapadas), beginning in the sixth and a complex mixture of many influences. Nepal is culturally architecture. The religions Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam
century B.C. The late Vedic political progress results in linked to both India and Tibet and the varied ethnic groups of gradually diffused into local cosmology. Nonetheless, the
urbanization, strict social hierarchy, commercial and military the country share many of the festivals and cultural traditions Southeast Asian nations have very diversely adapted to these
rivalries among the settlers, that have spread all over the entire used and celebrated in North and East India and Tibet. Nepali, cultural stimuli and evolved their distinct sophisticated
sub-continent.The large body of Vedic texts and literature, the dominant language of Nepal uses the Devanagari alphabet expression in lifestyle, the visual arts and most notably in
supported by the archaeological sequence allows researchers which is also used to write many North Indian languages. architectural accomplishments, such as Angkor Wat in
to reconstruct a rather accurate and detailed image of the Bhutan is a culturally linked to Tibet and India. Tibetan Cambodia and Borobudur in Indonesia.
Vedic culture and political organisation. The Vedas constitute Buddhism is the dominant religion in Bhutan and the Tibetan
the oldest work of Sanskrit literature and form the basis of alphabet is used to write Dzongkha, the dominant language of Angkor Wat, Khmer
religious, ethic and philosophic ideas in South Asia. They are Bhutan. There is a cultural and linguistic divide between North empire
widely, but not exclusively regarded the basics and scriptural and South India. Sri Lanka is culturally tied to both India and
authority on worship, rituals, ceremonies, sacrifices, Southeast Asia. Sinhala, the dominant language in the country Buddhist culture has a
meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge for the future is written in Sinhala script which is derived from the Kadamba- lasting and significant
Hindu and Buddhist cosmology. Commentaries and discussions Pallava alphabet, certain cultural traditions, and aspects of its impact in mainland
also focus on the development of valid political ideas and cuisine, for example, show South Indian influences. Cultural Southeast Asia
concepts of societal progress and ethic conformity. festivals, aspects of its cuisine and Theravada Buddhism, the (Myanmar, Thailand,
Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism are major religions dominant religion in Sri Lanka, show a Southeast Asian affinity. Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam); most Buddhists in Indochina
of South Asia. After a long and complex history of cosmological Indo-Aryan languages are spoken in Pakistan, Bangladesh, practice Theravada Buddhism. In the case of Vietnam, it is also
and religious development, adoption and decline, the Hindu- Sinhala of Sri Lanka and most of North, West and East India and influenced much by Confucianism and the culture of China.
synthesis and the late but thorough introduction of Islam about Nepal. Dravidian languages namely Telugu, Tamil, Kannada and Myanmar has also been exposed to Indian cultural influences.
80% of modern-day Indians and Nepalis identify as Hindus. In Malayalam languages are spoken across South India and in Sri Before the 14th century, Hinduism and Buddhism were the
Sri Lanka and Bhutan most people adhere to various forms of Lanka by the Tamil community. Tibeto-Burman languages are dominant religions of Southeast Asia. Thereafter, Islam became
Buddhism. Islam is the predominant religion in Afghanistan, the spoken in Nepal, Bhutan, and North & North East India. Iranic dominant in Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei. Southeast Asia
Maldives (99%), Pakistan (96%) and Bangladesh (90%). Languages are spoken in Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has also had a lot of Western influence due to the lasting
in PakistanThe main languages of Afghanistan are Pashto and legacy of colonialism. One example is the Philippines which has
Badshahi Mosque built Dari. been heavily influenced by the United States and Spain, with
under the Mughal emperor SOUTHEAST ASIA Christianity (Catholicism) as the dominant religion. East Timor
Aurangzeb in Lahore, Southeast Asia divides into Mainland Southeast Asia, that also demonstrates Portuguese influence through colonialism,
Pakistan encompasses Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar as is also a predominantly Christian nation.
and West Malaysia, and Maritime Southeast Asia, that includes A common feature found around the region are stilt houses.
Afghanistan and Pakistan Indonesia, East Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, East These houses are elevated on stilts so that water can easily
are situated at the western Timor, Brunei, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Christmas Island. At pass below them in case of a flood. Another shared feature is
periphery of South Asia, the crossroads of the Indian and East Asian maritime trade rice paddy agriculture, which originated in Southeast Asia
thousands of years ago. Dance drama is also a very important flourished kingdoms until the Mughals occupation and
feature of the culture, utilizing movements of the hands and Daian-ji Temple at followed by Britishers in India.
feet perfected over thousands of years. Furthermore, the arts China
and literature of Southeast Asia is very distinctive as some have Nara, Japan Chinese architecture has taken shape in East Asia over many
been influenced by Indian (Hindu), Chinese, Buddhist, and centuries as the structural principles have remained largely
Islamic literature. unchanged, the main changes being only the decorative
ARCHITECTURE details. An important feature in Chinese architecture is its
emphasis on articulation and bilateral symmetry, which
The Great Borobudur, a signifies balance. Bilateral symmetry and the articulation of
buildings are found everywhere in China, from palace
Wall of Buddist complexes to humble farmhouses. Since the Tang dynasty,
Temple in Chinese architecture has had a major influence on the
China architectural styles of Korea, Vietnam, and Japan.
Indonesia Korea
Korean architecture refers to an architectural style that
developed over centuries in Korea. Just like in the case of other
Korean arts, architecture tends to be naturalistic, favors
simplicity, avoids the extremes and is economical with shapes.
The Taj Ancient Indonesia
The Indonesian architecture reflects the diversity of cultural,
Mahal, ziggurat, Iraq historical and geographic influences that have shaped
Indonesia as a whole. It ranges from native vernacular
Agra, architecture, Hindu-Buddhist temples, colonial architecture, to
Asia is home to countless grandiose and iconic historic modern architecture.
India constructions, usually religious structures, castles and Indonesian vernacular architecture is called rumah adat. The
fortifications or palaces. However, after several millennia, many houses hold social significance in society and demonstrate local
Sun Temple at of the greatest buildings have been destroyed or dismantled ingenuity in their relations to environment and spatial
such as the Ziggurats of Mesopotamia, most of the Great Wall organisation.Notable examples include Rumah Gadang,
Konarta, of China, Greek and Hellenistic temples or the royal cities of Tongkonan, Balinese houses and Javanese Joglo. Hindu-
Persia. Buddhist temple monument called candi, with the best
Odisha, India India example are Borobudur massive stone mandala-stupa and
Indian architecture is that vast tapestry of production of the Prambanan Hindu temple dedicated to Trimurti gods. By the
Indian Subcontinent that encompasses a multitude of 16th century, the Portuguese followed by the Dutch colonize
expressions over space and time, transformed by the forces of Indonesian archipelago, and developed European architecture
history considered unique to the sub-continent, sometimes technique and developed colonial architecture.
destroying, but most of the time absorbing. The result is an Japan
Dravidian evolving range of architectural production that nonetheless Japanese architecture is distinctive in that it reflects a deep
retains a certain amount of continuity across history. Being few ″understanding of the natural world as a source of spiritual
Architecture architectures brought by Mughals in Northern india. Dravidian insight and an instructive mirror of human emotion″. Attention
architecture in Southern india flourished under chola's, to aesthetics and the surroundings is given, natural materials
vijayanagara, satavahana and many other south India's are preferred and artifice is generally being avoided. Impressive
wooden castles and temples, some of them 2000 years old,
stand embedded in the natural contours of the local Various cultural influences, notably Chinese, Indian and such as Khadgavidya, Dhanurvidya, Gadayuddha, and Malla-
topography. Notable examples include the Hōryū Temple Europeans, played a major role in forming Malay architecture. yuddha. These various martial arts and communities flourished
complex (6th century), Himeji Castle (14th century), Hikone Until recent time, wood was the principal material used for all after the Vedic period. Many other styles of martial arts
Castle (17th century) and Osaka Castle. Malay traditional buildings. However, numerous stone originated in Southeast Asia, Southeast Asian boxing from
The architecture of any country is a marker of its culture, structures were also discovered particularly the religious Indochina, Vovinam from Vietnam, Arnis from the Philippines,
history and tradition. The materials used, the shape, the lines, complexes from the time of Srivijaya and ancient isthmian and Pencak Silat from Indonesia. In addition, popular styles of
curves and colours all come together to present a masterpiece Malay kingdoms. wrestling have originated in Turkey and Mongolia.
that is unique and beautiful. Vietnamese architecture is no West Asia Development of Asian martial arts continues today as newer
different. From vernacular stilt houses to extravagant palaces The ancient architecture of the region of the Tigris–Euphrates styles are created. Modern hybrid martial arts systems such as
and concrete towers, the country's building is an ode to its rich river system dates back to the 10th millennium BC and lead to Jeet Kune Do and Krav Maga often incorporate techniques from
past and its promising future. the development of urban planning, the courtyard house, and traditional East Asian martial arts. Asian martial arts are highly
Vietnam ziggurats. The basic and dominant building material was the popular in the Western world and many have become
Traditional houses in Vietnam were characterized by wooden mudbrick, which is still in use in the region for the construction international sports. Karate alone has 50 million practitioners
structures topped by steep roofs. The roofs would be covered of residential structures. Kiln-burnt bricks were coated with a worldwide.[71]
with fish-scale tiles and curve outwards, while beams and vitreous enamel for purposes of decoration and bitumen Cinema
rafters held up the main building. In some places, stilt houses functioned as cement. Palaces or temples were constructed on Cinema is prominent in South Asia, where the Bollywood
were built and the houses usually had an odd number of terraces as rooms usually grouped round quadrangles, with (representing the most-spoken language in the region of Hindi)
rooms. However, the coming of various dynasties shaped large doorways and the roofs rested on richly ornamented and South Indian film industries vie for dominance.[72]
cultural landmarks in the country in different ways. Palaces, columns Pakistan’s Lollywood also is growing,[73] while historically,
pagodas and citadels flourished in Vietnam for over 500 years. Art Bengali cinema was highly acclaimed by international film
The Lý dynasty of the 11th century, for example, was deeply Middle Eastern dance has various styles and has spread to the circles, with the movies of Satyajit Ray still praised today.[74]
influenced by Buddhism and incorporated intricate reliefs and West in the form known as bellydancing. In the Punjab region [75]
motifs into their architecture. In 1031, a staggering 950 of India and Pakistan, bhangra dance is very popular. The China’s cinema has grown in recent decades,[76][77] with the
pagodas were constructed by the reigning monarch Lý Thái bhangra is a celebration of the harvest. The people dance to country also influencing the content of Hollywood productions
Tông. During this period, rounded statues, door-steps, the beat of a drum while singing and dancing. by virtue of its large market.[78] Hong Kong cinema was
decorated roofs and bannisters were common features of In Southeast Asia, dance is an integral part of the culture; the historically very influential, with kung fu films a major cultural
Vietnamese architecture. The Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long, a styles of dance vary from region to region and island to island. export of the city for decades.[79]
UNESCO world heritage site now, is a must-visit for tourists Traditional styles of dance have evolved in Thailand and Burma. Japanese and Korean productions have become very popular
looking to experience Vietnamese heritage up close. Located in The Philippines have their own styles of dance such as Cariñosa recently; Japanese anime and manga have supplemented each
present-day Hanoi, the citadel was the political centre of the and Tinikling; during the Spanish occupation of the Philippines, other and become a part of world culture,[80] while Korean
region for 13 centuries consecutively and will delight history practitioners of Filipino martial arts hid fighting movements films, dramas, and music (K-pop) have grown with much
buffs in particular. This magnificent structure is a fine example into their dances to keep the art alive despite the fact that it support from the Korean government.[81] The 2019 Korean
of Vietnamese architecture from the medieval era. was banned by the occupiers. film Parasite was the first Asian film to win an Academy Award.
Trần dynasty, which gained a foothold in the 13th century, Martial Arts [82]
brought its own set of beliefs and customs that made its mark Martial arts figure prominently in many Asian cultures, and the Languages
in Vietnam's architectural history. Buildings became more first known traces of martial arts date from the Xia dynasty of Asia is a continent with great linguistic diversity, and is home to
complex and demarcated, and gardens became a part of ancient China from over 4000 years ago. Some of the best various language families and many language isolates. In fact,
temples and places of worship. Tower-temples also emerged at known styles of martial arts in the world were developed in Asia contains almost every major language family except the
this time; The Phổ Bình Tower in Nam Định province and Bình East Asia, such as Karate from Okinawa, Judo from Japan, Bantu languages. A majority of Asian countries have more than
Sơn Tower in Vĩnh Phúc province are relics from the Trần Taekwondo from Korea and the various styles of Chinese one language that is natively spoken. For instance, according to
dynasty. martial arts known collectively as kung fu. Ancient India was Ethnologue over 600 languages are spoken in Indonesia while
Malay Peninsula home to many martial arts that were mentioned in the Vedas over 100 are spoken in the Philippines. The census of India of
2001 recorded 30 languages which were spoken by more than Chinese: 詩) poems, which have lines with equal numbers of period poet Matsuo Bashō (松尾芭蕉); others influenced by Bashō
a million native speakers and 122 which were spoken by more characters, as well as cí (詞) poems with mixed line varieties. include Kobayashi Issa and Masaoka Shiki.
than 10,000 people, with hundreds of other, smaller languages. Hebrew and Diaspora Jewish Korean
[83] Korea, on the other hand, is home to only one language. Jewish literature consists of ancient, medieval, and modern Korean literature begins in the Three Kingdoms Period, and
The main languages found in Asia, along with examples of writings by Jews, both in their original homeland and in the continues through the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties to the
each, are: diaspora. A sizable amount of it is written in the Hebrew modern day. Examples of Korean poetric forms include sijo and
Afro-Asiatic: Arabic, Aramaic, Hebrew language, although there have been cases of literature written gasa, with Jeong Cheol and Yun Seon-do considered to be the
Altaic languages (not accepted to be a family but a convenient in Hebrew by non-Jews.[85] Without doubt, the most supreme Korean poets. Examples of renowned Korean prose
grouping): Japonic: Japanese, Ryukyuan; Korean; Mongolic: important such work is the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh). Many other masterpieces include the Memoirs of Lady Hyegyeong, The
Buryat, Mongolian; Turkic: Azeri, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Turkish, ancient works of Hebrew literature survive, including religious Cloud Dream of the Nine and the Chunhyangjeon.
Turkmen; Tungusic: Manchu and philosophical works, historical records, and works of Modern Literature
Austroasiatic: Khasi, Khmer, Mon, Santali, Vietnamese, Wa fiction. The polymath Rabindranath Tagore, a Bengali poet, dramatist,
Austronesian: Bicolano, Cham, Ilocano, Javanese, Indian and writer from India, became in 1913 the first Asian Nobel
Kapampangan, Kedayan, Malay (Indonesian & Malaysian), The famous poet and playwright Kālidāsa wrote two epics: laureate. He won his Nobel Prize in Literature for notable
Minangkabau, Pangasinan, Sundanese, Tagalog, Tetum, Visayan Raghuvamsham (Dynasty of Raghu) and Kumarasambhavam impact his prose works and poetic thought had on English,
(Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Waray) (Birth of Kumar Kartikeya); they were written in Classical French, and other national literature of Europe and the
Chinese or Sino-Tibetan: Hakka, Hokkien (Taiwanese), Sanskrit rather than Epic Sanskrit some other examples of his Americas. He also wrote Jana Gana Mana the national anthem
Mandarin, Wu (Shanghainese), Yue (Cantonese), Burmese, plays are Abhigyanam Shakuntala . Other examples of works of India as well as Amar Sonar Bangla the national anthem of
Dzongkha, Lepcha, Meitei, Nepal Bhasa, Tibetan, Tshangla; written in Classical Sanskrit include the Pānini’s Ashtadhyayi Bangladesh. Moreover, translation of his another song “Namo
Miao–Yao: Hmong, Iu Mien; Tai–Kadai: Bouyei, Isan, Kam, Lao, which standardized the grammar and phonetics of Classical Namo Matha” is the national anthem of Sri Lanka. This song
Shan, Thai, Zhuang Sanskrit. The Laws of Manu is an important text in Hinduism. was collected by his student Mr. Ananda Samarakoon and M.
Circassian: Kabardian Kālidāsa is often considered to be the greatest playwright in Nallathamby translated in Tamil language. Other Asian writers
Dagestanian: Chechen, Ingush Sanskrit literature, and one of the greatest poets in Sanskrit won Nobel Prizes in literature, including Yasunari Kawabata
Dravidian: Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu and relatively literature, whose Recognition of Shakuntala and Meghaduuta (Japan, 1966), and Kenzaburō Ōe (Japan, 1994). Yasunari
less spoken languages such as Tulu, Kodagu etc… are the most famous Sanskrit plays. He occupies the same Kawabata wrote novels and short stories distinguished by their
Georgian position in Sanskrit literature that Shakespeare occupies in elegant and spartan diction such as the novels Snow Country
Indo-European: Armenian, Assamese, Bengali, Bhojpuri, English literature. Some other famous plays were Mricchakatika and The Master of Go.
Dhivehi, Gujarati, Hindustani (Hindi, Urdu), Kashmiri, Kurdish, by Shudraka, Svapna Vasavadattam by Bhasa, and Ratnavali by Family
Maithili, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Pashto, Persian (Tajik and Dari), Sri Harsha. Later poetic works include Geeta Govinda by Families have very great importance in Asian cultures. They
Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Sinhala, Russian, Greek; as well as Jayadeva. Some other famous works are Chanakya’s and teach their kids that the family is their protection and the
Romance-based creoles: Chavacano, Macanese Vatsyayana’s Kamasutra. major source of their identity. They expect loyalty from their
Uralic: Khanty, Mari, Nenets, Permics Japanese children. Parents define the law and the children are expected
Literature In the early eleventh century, court lady Murasaki Shikibu to obey them. This is called filial piety, the respect for one’s
Arabic wrote Tale of the Genji considered the masterpiece of Japanese parents and elders, and it is a concept that originated in China
Arabic literature is the writing, both prose and poetry, literatures and an early example of a work of fiction in the form as 孝 (xiao) with Confucian’s teachings.[86] They are expected
produced by writers in the Arabic language. One of the most of a novel. Early-Modern Japanese literature (17th–19th to have self-control, thus making it hard for them to express
famous literary works of West Asia is One Thousand and One centuries) developed comparable innovations such as haiku, a emotions, they are also expected to show respect through their
Arabian Nights. form of Japanese poetry that evolved from the ancient hokku motions and the way they speak. Children are expected to look
Chinese (Japanese language: 発句) mode. Haiku consists of three lines: after their parents when they grow older.[87] Sons are
In Tang and Song dynasty China, famous poets such as Li Bai the first and third lines each have five morae (the rough expected to stay home, while daughters go and live with their
authored works of great importance. They wrote shī (Classical phonological equivalent of syllables), while the second has husband’s family. In Chinese culture, sometimes children are
seven. Original haiku masters included such figures as Edo expected to care for their elders (赡养), and in various diaspora
communities one may find Chinese children living with even populations in the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, China, Russia, Asian characteristics. Fiesta is the term used to refer to a
their grandparents. Central Asia and West Asia.[89] festival. Most of these fiestas are celebrated in honor of a
Philosophy Christianity is a widespread religion in Asia with more than 286 patron saint. To summarize it all, at least every city or
Asian philosophical traditions originated in India and China, million adherents according to Pew Research Center in 2010, municipality has a fiesta. Some prime examples include Sinulog
and has been classified as Eastern philosophy covering a large [93] and nearly 364 million according to Britannica Book of the from Cebu and Dinagyang of Iloilo. Other famous Philippine
spectrum of philosophical thoughts and writings, including Year 2014.[94] In the Philippines and East Timor, Roman festivals include the MassKara Festival of Bacolod and
those popular within India and China. The Indian philosophy Catholicism is the predominant religion; it was introduced by Panagbenga Festival of Baguio.
include Jain philosophy, Hindu and Buddhist philosophies. They the Spaniards and the Portuguese, respectively. In Russia, In Indonesia, the Independence Day and the birthday of
include elements of non-material pursuits, whereas another Georgia, and Armenia, Orthodox Christianity is the Pancasila are important. This Muslim majority country also
school of thought Cārvāka, which originated in India, and was predominant religion. Eastern Christian sects are the most celebrates Islamic celebrations and festivals, such as Eid ul-Fitr,
propounded by Charvak around 2500 years before, preached dominant denomination in Asia, having adherents in portions Eid ul-Adha, Mawlid, Islamic New Year, Ashura, Tabuik, and
the enjoyment of material world. Middle Eastern philosophy of the Middle East (the Levant Anatolia and Fars)[95] and South Tasyrik day.
includes Islamic philosophy as well as Jewish and Persian Asia. Eastern churches include Assyrian Church of the East, Sports
philosophy. Syriac Orthodox Church, Maronite Church, Syriac Catholic Due to the vastness of Asia, popularity of sports varies greatly
During the 20th century, in the two most populous countries of Church, Chaldean Catholic Church and Syro-Malabar Catholic across the continent.
Asia, two dramatically different political philosophies took Church, among others. Significant Christian communities also Association football is widely popular in Asia. Boxing,
shape. Mahatma Gandhi gave a new meaning to Ahimsa, and found in Central Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Asia. badminton, and table tennis are very popular in East Asia.
redefined the concepts of nonviolence and nonresistance. [96] Judaism is the major religion of Israel. Baseball is popular in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. Cricket is
During the same period, Mao Zedong’s communist philosophy Festivals and Celebrations especially popular in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka;
was crystallized. Asia has a variety of festivals and celebrations. In China, and more recently, in Nepal and Afghanistan. Traditional sports
Religion Chinese New Year, Dragon Boat Festival, and Mid-Autumn such as kabaddi and kho-kho also are watched to a significant
Asia is the birthplace of many religions such as Buddhism, Moon Festival are traditional holidays, while National Day is a extent in South Asia.
Christianity, Confucianism, Druze, Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, holiday of the People’s Republic of China. Cuisine
Judaism, Mandaeism, Shintoism, Sikhism, Taoism, Yazdânism, In Japan, Japanese New Year, National Foundation Day, In many parts of Asia, rice is a staple food, and it is mostly
and Zoroastrianism. All major religious traditions are practiced Children’s Day, O-bon, The Emperor’s Birthday and Christmas served steamed or as a porridge known as congee. China is the
in the region and new forms are constantly emerging. The are popular. According to Japanese syncretism, most Japanese world largest producer and consumer of rice. While grain
largest religions in Asia are Islam and Hinduism, both with celebrate Buddhism’s O-bon in midsummer, Shinto’s Shichi-Go- flatbread were consumed in the Middle East to the Indian
approximately 1.1 billion adherents. In 2010, the Pew Research San in November, and Christmas and Hatsumoude in winter subcontinent.
Center found five of the ten most religiously diverse regions in together. Traditionally, it is a common practice in Central, South, and
the world to be in Asia.[88] In India, Republic Day and Independence Day are important West Asia to eat using their bare hand. However, Western
Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism originated in India, a national festivals celebrated by people irrespective of faith. cutlery such as spoons and forks are currently being used
country of South Asia. In East Asia, particularly in China and Major Hindu festivals of India include Diwali, Dussehra or increasingly and have also become widely available. With the
Japan, Confucianism, Taoism, Zen Buddhism and Shinto took Daserra, Holi, Makar Sankranti, Pongal, Mahashivratri, Ugadi, advent of western cutlery, it may be viewed as rude in these
shape. Other religions of Asia include the Baháʼí Faith, Navratri, Ramanavami, Baisakhi, Onam, Rathayatra, Ganesh nations to eat using the bare hands in some public places. In
Shamanism practiced in Siberia, and Animism practiced in the Chaturthi and Krishna Janmaashtami. Islamic festivals such as Indonesia and the Philippines, people usually use western
eastern parts of the Indian subcontinent. Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha, Sikh festivals such as Vaisakhi, and cutlery such as the spoon, fork, and knife. While in China,
Over 60% of the global Muslim population is in Asia.[89][90] Christian festivals such as Christmas, are also celebrated in Japan, Taiwan, Korea, and Vietnam, people usually use
[91] About 25% of Muslims live in the South Asian region, India. chopsticks to eat traditional food, but the shape of chopsticks
mainly in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and the Maldives. If The Philippines is also tagged as the “Fiesta Country” because are different in these countries. For example, Chinese
Afghanistan is counted, this number is even higher. The world’s of its all-year-round celebrations nationwide. There is a very chopsticks are long and square; Vietnamese chopsticks are
largest single Muslim community (within the bounds of one strong Spanish influence in their festivals, thus making the long, being thick at one end and then gradually getting thinner
nation) is in Indonesia.[92] There are also significant Muslim Philippines distinctively “Western”, yet retaining its native at the other end, and are made of wood or bamboo; Japanese
chopsticks are rounder, short, and spiral, having been designed EUROPE, AFRICA, AND AUSTRALIA/OCEANIA: PHYSICAL AND  Region Gävleborg
to eat bony fish easily; Taiwanese chopsticks are made of CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES  Region Halland
materials such as bamboo, wood, and metal; Korean chopsticks Countries and regions Ireland
are short, flat, and made of metal. It is said that wood is rarer Europe is a continent comprising the westernmost peninsulas  The South West Region
than metal on the Korean Peninsula[citation needed] and that of Eurasia, located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and  The Shannon Region
metal chopsticks can prevent poisoning. Fresh raw fish cuisines, mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It shares the continental  The South East Region
such as sushi and sashimi are very popular in East Asia landmass of Afro-Eurasia with both Africa and Asia. Romania
(especially Japan). These raw fish dishes were influenced by  Nord-Est (North-East)
two major cultures: Chinese and Japanese. Countries  Sud-Est (South-East)
In India, people often eat food with their hands, and many •Italy •Ireland  Sud - Muntenia (South - Muntenia)
spices such as cardamom, cumin, and fennel seeds are used in •Switzerland •Romania  Sud-Vest Oltenia (South-West Oltenia)
every dish. Most spices originated within the Indian •Netherlands •United Kingdom  Vest (West)
subcontinent. Durians are a common fruit in Southeast Asia, •Poland •Latvia United Kingdom
which, Alfred Russel Wallace, attested to its delicious flavor as •Sweden •Slovakia  North East.
worth the entire cost of his trip there.  North West.
The cuisine of Indonesia possess rich and diverse collection of Regions  Yorkshire and the Humber.
dishes and recipes with regional cooking tradition flourished, Italy Switzerland  East Midlands.
such as Minang Sundanese to Balinese. Most Indonesians  Liguria -Zurich  West Midlands
consume steamed rice with flavorful meat, fish, and vegetables  Marche -Bern Latvia
in one serving such as in Nasi Padang and nasi campur. Other  Sicily -Graubünden  Courland
notable example include rendang, satay, soto, and nasi goreng.  Latgale
In Filipino banquet, many  Tuscany -Valais  Vidzeme
unique dishes have arisen  Veneto -Lucerne – Lake Lucerne  Zemgale
because of the country’s long Netherlands Physical Perspective of Italy
years of colonization and  Region NL1 (North Netherlands): Groningen, Italy, a European country with a long Mediterranean coastline,
interactions with other Friesland, Drenthe has left a powerful mark on Western culture and cuisine. Its
neighboring cultures and nations; it has inherited Latin, Malay,  Region NL2 (East Netherlands): Overijssel capital, Rome, is home to the Vatican as well as landmark art
Chinese, and American influences to its people’s local blend.  Gelderland, Flevoland and ancient ruins. Other major cities include Florence, with
 Region NL3 (West Netherlands): Utrecht, North Renaissance masterpieces such as Michelangelo’s "David" and
Chicken tikka, a well-known Holland, South Holland, Zeeland Brunelleschi's Duomo; Venice, the city of canals; and Milan,
dish across the globe,  Region NL4 (South Netherlands): North Brabant, Italy’s fashion capital.
reflects the South Asian Limburg Italy is a parliamentary republic with a head of government -
cooking style. Poland the prime minister - appointed by the president and a head of
Philippine Cuisine  Greater Poland state - the president. The Parliament is composed of 2 houses:
Kabsa also called  Pomerania the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate of the Republic. The
Majboos, famous in  Mazovia country is subdivided into 20 regions.
Saudi Arabia, Kuwait,  Lower Silesia The capital is Rome, one of the oldest of the world’s great cities
Qatar, Oman, Bahrain,  Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship and a favourite of visitors, who go there to see its great
and United Arab Sweden monuments and works of art as well as to enjoy the city’s
Emirates  Region Blekinge famed dolce vita, or "sweet life." Other major cities include the
 Region Dalarna industrial and fashion centre of Milan; Genoa, a handsome
 Region Gotland port on the Ligurian Gulf; the sprawling southern metropolis of
Naples; and Venice, one of the world’s oldest tourist Heritage site. The largest water-control schemes were carried for the popular sobriquet Emerald Isle. Ireland is also
destinations. Surrounded by Rome is an independent state, out in the second half of the 19th century and in the 20th renowned for its wealth of folklore, from tales of tiny
Vatican City, which is the seat of the Roman Catholic Church century, when steam pumps and, later, electric or diesel pumps leprechauns with hidden pots of gold to that of the patron
and the spiritual home of Italy’s overwhelmingly Catholic came into use saint, Patrick, with his legendary ridding the island of snakes
population. Each of those cities, and countless smaller cities Poland and his reputed use of the three-leaved shamrock as a symbol
and towns, has retained its differences against the leveling Poland, country of central Europe. Poland is located at a for the Christian Trinity. But while many may think of Ireland as
effect of the mass media and standardized education. Thus, geographic crossroads that links the forested lands of an enchanted land, the republic has been beset with perennial
many Italians, particularly older ones, are inclined to think of northwestern Europe to the sea lanes of the Atlantic Ocean concerns—emigration, cultural and political identity, and
themselves as belonging to families, then neighbourhoods, and the fertile plains of the Eurasian frontier. Now bounded by relations with Northern Ireland (comprising the 6 of Ireland’s
then towns or cities, then regions, and then, last, as members seven nations, Poland has waxed and waned over the 32 counties within the province of Ulster that remain part of
of a nation centuries, buffeted by the forces of regional history. In the the United Kingdom). At the beginning of the 21st century,
Switzerland early Middle Ages, Poland’s small principalities and townships Ireland’s long-standing economic problems were abating,
SWITZERLAND'S FOCUS ON DISASTER RISK REDUCTION were subjugated by successive waves of invaders, from owing to its diverse export-driven economy, but calamity struck
> Switzerland Germans and Balts to Mongols. In the mid-1500s, united again in 2008 when a new financial and economic crisis befell
considers important in disaster risk reduction (DRR)1 Poland was the largest state in Europe and perhaps the the country, culminating in a very costly bailout of the Irish
. It has been continent’s most powerful nation. Yet two and a half centuries economy by the European Union (EU) and the International
harmonised within the DRR working group2 and is meant to later, during the Partitions of Poland (1772–1918), it Monetary Fund.
serve as a basis to inform a coherent Swiss position at the disappeared, parceled out among the contending empires of Romania
upcoming 7th Session of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Russia, Prussia, and Austria Romania, country of southeastern Europe. The national capital
Reduction (GP 2022). Sweden is Bucharest. Romania was occupied by Soviet troops in 1944
Netherlands Sweden occupies the greater part of the Scandinavian and became a satellite of the Union of Soviet Socialist
Netherlands, country located in northwestern Europe, also Peninsula, which it shares with Norway. The land slopes gently Republics (U.S.S.R.) in 1948. The country was under communist
known as Holland. “Netherlands” means low-lying country; the from the high mountains along the Norwegian frontier rule from 1948 until 1989, when the regime of Romanian
name Holland (from Houtland, or “Wooded Land”) was eastward to the Baltic Sea. Geologically, it is one of the oldest leader Nicolae Ceaușescu was overthrown. Free elections were
originally given to one of the medieval cores of what later and most stable parts of the Earth’s crust. Its surface held in 1990. In 2004 the country joined the North Atlantic
became the modern state and is still used for 2 of its 12 formations and soils were altered by the receding glaciers of Treaty Organization (NATO), and in 2007 it became a member
provinces (Noord-Holland and Zuid-Holland). A parliamentary the Pleistocene Epoch (about 2,600,000 to 11,700 years ago). of the European Union (EU).
democracy under a constitutional monarch, the kingdom Lakes dot the fairly flat landscape, and thousands of islands United Kingdom
includes its former colonies in the Lesser Antilles: Aruba, form archipelagoes along more than 1,300 miles (2,100 km) of United Kingdom, island country located off the northwestern
Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten. The jagged, rocky coastline. Like all of northwestern Europe, coast of mainland Europe. The United Kingdom comprises the
capital is Amsterdam and the seat of government The Hague. Sweden has a generally favourable climate relative to its whole of the island of Great Britain—which contains England,
> The country is indeed low-lying and remarkably flat, with northerly latitude owing to moderate southwesterly winds and Wales, and Scotland—as well as the northern portion of the
large expanses of lakes, rivers, and canals. Some 2,500 square the warm North Atlantic Current. island of Ireland. The name Britain is sometimes used to refer
miles (6,500 square km) of the Netherlands consist of Ireland to the United Kingdom as a whole. The capital is London, which
reclaimed land, the result of a process of careful water Ireland, Irish Éire, country of western Europe occupying five- is among the world’s leading commercial, financial, and cultural
management dating back to medieval times. Along the coasts, sixths of the westernmost major island of the British Isles. centres. Other major cities include Birmingham, Liverpool, and
land was reclaimed from the sea, and, in the interior, lakes and The magnificent scenery of Ireland’s Atlantic coastline faces a Manchester in England, Belfast and Londonderry in Northern
marshes were drained, especially alongside the many rivers. All 2,000-mile- (3,200-km-) wide expanse of ocean, and its Ireland, Edinburgh and Glasgow in Scotland, and Swansea and
this new land was turned into polders, usually surrounded by geographic isolation has helped it to develop a rich heritage of Cardiff in Wales.
dikes. Initially, man power and horsepower were used to drain culture and tradition that was linked initially to the Gaelic
the land, but they were later replaced by windmills, such as the language. Washed by abundant rain, the country’s pervasive
mill network at Kinderdijk-Elshout, now a UNESCO World grasslands create a green-hued landscape that is responsible Latvia
> Latvia, country of northeastern Europe and the middle of the increase in tourism, some local customs have achieved national Romanians are known for being hospitable, warm, animated
three Baltic states. Latvia which was occupied and annexed by fame. and opinionated people with a good sense of humour.
the U.S.S.R. in June 1940, declared its independence on August Netherlands United Kingdom
21, 1991. The U.S.S.R. recognized its sovereignty on September The Swiss culture is distinguished by its diversity, as the country >The social structure of the United Kingdom is incredibly
6, and United Nations membership followed shortly thereafter. lies at the crossroads of several outstanding European cultures. diverse. The UK is a fusion of the cultures of England, Wales,
Latvia was admitted to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Switzerland is also a multilingual country, as its national Scotland, and Northern Ireland, and it is situated off the
(NATO) and the European Union (EU) in 2004. The capital and languages include German, French, Italian and Romansh. In northwest coast of continental Europe. This island nation has
chief city is Riga. addition, there are numerous dialects spoken in every region. grown more multicultural over time. It is regarded as a place
Latvia lies along the shores of the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Each canton has its unique cultural features. The culture, with enormous diversity worldwide
Riga, and it is bounded by Estonia to the north, Russia to the customs and traditions differ in different regions of the country, > The combined nation’s history, its relationships with
east, Belarus to the southeast, and Lithuania to the south as each canton and municipality has cultural autonomy. neighboring cultures, and its historically Christian, deeply
Slovakia In the small country of Switzerland, there is also a distinction religious lifestyle all had a significant impact on British culture,
The short history of independent Slovakia is one of a desire to between the culture in the mountains and the culture on the or the UK culture. The cultures of England, Wales, Scotland,
move from mere autonomy within the Czechoslovak federation central plateau. This means that the life in a mountain valley is and Northern Ireland are wildly diverse, with differing degrees
to sovereignty—a history of resistance to being called “the different from that in the big city. Thus, over time and with the of uniqueness and overlap, even yet the UK culture is a singular
nation after the hyphen.” Although World War II thwarted the increase in tourism, some local customs have achieved national entity. It is best to discuss the various facets of UK culture one
Slovaks’ first vote for independence in 1939, sovereignty was fame. by one in order to gain a thorough understanding of it.
finally realized on January 1, 1993, slightly more than three Poland > The rich, popular culture of the UK is influential not only in
years after the Velvet Revolution—the collapse of the raditionalism and conservatism remain evident in the country’s Great Britain but globally. It imports talents that transcend
communist regime that had controlled Czechoslovakia since religious landscape, social customs and core values. Poles also varied forms of media. Some of the most prominent
1948. continue to show sentimentality over the past and a tendency contributions of British Popular Culture include:
Cultural perspective to romanticise ideas. However, this is accompanied with a Latvia
Italy sharp practicality and realistic mindset. Latvians continue to observe the traditions of their ancestors –
Italy is home to the epicenter of the Roman Empire, the hub of Sweden culture embedded in Latvian folklore that is best experienced
Catholicism and the birthplace of the Renaissance. It has a rich Swedish culture and society is based on equality and during the Summer Solstice or "Jani" holiday, and the
heritage in art, history, religion, cuisine, architecture and individualism. Due to Sweden’s strong leaning towards impressive Song and Dance festivals, as well as through
fashion. These cultural legacies have been deeply influential in egalitarianism, competition is not encouraged, and children are traditional crafts and handiwork, events organized by
defining Western cultural tradition. raised to believe they are as good as others in their unique museums, and a lot of other activities.
Switzerland way. This view is very much applied in education at KTH as While grand events and celebrations are a big part of Latvian
The Swiss culture is distinguished by its diversity, as the country well! I will tell you more about it in my next blog. culture, the soul of Latvian culture is much more
lies at the crossroads of several outstanding European cultures. Ireland commonplace. While there are plenty of tourist spots, castles,
Switzerland is also a multilingual country, as its national Irish culture has been greatly influenced by Christianity, most museums, and architecture to be found in the capital Riga and
languages include German, French, Italian and Romansh. In notably by the Roman Catholic Church, and religion plays a beyond, it is the charm of everyday things that embody the
addition, there are numerous dialects spoken in every region. significant role in the lives of many Irish people. Today, there spirit of Latvia!
Each canton has its unique cultural features. The culture, are often notable cultural differences between those of Slovakia
customs and traditions differ in different regions of the country, Catholic and Protestant (especially Ulster Protestant) Slovakia has a large number of natural curative springs as well
as each canton and municipality has cultural autonomy. background. as extensive deposits of high-quality healing peat and mud.
In the small country of Switzerland, there is also a distinction Romania Throughout the ages people have taken advantage of these
between the culture in the mountains and the culture on the >Nevertheless, the population remains quite religious and resources to cure a variety of diseases and ailments.
central plateau. This means that the life in a mountain valley is places great importance on family networks and values. While The country has more than 1,160 registered mineral and
different from that in the big city. Thus, over time and with the sometimes initially reserved when first meeting people, thermal springs. Even Marcus Aurelius´ Roman legions tried out
the thermal water, and several of the better-known spas are west of the Nile River with vegetation occurring only in the Nile the country’s rivers are small and generally seasonal. Northern
visited every year by people from many countries. Valley, the Nile Delta and pockets of desert Oases. Algeria is mountainous and is crossed from east to west by the
Atlas Mountains; its highest point, elevation 7,638 ft (2,328 m),
Countries of Africa Egypt’s most important geographical feature is the Nile River. is Mount Chélia. In central and southern Algeria is much of the
Egypt Its annual inundation and the fertile mud and silt it brought to northern Sahara. Algeria has a developing economy based
 the Nile Valley and the Delta, the Nile Valley and Delta had the greatest impact on the primarily on the production and export of petroleum and
 the Western Desert, ancient Egyptian people and the development of their culture. natural gas. After achieving independence, the country
 the Eastern Desert, and The Nile is the longest river on earth and is fed from two main nationalized much of its economy but since the 1980s has
 the Sinai Peninsula tributaries, the Blue Nile and White Nile. These two rivers meet privatized parts of the economy. Algeria is a multiparty republic
:Nigeria at Khartoum in Sudan and form one huge river which winds its with two legislative bodies; its head of state is the president,
 Abia way from the south of the country to north where it ends in and its head of government is the prime minister. Phoenician
 Nasarawa the Nile Delta and flows into the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile traders settled there early in the 1st millennium BCE; several
 Adamawa divides Egypt into two main regions; Upper Egypt (Aswan – centuries later the Romans invaded, and by 40 CE they had
 Cross River Cairo) and Lower Egypt (Nile Delta). These regions were further control of the Mediterranean coast. The fall of Rome in the 5th
 Plateau divided by the ancient Egyptian’s into Nomes (territorial century led to an invasion by the Vandals and later to a
Algeria divisions), 22 Nomes in Upper Egypt and 20 in Lower Egypt reoccupation by the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire. The
 Algérois Nigeria Islamic invasion began in the 7th century; by 711 all of
 Aurès Mountains Nigeria is often called the "Giant of Africa." This name comes northern Africa was under the control of the caliphs of the
 Constantinois from the vastness of its land, the diversity of its peoples and Umayyad dynasty. Several Islamic Amazigh empires followed,
 Gourara[fr] languages, its huge population (the largest in Africa), and its oil most prominently the Almoravid (c. 1054–1130), which
 Hautes Plaines and other natural resources. extended its domain to Spain, and the Almohad (c. 1130–
Morocco 1269). The Barbary Coast pirates menaced Mediterranean
Tanger-Tétouan-Al Hoceïma Tangier 3,556,729 Nigeria is a patchwork of distinctive regions, including deserts, trade for centuries; their raids served as a pretext for France to
2 L'Oriental Oujda 2,314,346 plains, swamps, mountains, and steamy jungles. It has one of enter Algeria in 1830. By 1847 France had established military
3 Fès-Meknès Fez 4,236,892 the largest river systems in the world, including the Niger Delta, control over most of the region and by the late 19th century
4 Rabat-Salé-Kénitra Rabat 4,580,866 the third largest delta on Earth. had instituted civil rule. Popular protest against French rule
5 Béni Mellal-Khénifra Beni Mellal resulted in the bloody Algerian War (1954–61); independence
2,520,776 Much of Nigeria is covered with plains and savannas. These was achieved following a referendum in 1962. Beginning in the
Physical perspective tropical grasslands spread out as far as the eye can see and are early 1990s, Islamic fundamentalist opposition to secular rule
Egypt interrupted here and there by trees and shrubs. The led to an outbreak in civil violence between the army and
Egypt is located in the north-eastern corner of Africa and is southwestern plains are home to the Yoruba people, who have various Islamic extremist groups.
today bounded by Libya to the west, Israel to the north-east lived there for thousands of years.
and Sudan to the south. The Mediterranean Sea provides a Morroco
natural boundary to the North of the country whilst the Gulf of Algeria Morocco, mountainous country of western North Africa that
Suez and the Red Sea form part of Egypt’s boundary to the Algeria, officially People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria, lies directly across the Strait of Gibraltar from Spain.
east. The country has six main physical regions: the Nile Valley, Country, North Africa. Area: 919,595 sq mi (2,381,741 sq km). The traditional domain of indigenous peoples now collectively
the Nile Delta, the Western Desert, the Eastern Desert and the Population: (2023 est.) 46,116,000. Capital: Algiers. Most of the known as Berbers (self-name Imazighen; singular, Amazigh),
Sinai Peninsula. population is ethnically and linguistically Arab, with a large Morocco has been subject to extensive migration and has long
Amazigh minority. Languages: Arabic (official), Tamazight been the location of urban communities that were originally
Egypt has a very arid climate with the majority of the (national), French. Religion: Islam (official; predominantly settled by peoples from outside the region. Controlled by
landscape being dominated by large deserts to the east and Sunni). Currency: Algerian dinar. Algeria has the largest land Carthage from an early date, the region was later the
area on the continent. The coastline has numerous bays, and westernmost province of the Roman Empire. Following the
Arab conquest of the late 7th century CE, the broader area of Viti Levu’s south coast  Taranaki
 Pacific Harbour – Fiji’s
North Africa came to be known as the Maghrib (Arabic: “the  Whanganui -
adventure capital!
West”), and the majority of its people accepted Islam.  Suva – Fiji’s actual Manawatu
Subsequent Moroccan kingdoms enjoyed political influence capital  Wellington
that extended beyond the coastal regions, and in the 11th  Suncoast – The less-  Marlborough
visited northern coast
century the first native Amazigh dynasty of North Africa, the of Viti Levu  Nelson - Tasman
Almoravids, gained control of an empire stretching from  Mamanuca Islands –  West Coast
Andalusian (southern) Spain to parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Postcard-perfect islands  Canterbury
close to Nadi Airport
Attempts by Europeans to establish permanent footholds in  Otago
 Yasawa Islands – A
Morocco beginning in the late 15th century were largely more remote scattering  Southland
repulsed, but the country later became the subject of Great of islands with resorts Papua New Guinea  Southern
Power politics in the 19th century. Morocco was made a French  Lomaiviti Islands – Your
 New Guinea
island holiday
protectorate in 1912 but regained independence in 1956. alternative near Suva Islands
Today it is the only monarchy in North Africa.  Lau Islands – Fiji’s most  Highlands
remote island group  Momase
where very few tourists
Australia - the smallest continent and one of the largest Samoa  Two large islands
go
countries on Earth, lying between the Pacific and Indian oceans  Vanua Levu – Fiji’s of Upolu
in the Southern Hemisphere. Australia’s capital is Canberra, second-largest island  Savai'i
located in the southeast between the larger and more with plenty of resorts
 Taveuni – A nature
 Seven small islets
important economic and cultural centers of Sydney and lover’s paradise with a Solomon Islands  Central Island
Melbourne. national park Province
Countries and Regions  Kadavu – The southern
 Choiseul
island group for the
Country Regions intrepid explorer. Province
Australia  Queensland Kiribati  The Gilbert Islands  Guadacanal
 Victoria  The Line Islands Province
 Northern Territory  The Phoenix  Isabel Province
 New South Wales Islands  Makira & Ullawa
 Western Australia Marshall Islands  The Ratak Chain Province
 Lake Eyre Basin (Sunrise Chain)  Malaita Province
 South Australia  The Ralik Chain  Renell & Bellona
 Tasmania (Sunset Chain) Province
 Adelaide  Temotu Province
Micronesia  Pohnpei
Fiji  Viti Levu – Fiji’s largest  Western Province
and main island where  Chuuk
you’ll arrive in Fiji, split  Kosrae Tonga  Tongatapu in the
into various regions:  Yap south
 Nadi – Home to the
New Zealand  Northland  Ha'apai in the
international airport
 Denarau – Hub of five-  Auckland centre
star resort and  Waikato  Vava'u in the
transport to the
 Bay of Plenty north.
Mamanucas and
Yasawas  Gisborne
 Coral Coast – Resorts  Hawke's Bay Descriptions about Countries
line the sandy shores of Australia
Australia, the smallest continent and one of the largest Micronesia can be divided into two style areas. Western According to legend, Samoa is known as the “Cradle of
countries on Earth, lying between the Pacific and Indian oceans Micronesia consists of the island groups in the western Polynesia” because Savai‘i island is said to be Hawaiki, the
in the Southern Hemisphere. Australia’s capital is Canberra, Caroline archipelago, including Palau and the states of Yap and Polynesian homeland. Samoan culture is undoubtedly central
located in the southeast between the larger and more Truk (Chuuk). Eastern Micronesia includes the eastern Caroline to Polynesian life, and its styles of music, dance, and visual art
important economic and cultural centres of Sydney and Islands, the Marshall Islands, and Kiribati. The Mariana Islands, have gained renown throughout the Pacific islands and the
Melbourne. which lie north of the Caroline Islands, do not figure in this world. The country’s international image is that of a tropical
Fiji account, because of the obliterating effects of late 17th- paradise inhabited by tourist-friendly flower-wreathed peoples.
Fiji, country and archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean. It century Spanish occupation on their population and its culture. Yet this belies the economic, social, and political challenges of
surrounds the Koro Sea about 1,300 miles (2,100 km) north of New Zealand this diverse and evolving Pacific microstate. Samoa gained its
Auckland, New Zealand. The archipelago consists of some 300 New Zealand, Māori Aotearoa, island country in the South independence from New Zealand in 1962 after more than a
islands and 540 islets scattered over about 1,000,000 square Pacific Ocean, the southwesternmost part of Polynesia. New century of foreign influence and domination, but it remains a
miles (3,000,000 square km). Of the 300 islands, about 100 are Zealand is a remote land—one of the last sizable territories member of the Commonwealth. The country was known as
inhabited. The capital, Suva, is on the southeast coast of the suitable for habitation to be populated and settled—and lies Western Samoa until 1997. Its capital and main commercial
largest island, Viti Levu (“Great Fiji”). more than 1,000 miles (1,600 km) southeast of Australia, its centre is Apia, on the island of Upolu.
Kiribati nearest neighbour. The country comprises two main islands— Solomon Islands
Kiribati, officially Republic of Kiribati, island country in the the North and the South Island—and a number of small Solomon Islands, country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It
central Pacific Ocean. The 33 islands of Kiribati, of which only islands, some of them hundreds of miles from the main group. consists of a double chain of volcanic islands and coral atolls in
20 are inhabited, are scattered over a vast area of ocean. The capital city is Wellington and the largest urban area Melanesia. The country comprises most of the Solomons chain
Kiribati extends 1,800 miles (2,900 km) eastward from the 16 Auckland; both are located on the North Island. New Zealand —with the exception of Buka and Bougainville, two islands at
Gilbert Islands, where the population is concentrated, to the administers the South Pacific island group of Tokelau and the northwestern end that form an autonomous region of
Line Islands, of which 3 are inhabited. In between lie the claims a section of the Antarctic continent. Niue and the Cook Papua New Guinea.
islands of the Phoenix group, which have no permanent Islands are self-governing states in free association with New Once a British protectorate, Solomon Islands achieved
population. Total land area is 313 square miles (811 square Zealand. independence as a republic in 1978. Honiara, on the north
km). Papua New Guinea coast of Guadalcanal Island, is Solomon Islands’ capital and
Marshall Islands Papua New Guinea, island country in the southwestern Pacific largest city.
Marshall Islands, officially Republic of the Marshall Islands, Ocean. It encompasses the eastern half of New Guinea, the Tonga
Marshallese Majōl, country in the central Pacific Ocean. It world’s second largest island (the western half is made up of Tonga, officially Kingdom of Tonga, Tongan Fakatu‘i ‘o Tonga,
consists of some of the easternmost islands of Micronesia. The the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua); the also called Friendly Islands, country in the southwestern Pacific
Marshalls are composed of more than 1,200 islands and islets Bismarck Archipelago (New Britain, New Ireland, the Admiralty Ocean. It consists of some 170 islands divided into three main
in two parallel chains of coral atolls—the Ratak, or Sunrise, to Islands, and several others); Bougainville and Buka (part of the island groups: Tongatapu in the south, Ha‘apai in the centre,
the east and the Ralik, or Sunset, to the west. The chains lie Solomon Islands chain); and small offshore islands and atolls. and Vava‘u in the north. Isolated islands include Niuafo‘ou,
about 125 miles (200 km) apart and extend some 800 miles The national capital, Port Moresby, is located in southeastern Niuatoputapu, and Tafahi (together known as the
northwest to southeast. New Guinea on the Coral Sea. Niuatoputapu, or Niuas, island group) in the far north and ‘Ata
Majuro atoll is the nominal capital of the republic. Government The islands that constitute Papua New Guinea were settled in the far south.
offices are located in the town of Delap-Uliga-Djarrit, named over a period of 40,000 years by the mixture of peoples who Tonga’s total land area is dispersed between latitudes 15° and
for three islands that were once separated but were later are generally referred to as Melanesians. Since the country 23° S and longitudes 173° and 177° W. The capital, Nuku‘alofa,
joined by landfill. The Marshalls were administered by the achieved independence in 1975, one of its principal challenges is on the island of Tongatapu. Tonga is a member of the
United States as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands has been the difficulty of governing many hundreds of diverse, Commonwealth and of the United Nations.
from 1947 to 1986, when the Trust Territory was dissolved by once-isolated local societies as a viable single nation. ECONOMY AND RESOURCES
the U.S. government. Samoa
Micronesia Samoa, country in the central South Pacific Ocean, among the ECONOMY RESOURCES
westernmost of the island countries of Polynesia.
Economy resources are the inputs we use to produce goods provide services. Economy resources can be divided into four In macroeconomic perspective, scarcity happens since there’s
and services. categories; limited supply of natural resources in the world.
Economic resources are components used to produce goods 1.Land or Natural Resources Microeconomics theory focuses on how individuals,
or services for consumption or use. Economic resources can refers to all the natural resources used inn the economy. household, or businesses make decisions using the resources
also be defined as factors of production. Used in the production of goods and services. they have.
Economic resources also called factors of production or inputs Some example of land are the lumber, raw materials, fish, soil, ECONOMIC RRESORCE EXAMPLES
in the productive process. minerals, and energy resources. LABOR/LABOUR The work of teachers,
Economic resources are the different factors or production Natural resources economics also has several important doctors, software engineers,
used to produce all goods and services in the economy. impacts related to resource depletion, environmental chefs.
Economic theory is primarily concerned with allocating these protection, and resource management. LAND/NATURAK RESOURCES Crude oil, timber,
resources so that the production of goods and services is done Source from nature used for the production of goods and freshwater, wind
most efficiently and effectively. services. power,arable land.
Production possibilities frontier, it’s a tool for understanding Agrcultural land depending on the the industry, the CAPITAL Manufacturing equipment,
the optimal outputs when producing different goods using the importance of land as a natural resources may vary. office buildings, delivery
same resources. The environment is a somewhat abstract term that includes trucks, cash registers.
all the resources in the surroundings environment that we use. Business owners, inventors,
RESOURCES Primarily land or natural resources consist of; startup founders, marketing
It is a physical material that humans need and value such as 1.Abstract resources such as solar or wind energy. consultants.
land, air, and water. 2.Gases such as oxygen and nitrogen. HOW DO ECONOMIC RESOURCES AFFECT THE ECONOMY?
3.Physical resources such as coal, natural gas, and fresh water. Every business includes some degree of these four economic
TWO CHARACTERISTIC OF RESOURCES 2.Capital resources. However, depending on the industry and it’s
1.Renewable resource Refers to all physical assets that enable a business to operate. position in it, each business will determine which economic
Can replenish itself at the rate it is used. The term capital in economics refers to all means in resources it needs most and at what price it is willing to pay.
2.Nonrenewable resources investments used to produce and manufacture other goods. Many factors determine the price of and access to economic
Has a limited supply. One main components of capital is Financial capital this resources. The cost of all resources is an outcome of the
includes money or other financial means like loans. degree of scarcity. Many factors cause scarcity; bad weather
THREE MAIN TYPES OF ECONOMIC RESOURCES Resources that contribute to the production process of other can make it harder to grow certain vegetables, or new
1.Natural resources goods. immigration laws can cause a labor shortage. The nature and
often called land, refer to resources such as minerals, water, 3.Entrepreneurship (entrepreneurial ability) size of scarcity thus dedicate all the choices made throughout
trees, and land itself. Technology is sometimes referred to as entrepreneurship. the entire economy.
Raw materials used in production come from natural Special human resource that no only refers to the
resources. entrepreneur who sets up business. THE ECONOMY AND RESOURCES IN EUROPE
2.Human resources 4.Labour or Labor It comprises about 748 million people in 50 countries. The
Is a set of people who make up to workforce of an refers to human effort and talent. formation of the European Union (EU) and in 1999 the
organization, business sector, industry, and economy. Refers to the different human resources involved in economic introduction of a unified currency, the Euro, brought
3.Capital resources activity. participating European countries closer through the
 Classify human resources. convenience of a shared currency.
Includes money to start The European Union is a unique global organization, an entity
a business, tools, GOAL OF ECONOMIC RESOURCES forming one of the largest economies in the world.
buildings, machinery,and To satisfy the needs and wants of consumers. Euruppe is rich in agricultural and industrial diversity has
other goods people make To allocate scarce resources. made the continent a center of trade and commerce for
to produce goods and centuries.
 West African nations, including Nigeria, Ghana, and Senegal, Conflict and Post-Colonial Challenges:
THE ECONOMY AND RESOURCES OF AFRICA are known for their cultural diversity, with a mix of ethnic Many African nations have faced conflicts and post-colonial
Consists of the trade, industry, agriculture, and human groups, languages, and religions. It's a region with a history of challenges, including issues related to governance, security,
resources of the continent. political and economic cooperation through organizations like and political stability.
Recent growth has been due to growth in sales, commodities, ECOWAS.
services, and manufacturing. African Political Challenges:
The continent has 40 percent of the world’s gold and up to 90 East Africa: Africa grapples with various political challenges, including
percent of its chromium and platinum. The largest reserves of Countries in East Africa, such as Kenya, Ethiopia, and Tanzania, poverty, corruption, governance issues, and questions about
cobalt, diamonds, platinum, and uranium in the world are in are marked by their diverse landscapes, including the Great Rift regional integration and cooperation within the African Union.
Africa. It holds 65 percent of the worlds arable land and ten Valley. The region has a history of political and economic
percent of the planets internal renewable fresh water source. cooperation, as seen in the East African Community. Australia's Political Geography:

THE ECONOMY RESOURCES OF AUSTRALIA/OCEANA Southern Africa: States and Territories:

It is a highly developed country with mixed economy. As of Southern Africa comprises countries like South Africa, Australia consists of six states and two major mainland
2023, Australia was the 13th largest national economy by the Zimbabwe, and Botswana. It's rich in natural resources, and the territories. The states are New South Wales, Queensland,
nominal GDP, the 19th largest PPP-adjusted product GDP, and region has seen significant political developments, including South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia. The
was the 21st largest goods exporter and 24th largest goods the end of apartheid in South Africa. two major mainland territories are the Northern Territory and
importer. the Australian Capital Territory (ACT).
Central Africa:
Political Geography of Africa, Australia, and Europe Central Africa includes the Democratic Republic of Congo, External Territories:
Africa's Political Geography: Cameroon, and the Central African Republic. This region is In addition to its states and mainland territories, Australia has
often characterized by tropical rainforests and has faced several external territories. The federal government
Countries and Regions: political instability and conflicts. administers a separate area within New South Wales, the Jervis
Africa is a continent comprising 54 recognized countries, Bay Territory, as a naval base and seaport for the national
making it the second most populous continent on Earth. These Horn of Africa: capital. Australia also has the following inhabited external
countries range from large and influential states like Nigeria, The Horn of Africa is home to countries like Somalia, Eritrea, territories: Norfolk Island, Christmas Island, and the Cocos
South Africa, and Egypt to smaller nations like Seychelles and and Ethiopia. It has faced conflicts and geopolitical tensions, (Keeling) Islands.
Eswatini. such as the Eritrean-Ethiopian War and the ongoing tensions in
the Red Sea region. Uninhabited External Territories:
African Union (AU): Australia possesses several largely uninhabited external
The African Union is a continental union that aims to promote African Political Organizations: territories, including Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Coral Sea
political and economic integration among African states. It has African countries are part of various political organizations like Islands, and Heard Island and McDonald Islands. These
its own political institutions, including the African Union the African Development Bank, the African, Caribbean, and territories are primarily used for conservation and research
Commission, and plays a crucial role in regional politics. Pacific Group of States, and the Economic Community of purposes.
Central African States (ECCAS).
North Africa: Antarctic Territory:
North Africa includes countries like Egypt, Libya, and Tunisia. It Colonial Legacy: Australia claims a portion of Antarctica as the Australian
is characterized by Arab and Islamic influences, and it has seen The colonial history of Africa, with borders drawn by colonial Antarctic Territory. This claim is not widely recognized due to
political changes following the Arab Spring. powers, has influenced modern political geography. Some international agreements concerning the status of the
countries have experienced challenges due to ethnic and continent.
West Africa: cultural divisions.
States and Territories' Autonomy:
Australia's states and territories have varying degrees of Germany, and France to smaller nations like Luxembourg and
autonomy in terms of governing their own affairs. The states Malta. Russia and the Former Soviet Bloc:
have their own parliaments and governments, responsible for Russia, the largest country in Europe, holds significant political
areas such as education, health, and transport, while the European Union (EU): influence both within Europe and globally. The former Soviet
territories have their own legislatures. The European Union is a political and economic union of 27 republics in Eastern Europe have undergone political
European countries that have chosen to work closely together transformations since the collapse of the Soviet Union.
The Australian Capital Territory (ACT): for mutual benefit. It has its own political institutions, including
The ACT is an enclave within New South Wales and houses the the European Parliament and the European Commission, which European Political Alliances:
national capital, Canberra. It is where the Australian federal influence policies and legislation across member states. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) plays a crucial role in
government is based, and it serves as the political center of the European security, with many European nations as member
country. Balkans and Eastern Europe: states. The organization's political decisions impact regional
The Balkans and Eastern Europe have seen significant political stability.
changes in recent decades. The breakup of Yugoslavia and the
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Politics: dissolution of the Soviet Union have led to the emergence of Cyprus and Turkey:
The political landscape of Australia includes issues related to its several independent states. Conflicts and tensions, such as The political geography of Cyprus is complicated by the division
Indigenous population. Indigenous rights, reconciliation, and those in the Balkans, continue to impact the political landscape of the island into the Republic of Cyprus and the self-declared
self-determination are important political matters. in this region. Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Turkey's involvement in
Northern Cyprus has geopolitical implications for the region.
Climate and Environmental Politics: Western Europe:
Environmental issues, including climate change and Western Europe includes countries like the United Kingdom, Brexit and the European Union:
conservation, play a prominent role in Australian politics. The France, and Germany. It's characterized by stable democracies, The United Kingdom's decision to leave the EU, known as
country's unique geography and vast landscapes contribute to advanced economies, and strong political influence on the Brexit, has had significant political and economic
the discussion on environmental policies. global stage. The European Union, headquartered in Brussels, consequences. It illustrates how political decisions in one
Belgium, is a key political institution in this region. country can impact the entire European political landscape.
Foreign Relations:
Australia's political landscape includes considerations of foreign Southern Europe: European Political Challenges:
relations. The country maintains close ties with nations such as Countries in Southern Europe, such as Italy, Greece, and Spain, Europe faces various political challenges, including immigration
the United States and China and is actively involved in regional have faced economic challenges in recent years, including the and refugee issues, nationalist and separatist movements,
organizations, including the Pacific Islands Forum. European debt crisis. Political movements have emerged in economic disparities, and questions about the future of the
response to these issues, impacting the political climate. European Union.
Australian Political Challenges:
Australia faces various political challenges, such as debates on Central Europe: CULTURAL LIFE
immigration and asylum seekers, Indigenous land rights, Central European countries, including Poland, Hungary, and the
climate change policies, and debates on federalism and states' Czech Republic, have seen the rise of nationalist and populist Culture Life of Europe - the culture of Europe is rooted in its
rights. political movements. These shifts have implications for the art, architecture, film, different types of music, economics,
European Union and regional politics. literature and philosophy European culture is largely rooted in
Europe's Political Geography: what is often referred to as it's "common cultural heritage".
Northern Europe: EUROPE
Countries and Regions: Northern European nations like Sweden, Denmark, and Norway The Culture of Europe is diverse, and rooted in its art,
Europe is a continent comprised of 44 countries, each with its are known for their social welfare systems and strong political architecture, traditions, cuisines, music, folklore, embroidery,
own unique political systems, cultures, and histories. These institutions. They often play a progressive role in European film, literature, economics, philosophy and religious customs
countries range from large and influential states like Russia, politics. Whilst there are a great number of perspectives that can be
taken on the subject, it is impossible to form a single, all- Christianity has been the dominant religion shaping European postmodernist styles that emerged after 1900 and which
embracing concept of European culture. Nonetheless, there culture for at least the last 1700 years. Modern philosophical continue to the present day.
are core elements which are generally agreed upon as forming thought has very much been influenced by Christian Modern music
the cultural foundation of modern Europe. One list of these philosophers such as St Thomas Aquinas and Erasmus. And Folk music: Europe has a wide and diverse range of indigenous
elements given by K. Bochmann includes: throughout most of its history, European values have been music, sharing common features in rural, traveling, or maritime
A common cultural and spiritual heritage derived from Greco- nearly synonymous with Christian culture.Christian culture is communities. Folk music is embedded in an unwritten, oral
Roman antiquity, Christianity. Judaism, the Renaissance, its said to have been the predominant force in western civilization, tradition, but was increasingly transcribed from the nineteenth
Humanism, the political thinking of the Enlightenment, the guiding the course of philosophy, art, and science. The notion century onwards. Many classical composers used folk
French Revolution, and the developments of Modemity, of "Europe and the Western World" has been intimately melodies, and folk music continues to influence popular music
including all types of socialism. connected with the concept of "Christianity and Christendom". in Europe, however its prominence varies across countries. See
• A rich and dynamic material culture, parts of which have Many even attribute Christianity for being the link that created the list of European folk music.
been extended to the other continents as the result of a unified European identity. Popular music: Europe has imported many different genres of
industrialization and colonialism during the "Great Christianity (76.2%) popular music, including Rock, Blues, R&B Soul, Jazz, Hip-Hop
Divergence"; No religion (18.2%) and Pop. Various modern genres named after Europe are
• A specific conception of the individual expressed by the Islam (5.9%) rooted in Electronic dance music (EDM), and include Europop,
existence of, and respect for, a legality that guarantees human Buddhism (0.2%) Eurodisco, Eurodance and Eurobeat. Styles of popular music
rights and the liberty of the individual Hinduism (0.2%) across Europe can be highly varied. Countries formerly under
• A plurality of states with different political orders, which Folk religion (0.1%) Ottoman rule enrich this variation through their incorporation
share new ideas with one another. Other religions (0.1%) of Ottoman musical influences, infused with their native
• Respect for peoples, states, and nations outside Europe. Christianity is the largest religion in Europe, with 76.2% of musical traditions.
The concept of European culture is arguably linked to the Europeans considering themselves Christian in 2010,As 2010, Contemporary Sports
classical definition of the Western world. In this definition, Catholics were the largest Christian group in Europe, • Association football, which has its origins in the United
Western culture is the set of literary, scientific, political, artistic, accounting for more than 48% of European Christians. The Kingdom. The oldest association is The Football Association of
and philosophical principles which set it apart from other second-largest Christian group in Europe was the Orthodox, England (1863), and the first international match was between
civilizations. Much of this set of traditions and knowledge is who made up 32% of European Christians. About 19% of Scotland and England (1872). It is now the world's most
collected in the Western canon. The term has come to apply to European Christians were part of the Protestant tradition. popular sport and is played throughout Europe.
countries whose history has been strongly marked by European Russia is the largest Christian country in Europe by population, • Cricket has its origins in southeast England. It is popular
immigration or settlement during the 18th and 19th centuries, followed by Germany and Italy. In 2012 Europe constituted in throughout England and Wales, and parts of the Netherlands.
such as the Americas, and Australasia, and is not restricted to absolute terms the world's largest Christian population. It is also popular in other areas in Northwest Europe. It is
Europe. Historically, Europe has been the center and cradle of Christian however, very popular worldwide, especially in Africa,
The Nobel Prize laureate in Literature Thomas Stearns Elliot, in civilization.Christianity played a prominent role in the Australia, New Zealand, and the Indian subcontinent.
his 1948 book Notes development of the European culture and identity. • Cycling, which is also immensely popular as a means of
Towards the Definition of Culture, credited the prominent transport, has most of its sporting adherents in Europe. Tour de
Christian influence upon European culture. "It is in Christianity Classical Music France is the world's most-watched live annual sporting event.
that our arts have developed; it is in Christianity that the laws Pre-1600 The bicycle itself is probably from France (see History of the
of Europe have until recently been rooted." This broad era encompasses early music, which generally bicycle).
The earliest concept of Europe as a cultural sphere appeared comprises Medieval music (500–1400) and Renaissance music • The discus throw, javelin throw, and shot put have their
during the Car Renaissance of the 9th century, imited to the (1400–1600), but sometimes includes Baroque music (1600– origins in ancient Greece. The Olympics, both ancient and
territories of the Carolingian "European" as a cultural term did 1760). modern, have their origins too in Europe, and have a massive
not fully include the territories where the O Church Post-1600 influence globally.
represented the dominant religion until the 19th century. This era includes the common practice period from • Field Hockey, as a modern game, began in 18th century
Religion approximately 1600 to 1900, as well as the modernist and England, with Ireland having the oldest federation. It is popular
in Western Europe, the Indian subcontinent, Australia and East story about a place and its people, and there is a wide variety changing modern world rather than staying rooted in their
Asia. Ice hockey, popular in Europe and North America, may between countries. static culture. The Westernized few, persuaded by American
derive from this sport. In modern European culture, clothing is similar to what you’ll culture and Christianity, first denied African traditional culture,
• Golf, one of the most popular sports in Europe, Asia, and find in most countries across the globe, but many countries but with the increase of African nationalism, a cultural recovery
North America, has its origins in Scotland, with the oldest make some kind of effort to preserve their heritage through occurred. The governments of most African nations encourage
course being at Musselburgh. clothing. In this post, we’ll take a look at many examples of national dance and music groups, museums, and to a lower
• Tennis which originates from England, and related games traditional clothing in Europe. degree, artists and writers.
such as Table Tennis, derive from the game Real Tennis which is Values And Norms 90 to 95% of Africa's cultural heritage is held outside of Africa
from France. It is popular throughout the world. The European Union declares the fundamental EU values to be by large museums.IIt is also important to note in a quote from
Language the ones "common to the Member States in a society in which BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) on African culture, “a
Most languages of Europe belong to the Indo-European pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity and recent study by Foresight Factory on defining factors of
language family. Out of a total European population of 744 equality between women and men prevail". They are: human identity, 50-60% of British black African/Caribbean
million as of 2018, some 94% are native speakers of an Indo- dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, rule of law, and human respondents, agreed that ethnicity played a key role, the
European language. Within Indo-European, the three largest rights largest of any group. The singular viewpoint of ‘black’ as an
phyla in Europe are Romance, Germanic, and Slavic; they have AFRICA ‘identifier’ or an ‘ethnicity’ not only denies cultural differences
more than 200 million speakers each and together account for The Culture of Africa is varied and manifold, consisting of a between the population, it also denies the nuance within a
close to 90% of Europeans. Smaller phyla of Indo-European mixture of countries with various tribes depicting their unique vastly diverse community. When we attempt to define African
found in Europe include Hellenic (Greek, c. 13 million), Baltic (c. characteristic and trait from the continent of Africa. It is a culture and identity, we have to be mindful that we are viewing
7 million), Albanian (c. 5 million), Celtic (c. 4 million), and product of the diverse populations that inhabit the continent of a broad ethnicity comprising different sub communities that
Armenian (c. 4 million); Indo-Aryan, though a large subfamily of Africa and the African diaspora. Generally, Culture can be are resistant to having their heritage and culture boxed in
Indo-European, has a relatively small number of speakers in defined as a collective mass of distinctive qualities belonging to simplistic labels.
Europe (Romani, c. 1.5 million). a certain group of people. These qualities include laws, morals, African cultures, which originated on the continent of Africa,
Of the approximately 45 million Europeans speaking non-Indo- beliefs, knowledge, art, customs, and any other attributes have several distinct differences than that of Black culture,
European languages, most speak languages within either the belonging to a member of that society. Culture is the way of life which originated by African Americans in the United States
Uralic or Turkic families. Still smaller groups — such as Basque of a group of people. after they were stripped of most of their own African cultures
(language isolate), Semitic languages (Maltese, c. 0.5 million), Africa has numerous ethnic nationalities all with varying during enslavement. Some differences are that African cultures
and various languages of the Caucasus — account for less than qualities such as language, dishes, greetings, dressing and retain tribal affairs to only be worn during specific events, hand
1% of the European population among them. Immigration has dances. However, each of the regions of Africa share a series of carvings, tribal masks and dances whereas Black culture is
added sizeable communities of speakers of African and Asian dominant cultural traits which distinguish various African ethnic to African Americans such as hip hop, jazz, hamboning
languages, amounting to about 4% of the population,[1] with regional cultures from each other and the rest of the world. For and soul food. Though some Africanisms were retained in Black
Arabic being the most widely spoken of them. example, social values, religion, morals, political values, culture of the United States, most of Black American culture
Five languages have more than 50 million native speakers in economics, and aesthetic values all contribute to various and history was created by Black Americans.The same retained
Europe: Russian, French, Italian, German, and English. Russian African cultures.Expressions of culture are abundant within Africanisms and also created cultural differences and can be
is the most-spoken native language in Europe, and English has Africa, with large amounts of cultural diversity being found not noticed and noted in Caribbean cultures from the descendants
the largest number of speakers in total, including some 200 only across different countries but also within single countries. of the enslaved as well as in black South American cultures,
million speakers of English as a second or foreign language. Even though within various regions, the cultures are widely such as culturally different expressions, foods, styles and
(See English language in Europe.) diverse, they are also, when closely studied, seen to have many languages due to the centuries separation and enslavement
Traditional Clothing similarities; for example, the morals they uphold, their love and away from the African continent, being formed uniquely in
A folk costume (also regional costume, national costume, or respect for their culture, as well as the strong respect they hold places like Bahia, Brazil.
traditional garment) expresses an identity through costume, for the aged and the important, kings and chiefs. Religion
which is usually associated with a geographic area or a period Africa has influenced and been influenced by other continents. African religions, Indigenous religions of the African continent.
of time in history. Traditional European clothing often tells a This can be portrayed in the willingness to adapt to the ever- The introduced religions of Islam (in northern Africa) and
Christianity (in southern Africa) are now the continent’s major •Basketball. made of cotton. The latter garment (habesha kemis) is basically
religions, but traditional religions still play an important role, Language cotton cloth, about 90 cm wide, woven in long strips which are
especially in the interior of sub-Saharan Africa. The numerous Africa is home to approximately one-third of the world's then sewn together. Sometimes shiny threads are woven into
traditional African religions have in common the notion of a languages, anywhere between 1000 and 2000 languages. The the fabric for an elegant effect.Men wear pants and a knee-
creator god, who made the world and then withdrew, main ethnolinguistic divisions in Africa are Afro-Asiatic length shirt with a white collar, and perhaps a sweater. Men
remaining remote from the concerns of human life. Prayers (approximately 200 languages) covering nearly Northern Africa often wear knee-high socks, while women might not wear
and sacrificial offerings are usually directed toward secondary (including the horn of Africa, Central Sahara et the top Nile), socks at all. Men, as well as women, wear shawls, the netela.
divinities, who are intermediaries between the human and Niger–Congo with approximately 1,350 - 1,650 languages is the Zulus wear a variety of attire, both traditional for ceremonial or
sacred realms. Ancestors also serve as intermediaries (see largest of the four; it is also the largest language family in the culturally celebratory occasions. Traditional male clothing is
ancestor worship). Ritual functionaries include priests, elders, world. The Niger-Congo languages inhabit Western, Central, usually light, consisting of a two-part apron (similar to a
rainmakers, diviners, and prophets. Rituals are aimed at Eastern and Southern Africa this includes the Bantu language. loincloth) used to cover the genitals and buttocks. The front
maintaining a harmonious relationship with cosmic powers, Nilo-Saharan in parts of the Sahara and the Sahel and parts of piece is called the umutsha (pronounced Zulu
and many have associated myths that explain their significance. Eastern Africa, and Khoisan (indigenous minorities of Southern pronunciation:and is usually made of springbok or other animal
Animism is a common feature of African religions, and Africa). Nilo-Saharan gathers approximately 140 languages with hide twisted into different bands which cover the genitals. The
misfortune is often attributed to witchcraft and sorcery. some eleven million speakers scattered in Central and Eastern rear piece, called the ibheshu is made of a single piece of
Music Africa. Last but not least is the Khoisan family with between 40 springbok or cattle hide, and its length is usually used as an
Traditional Sub-Saharan African music is as diverse as the - 70 members. Believed to be the oldest of the four language indicator of age and social position; longer amabheshu are
region's various populations. The common perception of Sub- families, it is the smallest of the four and is found mainly in worn by older men. Married men will usually also wear a
Saharan African music is that it is rhythmic music centered on Southern Africa. headband, called the umqhele , which is usually also made of
the drums, and indeed, a large part of Sub-Saharan music, The continent of Africa speaks hundreds of languages, and if springbok hide, or leopard hide by men of higher social status,
mainly among speakers of Niger–Congo and Nilo-Saharan dialects spoken by various ethnic groups are also included, the such as chiefs. Zulu men will also wear cow tails as bracelets
languages, is rhythmic and centered on the drum. Sub-Saharan number is much higher. These languages and dialects do not and anklets called imishokobezi during ceremonies and rituals,
music is polyrhythmic, usually consisting of multiple rhythms in have the same importance: some are spoken by only a few such as weddings or dances.
one composition. Dance involves moving multiple body parts. hundred people, others are spoken by millions. The most In the Muslim parts of Africa, daily attire also often reflects
These aspects of Sub-Saharan music were transferred to the widely spoken languages of Africa, Swahili (100 million), Hausa Islamic tradition.The traditional attire for the Muslim men
new world by enslaved West Africans and can be seen in its (38 million), Yoruba (20 million), Amharic (20 million), Igbo (21 usually covers a minimum of the head and the range between
influence on music forms as Samba, Jazz, Rhythm and Blues, million), and Fula (13 million), belong mostly to the Niger- the waist of the man and the knees, while the dress code for
Rock & Roll, Salsa, and Rap music. Congo family. Very few countries of Africa use any single the islamic women is made to conceal and cover the hair and
Other African musical traditions also involve strings, horns, and language, and for this reason, several official languages coexist, the body from the neck down to the ankles. There are some
very few poly-rhythms. Music from the eastern Sahel and along African and European. Some Africans speak various European Muslim women who also conceal their face. Nevertheless,
the Nile, among the Nilo-Saharan, made extensive use of languages such as English, Spanish, French, Portuguese, Italian, there are some Muslims that believe that the Quran does not
strings and horns in ancient times. Dancing involves swaying German and Dutch. The official languages of the African Union command that women should wear a hijab or a burqa.
body movements and footwork. Among the Khoisans extensive and all its institutions shall be Arabic, English, French, Cuisine
use of string instruments with emphasis on footwork. Portuguese, Spanish, Kiswahili and any other African language. The various cuisines of Africa use a combination of locally
(8) Most Popular Sports In Africa Clothing available fruits, cereal grains and vegetables, as well as milk
• Football Women's traditional clothes in Ethiopia are made from cloth and meat products. In some parts of the continent, the
• Rugby called schema and are used to make habesha kemis.This all traditional diet features a preponderance of milk, curd and
• Cycling. white outfit can be said to be the national costume for the whey products. In much of tropical Africa, however, cow's milk
•Athletics. Ethopians as a result of it being commonly accepted and it's is rare and cannot be produced locally (owing to various
•Cricket. wild spread use but there exists much more variations to this diseases that affect livestock). The continent's diverse
•Wrestling. outfit for example the Oromo people of Bale wear more of a demographic makeup is reflected in the many different eating
•Rallying. leather garment and the Afaris wear brightly colored wraps and drinking habits, dishes, and preparation techniques of its
manifold populations.[48] However it is important to consider traditions, including those of the Khoisan, Bantu, European and •Handshake Hello. Greeting people in Africa is one of the most
the affordability of and access of these products on daily basis. Asian populations. Basic ingredients include seafood, meat important and most respectful things you can do.
In Central Africa, the basic ingredients are plantains and products (including wild game), poultry, as well as grains, fresh •Don't point.
cassava. Fufu-starchy foods (usually made from fermented fruits and vegetables. Fruits include apples, grapes, mangoes, •Tipping.
cassava roots) are served with grilled meat and sauces. Many bananas and papayas, avocado, oranges, peaches and apricots. •Silence is golden.
local ingredients are used while preparing other dishes like Desserts may simply be fruit. However, there are some more •Don't be negative.
spinach stew, cooked with tomato, peppers, chillis, onions, and western style puddings, such as the Angolan Cocada amarela, •Respect elders.
peanut butter. Cassava plants are also consumed as cooked which was inspired by Portuguese cuisine. Meat products •You'll be called 'Mzungu' .
greens. Groundnut (peanut) stew is also prepared, containing include lamb, as well as game like venison, ostrich, and impala. •Gift-giving etiquette.
chicken, okra, ginger, and other spices. Another favorite is The seafood includes a wide variety such as crayfish, prawns,
Bambara, a porridge of rice, peanut butter, and sugar. Beef and tuna, mussels, oysters, calamari, mackerel, and lobster. There AUSTRALIA
chicken are favorite meat dishes, but game meat preparations are also several types of traditional and modern alcoholic Local culture
containing crocodile, monkey, antelope and warthog are also beverages including many European-style beers. The culture of Australia is a Western culture derived primarily
served occasionally. A typical West African meal is heavy with starchy items, meat, from Britain but also influenced by the unique geography of
The cuisine of the African Great Lakes region varies from area spices, and flavors. A wide array of staples are eaten across the the Australian continent, the diverse input of Aboriginal, Torres
to area. In the inland savannah, the traditional cuisine of cattle- region, including those of Fufu, Banku and Kenkey (originating Strait Islander and other Oceania people.
keeping peoples is distinctive in that meat products are from Ghana), Foutou, Couscous, Tô, and Garri, which are The oldest surviving cultural traditions in Australia (which are
generally absent. Cattle, sheep and goats were regarded as a served alongside soups and stews. Fufu is often made from actually some of the oldest surviving traditions on earth) are
form of currency and a store of wealth and are not generally starchy root vegetables such as yams, cocoyams, or cassava, those of Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
consumed as food. In some areas, traditional peoples consume but also from cereal grains like millet, sorghum or plantains. Their ancestors inhabited Australia for between 40,000 and
the milk and blood of cattle, but rarely the meat. Elsewhere, The staple grain or starch varies from region to region and 60,000 years and they lived a hunter-gatherer lifestyle. The
other peoples are farmers who grow a variety of grains and ethnic group to ethnic group. However, corn has gained boomerang and didgeridoo, which were invented by
vegetables. Maize (corn) is the basis of ugali, the East African significant ground as it is cheap, swells to greater volumes and Aborigines, are to this day iconic symbols of the country.
version of West Africa's fufu. Ugali is a starch dish eaten with creates a beautiful white final product that is greatly desired. Australians are generally laid back, open and direct. They say
meats or stews. In Uganda, steamed, green bananas called Banku and Kenkey are maize dough staples, and Gari is made what they mean and are generally more individual and
matoke provide the starch filler of many meals. from dried grated cassavas. Rice dishes are also widely eaten in outgoing than other cultures. More than three quarters of
In the Horn of Africa, the main traditional dishes in Ethiopian the region, especially in the dry Sahel belt inland. Examples of Australians live in cities and urban centers, mainly along the
cuisine and Eritrean cuisine are tsebhis (stews) served with these include Benachin from The Gambia and Jollof rice, a pan- coast.
injera(flatbread made from teff,wheat, or sorghum), and hilbet West African rice dish similar to Arab kabsah. A Multicultural society
(paste made from legumes, mainly lentil, faba beans). Eritrean Beliefs The initial population of Australia was made up of Aborigines
and Ethiopian cuisine (especially in the northern half) are very The traditional beliefs and practices of African people are and people of British and Irish descent.
similar, given the shared history of the two countries. The highly diverse, including various ethnic religions.Generally, After World War II there was heavy migration from Europe,
related Somali cuisine consists of an exotic fusion of diverse these traditions are oral rather than scriptural and are passed especially from Greece, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands,
culinary influences. Varieties of bariis (rice), the most popular down from one generation to another through folk tales, Yugoslavia, Lebanon, and Turkey.
probably being basmati, usually serve as the main dish. Xalwo songs, and festivals,and include beliefs in spirits and higher and This was in response to the Australian policy of proactively
(halwo) or halva is a popular confection served during special lower gods, sometimes including a supreme being, as well as trying to attract immigrants to boost population and workforce.
occasions such as Eid celebrations or wedding receptions.After the veneration of the dead, and use of magic and traditional In the last thirty years, Australia has liberalized its immigration
meals, homes are traditionally perfumed using frankincense African medicine. Most religions can be described as animistic policy and opened its borders to the South East Asian Region.
(lubaan) or incense which is prepared inside an incense burner with various polytheistic and pantheistic aspects.The role of While Australia has a strong tradition of secular government,
referred to as a dabqaad. All food is served halal. humanity is generally seen as one of harmonizing nature with religious
The cooking of Southern Africa is sometimes called 'rainbow the supernatural organizations have played a significant role in public life.
cuisine', as the food in this region is a blend of many culinary 8 African Cultural Values You Need to Know Before You Travel Christian
churches, in particular, have played an integral role in the charitable organisations, hospitals and schools have played a was a wide range of experiences of the missions by Aboriginal
development of education, health and welfare services. While prominent role in welfare and education since colonial times. people.
less than a quarter of Christians attend church weekly, around In 2008, 20% of total students attended Catholic Language
a quarter of all school students attend church-affiliated schools schools.Christian organisations such as the St. Vincent de Paul Although Australia has no official language, it is largely
and the Christian festivals of Easter and Christmas are public Society, the Salvation Army and Anglicare provide social monolingual with English being the de facto national language.
holidays. The Roman Catholic Church is by far the largest non- services throughout Australia. Historically significant Christians Australian English is a major variety of the language which is
government provider of health and education services in include preachers David Unaipon, the first Aboriginal author, immediately distinguishable from British, American, and other
Australia. and the Reverend John Flynn, who founded the Royal Flying national dialects by virtue of its unique accents,
First Meetings Doctor Service. Suffragette Catherine Helen Spence was not pronunciations, idioms and vocabulary, although its spelling
It is polite in Australia to shake someone's right hand when you only Australia's first female political candidate, but also one of more closely reflects British versions rather than American.
meet him or her for the first time. Australians tend to be fairly its first female preachers.[Mary MacKillop, who co-founded an According to the 2011 census, English is the only language
informal in their everyday interactions and it is common order of nuns in the 19th century, called the Sisters of St. spoken in the home for around 80% of the population. The
practice to call someone by their first name only. You can Joseph, became the first Australian to be canonised as a next most common languages spoken at home are Mandarin
address someone by their title and their family name, but this Catholic Saint in 2010, and Sir Douglas Nicholls, a preacher and (1.7%), Italian (1.5%), and Arabic (1.4%); almost all migrants
is considered unnecessary and overly formal for most Aboriginal rights activist was the first Indigenous Australian to speak some English.Australia has multiple sign languages, the
situations. People do, however, tend to be more formal in be appointed Governor of an Australian State. most spoken known as Auslan, which in 2004 was the main
business and professional situations. The proportion of the total population who are Christian fell language of about 6,500 deaf people,and Australian Irish Sign
Religion from 71% in 1996 to around 61.1% in 2011, while people Language with about 100 speakers.It is believed that there
Australia has no official state religion and the Australian affiliated with non-Christian religions increased from around were between 200 and 300 Australian Aboriginal languages at
Constitution prohibits the Commonwealth government from 3.5% to 7.2% over the same period. Buddhism increased most the time of first European contact, but only about 70 of these
establishing a church or interfering with the freedom of rapidly from 1.1% to 2.5%. Increased immigration from South- have survived and all but 20 are now endangered. An
religion.According to the 2011 Australian Census, 61.1% of East Asia has been a major factor in this growth, but Indigenous language is the main language for 0.25% of the
Australians were listed as Christian. Historically, this proportion Australians of Anglo-Celtic origin have also shown increasing population.
has been higher and a growing proportion of the population interest in Buddhism. Islam increased during the period from Clothing
define themselves as irreligious, with 22.3% of Australians 1.1% to 2.2% with diverse communities concentrated mainly in Australian local dress styles are different from Australia's
declaring "no religion" on the census. There are also growing Sydney and Melbourne. The history of the Jews in Australia fashions. Dress has been influenced by the experience of living
communities of various other religions. From the early decades dates back to the First Fleet, which brought Jewish convicts to in rugged countryside as well as participating in modern leisure
after federation, people from diverse religious backgrounds Sydney in 1788. Today, many Jews in Australia originated as activities such as swimming, surfing and beach culture. This is
have held public office. The first Jewish Governor General, refugees and Holocaust survivors who arrived during and after reflected in different fabrics, such as moleskin and drill cotton,
Isaac Isaacs, was selected by the first Catholic prime minister, World War II.Hindus came to Australia as laborers and developed for more practical wear.
James Scullin, in the 1930s. In the 21st-century, some prime merchants during the 19th century and numbers increased Today lifesavers wear long-sleeved tops or wetsuits and sun
ministers have identified as religious, others as non-religious. dramatically from the 1960s, more than doubling between hats, as do children, as protection from the sun. In response to
1996 and 2006. the beach experience, board shorts, singlets, colorful shirts and
Christianity has had an enduring impact on Australia. At the The tradition and spirituality of Aboriginal Australians places thongs have been adopted as part of a national dress code by
time of Federation in 1901, 97% of Australians professed to be great emphasis on the role of tribal Elders in passing down both males and females.
Christians. The Anglican Church (formerly Church of England) stories of the Dreaming, and skills and lessons for survival (such Names
remained the largest denomination until 1986, when it was as hunting and tracking). The creation story and belief system Naming in Australia follows this format; first name, optional
surpassed by the Roman Catholic Church. Australian Catholics of the Aboriginal tradition, known in English as the Dreamtime, middle name(s) and last name.
were predominantly of Irish origin until post-World War II reverences the land and the animals and spirits that inhabit the Traditionally, Australian children have taken their father's last
immigration brought more than a million Catholics from land and animals. European settlement introduced Indigenous name and most married parents still opt for this convention;
elsewhere in Europe. The Christian festivals of Christmas and Australians to Christianity, especially through "missions". There but it's not imperative to do this.
Easter are national public holidays in Australia. Christian
Under the various State name registration guidelines, a child 2.The different human factors that can affect the change in
born to unmarried parents will be registered with the mother's A landscape pattern is a combination of landscapes of different landscape include population growth, urbanization,
surname, unless both parents agree to the child being shapes and sizes embedded in the land surface; it is the deforestation, agriculture, mining, and construction.
registered with the father's surname. product of interactions between humans and nature. ●Population growth can lead to increased urbanization, which
This has caused a real shift in self-perception as Australians Landscape changes refer to the changes in the spatial structure in turn can lead to the destruction of natural habitats and the
begin to re-define themselves as a multi-cultural and multi- and function of landscape over time.The changes in landscape conversion of land for human use.
faith society. patterns have become an important indicator of the ●Urbanization involves the conversion of land from rural to
Sports relationship between human society and natural ecosystems. urban use, which can lead to the destruction of natural
Many Australians are passionate about sport, and it forms a In coastal zones, the landscape pattern is undergoing increasing habitats, the loss of agricultural land, and changes in the
major part of the country's culture in terms of spectating and levels of disturbance and becoming highly fragmented. natural drainage patterns.
participation. Cricket is popular in the summer, and football Landscape changes are becoming more complex with the ●Deforestation involves the removal of trees and other
codes are popular in the winter. Australian traditions such as ongoing development of human society, and hence, the vegetation from an area, which can lead to soil erosion,
grand finals and footy tipping are shared among the codes. ecological issues of coastal zones are becoming increasingly changes in the local climate, and the loss of habitat for many
Australia's successes in events such as the Olympic Games, prominent. The following are the factors affecting the changes species.
Commonwealth Games, World Cup competitions in cricket, in landscape: ●Agriculture involves the cultivation of land for the production
rugby union, rugby league, field hockey, netball, and major of crops and livestock, which can lead to the loss of natural
tournaments in tennis, golf, surfing, and other sports are a 1.Natural factors include weathering, erosion, deposition, habitats, changes in the local climate, and soil degradation.
source of pride for many Australians. Sports people such as earthquakes, volcanic activity, and climate change. ●Mining involves the extraction of minerals and other
Donald Bradman, Dawn Fraser, and Cathy Freeman remain in ●Weathering is the process of breaking down rocks, soil, and geological materials from the earth, which can lead to the
the nation's cultural memory and are accorded high civilian minerals through contact with the Earth's atmosphere, waters, destruction of natural habitats, changes in the local
honours and public status. and biological organisms. This can lead to the formation of new topography, and the pollution of water sources.
Etiquette and Customs landforms or the alteration of existing ones. ●Construction involves the building of infrastructure and other
Australians are generally not formal, so greetings, even initial ●Erosion is the process by which soil and rock particles are structures, which can lead to the destruction of natural
greetings, are casual and laid back. It's common to shake hands worn away and moved elsewhere by wind, water, or ice. This habitats, changes in the local topography, and the disruption of
and Australians would normally just use first names to can lead to the formation of valleys, canyons, and other natural drainage patterns.
introduce people. landforms.
Gifts are exchanged at birthdays and Christmas. Gifts are ●Deposition is the process by which sediments, soil, and rocks 3.Cultural factors can include population growth, migration,
usually opened when they are received, in front of the gift are added to a landform or landmass. This can lead to the urbanization, industrialization, technological advancements,
giver. formation of deltas, beaches, and other landforms. economic development, social and religious practices, and
It's hard to picture the Australian life without thinking about ●Earthquakes can cause significant changes in the landscape, political decisions.In extreme cases, in ecological disasters, (in
the good old Aussie BBQ and holding a nice cold drink in your such as the formation of new landforms or the alteration of the case of Europe) the features of the spatial layout,
hand! existing ones. This is often due to the movement of tectonic preferences determine their direction.
When invited to someone's house, it's polite to phone head to plates or the release of energy in the Earth's crust. - Cultural factors - being the evidence of gradual cultural
see if the host or hostess would like you can bring anything ●Volcanic activity can lead to significant changes in the maturation of societies, guiding patterns developed over time,
else. Always arrive on time if invited to dinner. landscape, such as the formation of new landforms like architectural styles, scientific and religion, which are regularly
Table manners are western hold the fork in the left hand and mountains, islands, and volcanic cones. This is often due to the reflected in the landscape. technology, which found its
the knife in the right while eating. eruption of magma, ash, and other materials from a volcano. expression in the form of the philosophical-scientific approach
Indicate you have finished eating by laying your knife and fork ●Climate change can lead to significant changes in the - geographic determinism.
parallel on your plate with the handles facing to the right. Keep landscape, such as the melting of glaciers, the drying up of
your elbows off the table and your hands above the table when lakes, or the expansion of deserts. This is often due to changes ●Industrialization can result in the construction of factories and
eating. in temperature and precipitation patterns. the development of transportation networks.
FACTORS AFFECTING CHANGES IN LANDSCAPE
●Technological advancements can change the way land is used the systemic structures and patterns of interaction of the The Value of International Relations in a Globalized Society
and managed. human species taken as a whole Although international relations has taken on a new
●Economic development can lead to changes in land use and significance because of our increasingly interconnected world,
the construction of new buildings. International relations (often referred to international affairs) it is certainly not a new concept. Historically, the establishment
●Social and religious practices can influence the design and use has a broad purpose in contemporary society, as it seeks to of treaties between nations served as the earliest form of
of space. understand: international relations.
●Political decisions can shape the landscape through zoning
laws, land use policies, and the construction of public buildings ●The origins of war and the maintenance of peace The study and practice of international relations in today’s
and infrastructure. ●The nature and exercise of power within the global system world is valuable for many reasons:
4.Socio-economic factors can include population growth, ●The changing character of state and non-state actors who
urbanization, industrialization, and changes in land use participate in international decision-making ●International relations promote successful trade policies
patterns due to economic activities. For example, some institutions may study the psychological between nations.
and social-psychological reasoning behind the actions of ●International relations encourages travel related to business,
5.Historical and political factors can include wars, conflicts, foreign policymakers, while others may focus their tourism, and immigration, providing people with opportunities
colonization, and changes in political regimes that can lead to international studies on the institutional processes that to enhance their lives.
changes in land ownership and land use. contribute to the goals and behaviors of states. Ultimately, the ●International relations allows nations to cooperate with one
area of international relations studied depends on the goals or another, pool resources, and share information as a way to face
6.Civilizational factors can include cultural practices, religious objectives of the organization. global issues that go beyond any particular country or region.
beliefs, and technological advancements that can influence Contemporary global issues include pandemics, terrorism, and
how a landscape is used and modified. Features of Current International Relations the environment.
●International relations advances human culture through
CONTEMPORARY Major changes have occurred in succession in the world since cultural exchanges, diplomacy and policy development.
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS / the start of the 1970s. These include new developments in
INTERNATIONAL RELATION U.S.-China and U.S.-Soviet relations, unrest and reform of the The practice of international relations is valuable in a wide
-This includes the events international monetary system, the fourth Middle East war and array of settings. Some examples inlcude:
and activities that involve the government, politics, economies, the ensuing oil crisis, intensification of various difficulties in the Humanitarian organizations
etc. of different countries in the current time. international economy, and the drastic changes in the situation ●Action Against Hunger
-Rand (research and development) international affairs in Indochina.Nineteen seventy-five was the year in which ●Oxfam International
research comprises a range of cross-cutting issues, including countries around the world gradually emerged from the unrest ●World Food Programme
global economies and trade, space and maritime security, caused by this series of changes and moves toward making
diplomacy, global health and education, nation building, and readjustments in various aspects of international relations Government agencies
regional security and stability. RAND also analyzes the policies were evident. It seems, therefore, worthwhile to review, at this ●Department of State
and effectiveness of international organizations such as the UN, mid-point in the decade, the current state of international ●Department of Homeland Security
NATO, European Union, and ASEAN. relations, centering around the period from the start of the ●Department of Commerce
-as defined in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics and 1970s through today, in order to see what the major features
International Relations, is “the discipline that studies are. International corporations
interactions between and among states, and more broadly, the ●Diversity and Complexity of World Politics ●General Electric
workings of the international system as a whole. It can be ●Increasing Importance of Nuclear Control ●BP
conceived of either as a multidisciplinary field, gathering ●Efforts toward Stabilizing East-West Relations ●Exxon Mobile
together the international aspects of politics, economics, ●Increasing Importance of North-South Relations ●Toyota
history, law, and sociology, or as a meta‐discipline, focusing on ●Transformation of the World Economy ●Nestle
●Siemens
 4.Israel-Hamas War, Overdose Deaths, Striking Health Care loss of ecosystems. Species dependent on the ecosystem may
Media outlets Workers fail to reproduce, die, or move elsewhere because they are no
●BBC ●This weekly recap focuses on historical context for the Israel- longer able to find the resources they need for survival.
●Washington Post Hamas war, the link between education and fatal overdoses, Ecological processes are also degraded and fragmented causing
●The Guardian why U.S. health care workers are striking, and more.(Oct 13, negative effects even to ecosystems outside of the immediate
●Der Spiegal 2023) area.
●New York Times 4. Landscape fragmentation
●Forbes "Kinds of Threats to Nature" Landscape fragmentation is the dissection of expansive
●Wall Street Journal 1. Altered biotic composition/structure of ecosystems ecosystems into small, isolated patches that are too limited in
Alteration of ecosystem structure can occur whenever an size to maintain their original structure and function into the
Intergovernmental organizations action changes the species composition of an arca. A wetland indefinite future (Meffe, 1997). Landscape fragmentation is
●World Trade Organization that changes from eight percent to 20 percent cattails serves as generally considered to have two components. The first is the
●United Nations an example of a change in ecosystem composition and reduction of the total amount of an ecosystem type in the
●NATO structure. Because of the interwoven relationships between natural landscape and the second is the apportionment of the
structure and function, the ecological functions will also be remaining ecosystem into smaller, more isolated patches. The
International communications affected by changes in composition and structure. In the result is a patchwork of small, isolated natural areas in a sea of
●Amnesty International wetland example, an increased number of cattails may change developed land (Noss, 1987).
●Freedom House hydrologic patterns. Such alterations of structure may vary Fragmentation can disrupt several ecological processes that
●Human Rights Watch widely in how they impact a given ecosystem, from relatively affect biodiversity and ecosystem integrity. Fragmentation can
●Reporters Without Borders low impact associated with cattail growth to high impact if the increase nutrient loss through erosion, due in part to increased
wetland is drained and filled for development. water transport resulting from vegetation lose. Fragmentation
Some of the Contemporary International Affairs 2. Alteration of natural fire regimes also alters the impacts of all natural disturbances, including
Changes in the frequency, intensity, and timing of fire in natural fires, windstorms, landslides, and floods (Noss and
1.Ukrainian Civilians' Contributions to Resisting Russia ecosystems can alter ecological structure and function. Under Cooperrider, 1994). In addition to its effects on ecosystem
●Civilian-based resistance in Ukraine began in the first hours of the common practice of fire suppression, ecosystems that processes, fragmentation degrades ecosystem structure by
Russia's 2022 invasion. Civilians' actions have potential value in depend on fire for survival and reproduction change removing biota, reducing patch size, and increasing edge
helping ensure victory by regaining territorial integrity and dramatically. Understanding that some effects of fire can harm habitat. Many conservation biologists agree that conservation
maintaining political sovereignty. And this war offers insight certain ecosystems, it is necessary to determine how the strategies can be evaluated on the basis of how well they
into what civilian contributions in future wars could look like. alteration of the natural fire regime by such sources as road counter the effects of fragmentation in real landscapes
(Aug 15, 2023) and residential development, oil and gas drilling, and (Meffe,1997).
2.North Korea, Russia and China: The Developing Trilateral silviculture may affect the composition, structure, and function 5.Extraordinary predation/competition/disease
Imperialist Partnership of the ecosystems across the landscape. Extraordinary predation and disease typically changes an
●There are no easy ways for the United States and its allies to 3. Ecological destruction or conversion ecosystem's functions. Sources include invasive species that
counter the developing Russia-China–North Korea partnership. Ecological destruction occurs when natural areas are degraded establish and proliferate beyond their natural ranges, typically
But there are options to consider and steps to take. There are to the point that ecological structures and functions are replacing native flora and fauna through competition or
also fissures in their relationships to exploit. (Sep 13, 2023) severely disturbed or eliminated. An example of ecological predation (Meffe, 1997). These invasive species are primary
3.Encouraging Consistency in National Security Transparency destruction is forest clearcutting. Ecological conversion is a signs of ecological stress from other threats in the ecosystem.
●The United States remains the leader in space in both type of ecological destruction in that the original covertype is For example, pine bark beetles are invasive insects that attack
national security and commercial capabilities. Greater converted to a non-natural covertype, thus altering normal weakened pine trees.
transparency about existing on-orbit systems that are already ecosystem processes. Replacing a mixed hardwood forest with 6. Erosion potential
detected by many is an important next step that could bolster a pine plantation is an example of ecological conversion. The Erosion is a natural process that is not a concern in and of itself.
U.S. credibility while also aiding deterrence.Oct 16, 2023 primary effect of ecological conversion and destruction is the Erosion becomes an issue when human activities either directly
erode the landscape or leave terrain more susceptible to *Pollution is often a direct result of development. Though also recognizes that farms and agricultural crops can provide a
naturally-occurring erosion. For example, the use of off-road certain types of development are more likely to contaminate number of positive ecological services including the creation of
vehicles on slopes or along ridges can dislodge soil, thus air, soil, groundwater, and surface water than others, even the migration corridors and habitats for some species.
directly contributing to erosion. Other activities such as smallest home with the most environmentally-conscious *Grazing affects the environment by compacting soil and
incompatible logging do not directly remove soil from an area, landowners can contribute some level of contamination to the decreasing native plant species. Most grazing sites are pastures
but remove vegetation so that the soil is more exposed to the surrounding area. For example, a woodstove releases planted with non-native grasses, thereby reducing the
eroding effects of wind and water. General effects of erosion pollutants into the air and a faulty septic system can abundance and diversity of native plants and associated
include sedimentation of surface water, soil nutrient loss contaminate groundwater. wildlife populations. Soil compaction can hinder water
(Gimeno-Garcia et al., 2000), and decreased likelihood of 2. Oil and gas drilling infiltration and make it difficult for plants to take root.
reestablishing vegetation. *Extracting these oil and gas deposits can result in lasting Excessive grazing increases erosion as the soil is left exposed to
Several characteristics of the landscape influence its erosion damage to the environment. Specifically, oil and gas wind and water. In addition, grazers can disperse seeds of non-
potential, including slope, vegetation, soil texture, and soil exploration and development causes disruption of migratory native species across large ranges, through both their hooves
moisture. With regard to soil texture, sand is more erodible pathways, degradation of important animal habitats, and oil and manure.
than silt, which, in turn, is more erodible than clay. Steep spills—which can be devastating to the animals and humans 4. Incompatible logging
slopes and sparse vegetation both lead to greater susceptibility who depend on these ecosystems. *Logging can impact ecological health in many ways. Perhaps
to erosion. *For oil and gas extraction to occur, especially in frontier areas most significantly, it can fragment natural areas by removing
like the Arctic, large-scale infrastructure would have to be trees and constructing roads to transport logs and equipment.
"Factors of Threats to Nature" constructed. The construction of roads, pipelines, and buildings This fragmentation creates more edge area and leaves the
Shows the study area’s key threats, the sources of threats, and could all negatively affect important animal habitat, migratory remaining core areas more susceptible to disturbances such as
the relationships between the two. Note that any one threat pathways, and biodiversity. wind and invasion of exotic or nuisance species. Logging can
may have multiple sources and vice versa. For example, one *Oil and gas operations could release many tons of harmful reduce ecosystem diversity, which in turn reduces biological
threat – landscape fragmentation – may have various sources pollutants into the air and discharge dangerous chemicals into diversity, by reducing the available area in which species can
including residential development, oil and gas drilling, and the water, thereby degrading the clean air and water that polar survive. Logging can also affect hydrology, as the removal of
incompatible logging. Alternatively, one source – ORV use – can bears, whales, walrus—and humans—depend on for survival. vegetation from slopes reduces infiltration and increases runoff
influence multiple threats such as altered *Whales and other marine mammals use sound to navigate, and erosion to nearby surface waters. Logging in riparian
composition/structure and landscape fragmentation. find mates, and find food in the often dark waters of the ocean. ecosystems can dramatically increase surface water
1. Development Seismic noises, like the air gun used by oil and gas companies temperatures, especially in headwaters areas.
*Development refers to the conversion of land to residential, to explore for oil offshore, can be deafening for these species. 5. Invasive species
industrial or commercial uses. The effects of development on Excessive ocean noise from oil and gas exploration and drilling *Also known as “exotic” or “alien species,” invasive species are
ecological integrity are numerous and can be quite severe. Of could cause injury, confusion, and even death. flora or fauna that are introduced beyond their native ranges
all the threats, development is the most damaging to 3. Incompatible Agriculture/Gazing and proliferate, spread, and persist to the detriment of the
ecosystems because it almost always permanently converts *Agricultural activities can degrade the environment in a environment (Mack et al., 2000). The introduction of invasive
natural areas to non-natural uses. In theory, it is possible to variety of ways. Farming can increase soil erosion and create species ranks as one of the leading causes of loss of biological
move a home or tear up a parking lot and restore the areas. disturbed ground areas, which promote the establishment of diversity (Meffe, 1997). Invasive species serve a primary source
However, the ecosystem can be so altered that full-scale invasive species on the edges of fields. Use of fertilizer and of threat to the environment by replacing native species
restoration is rarely successful, even when the costs are not so pesticides harms some native insect and plant species and the through competition, predation, or disease. Such changes in
prohibitive as to discourage restoration efforts altogether. runoff of such chemicals increases water pollution. The species composition can alter the dynamics of ecosystem
Aside from overall conversion of the landscape, development monocultural characteristic of crop farms changes the natural functions (Meffe, 1997). Vacant or underutilized niches within
also effectively fragments natural areas. Road construction and composition of the ecosystem, destroying habitat for wildlife ecosystems promote the establishment and growth of invasive
development go hand in hand because development often and degrading sites for native plants. However, farms typically species. Niche vacancies may result from ecological
both prompts and follows infrastructure development. have much less severe impacts than other development, disturbances such as road construction in which native species
including residential, commercial and industrial uses. The team were destroyed and unable to re-establish in a short time
frame due to changes in the ecosystem. Once established, It's doing so by funding destructive development and are using the Earth’s natural resources. The withdrawals come
invasive species often grow and spread quickly because the operations: dams harming entire rivers, road schemes cutting in six categories:
new environment lacks natural competitors, predators, grazers, across fragile nature zones, oil palm plantations replacing Carbon: A measure of carbon emissions, represented by the
and parasites (Mack et al.,2000). Invasive species fall into three rainforests and mining and oil and gas operations polluting and amount of forest land that would be needed to sequester
main groups – flora, fauna, and fungi. scarring landscapes and sea beds. carbon dioxide emissions, not including the fraction that is
Some funds also find their way to corrupt regimes, black absorbed by the oceans and leads to acidification.
Seriousness of threats to nature markets and hired hands who oppress and even murder people Cropland: The amount of cropland used to grow plants for
What are the threats to nature? who seek to defend nature, land and livelihoods. food, fiber, animal feed, and commodities including oil, soy and
There’s no mystery about why nature is under threat. The Indeed, the huge flows of money behind these and other rubber.
assault on the natural world comes from all directions but activities could be the main driver of nature's decline. Grazing land: The amount of grazing land used to raise
especially from harmful human activity. Loss of coral reefs and mangroves livestock for meat, dairy products, hide and wool.
For thousands of years much of human civilisation and Coral reefs are among the richest of ecosystems. Some 10% of Forests: The extent of forests required to supply timber, pulp
advancement has come at the expense of other species and the world’s reefs have been destroyed by direct damage and by and fuel wood.
our environment. pollution. A third of remaining reefs face bleaching and At the same time, we calculate the planet’s total biocapacity—
Not everyone has been responsible. Many cultures have always collapse in the coming 10-20 years. Earth’s ability to produce natural resources, provide land for
lived in step with nature. Many have understood that their lives Litter, pollution and nature humans to build on, and absorb waste such as carbon
today and tomorrow are entwined with having vibrant, Even if you don’t live near the sea the chances are that the emissions.
abundant nature. beaches you might like to visit are littered with stuff that was Put the two numbers together and the problem becomes
But in the main, humans have found clever ways to lay waste to first discarded in your street. Much of the litter dropped in increasingly clear. It takes a year and a half to generate the
the Earth and to push countless species to the edge of towns and on roads gets washed or blown into rivers to resources that the human population uses in only a year.
existence. eventually reach the sea. Simply put, this is not a sustainable path for our planet’s
But we can use our supreme brain power and, if needed, self- Plastic pollution and nature future.
interest. There is enough evidence of nature’s decline – and Plastic gets everywhere. It comes in many hazardous shapes Another way to look at this is to say that it would take 1.6
our knowledge of how we could put things right is becoming and sizes – from single-use drinks bottles to packaging for toys, Earths to produce all the renewable resources we use. And
ever more sophisticated. cosmetics and food. worse, the human population is expected to use the equivalent
It is time to put human ingenuity to use in truly cleverer ways. Invasive species of 2 Earths of renewable resources per year by 2050. The effect
Habitat loss: getting out of the habit The health of natural systems is also threatened when invasive of this overuse is a growing scarcity of resources—2.7 billion
Apart from climate change, the main threat to nature starts non-native species take over from native species. people, for example, already face water scarcity at least one
with habitat loss. This is the number one threat to the diversity THE ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT month out of the year.
of species and to the healthy functioning of the natural systems The measure of human demands on Earth’s natural resources is
we rely on for water, food, materials and more of the things we known as our ecological footprint. Currently, we use the
often take for granted. These natural systems are often referred equivalent of 1.5 Earths to produce all the renewable resources
to as eco-systems. we use. As the human population grows, the challenge of IMPACTS
Destroying nature for profit reducing our footprint becomes more urgent.
Some in business, finance and government now realise that In a typical day, you might drive to work, do a load of laundry, Every human produces an individual ecological footprint that is
nature’s decline represents as much of a rising risk for investors or watch TV in an air-conditioned room. Every one of those determined largely by the wealth and level of development in
as the funding of oil, coal and gas. Most such fossil fuels can actions comes with a price that extends beyond the one the country they live in—more developed countries have a
never be burned if we’re to stay within safe global measured in dollars and cents withdrawn from a bank—this larger footprint on average—but the choices we make in our
temperatures. price comes in the form of natural resources withdrawn from daily lives also contribute. Driving a car, running clothes
Meanwhile, the circulation of money between companies, the Earth. through a dryer, turning on the air conditioning—these are
banks, pension funds, insurance companies, and even by By adding up all of those withdrawals, we can calculate the activities that add up to a larger footprint.
governments using our taxes, is driving nature’s demise. human footprint on the planet—a measure of how much we
If everyone in the world lived like the residents of the U.S., made of limestone and dolomite, which date back to the wildlife. More than 360 bird species can be found in Everglades
humanity’s annual demand on nature would equal a whopping Cretaceous period, approximately 90 million years ago. Rain National Park alone. The Everglades is known for its many
4 Earths per year. Only the residents of four countries—Qatar, falling on the original limestone plateau wore down the porous wading birds, such as white and glossy ibises, roseate
Kuwait, United Arab Emirates and Denmark—have larger limestone, leaving behind the more resistant dolomite. spoonbills, egrets, herons, and wood storks. There is no
average footprints. Because the dolomite was not always distributed evenly in the shortage of activities for individuals, groups, or families to
original rock, the result was the irregularly eroded shapes that enjoy outdoors. The diverse habitats allow for enjoyable
Different Natural Landscapes and Places in the World form the Ciudad Encantada. activities ranging from hiking,
Natural landscapes are amazing and dazzling places. From wide Danube and Wachau valleys canoeing, kayaking, biking, fresh
open spaces to snowcapped (Austria) and saltwater fishing, and camping
mountains, there’s an endless variety on offer. What are the The ruins of Dürnstein Castle, Melk in the ultimate wilderness.
three types of natural landscapes? Abbey, the Krems wine region and Perito Moreno Glacier (Argentina)
There are many different types of natural landscapes on Earth – the beautiful valleys of the Danube Perhaps the most famous glacier in the world, Perito Moreno is
including mountain landscapes, coastal landscapes and riverine and Wachau are some of the most popular destinations from an absolute must-see for anyone visiting El Calafate.. The best
landscapes. Landscapes created by people are called human Vienna. It’s known for its rolling hills, vineyards and fortresses. way to experience the immensity of the Perito Moreno is by
landscapes. MOST SPECTACULAR LANDSCAPES FOUND The Wachau valley is well known for its production of apricots taking a boat trip around its base. Perito Moreno Glacier stands
ANYWHERE ON EARTH and grapes, both of which are used to produce specialty liquors out as one of the rare glaciers in
Chocolate Hills, Bohol, Philippines Bohol, located in the central and wines. The wine district's rolling vineyards produce the world that defies the norm of
Philippines island cluster, is a popular travel destination. Island- complex white wines. retreating.
hopping travelers might spend time between Bohol and Ouzoud Waterfalls (Morocco) Yosemite National Park (USA)
neighboring Cebu. On Bohol there The Ouzoud waterfalls are the largest and Yosemite is the most famous
are historic churches, cute tarsier most impressive waterfalls in North Africa. National Park in the United
monkeys, and beautiful natural They stretch 110 metres high, and are States. Its landscape is characterized by the giant redwood
scenery. Bohol’s famed Chocolate located in the province of Tanaghmeilt, 150 forest (Mariposa Grove), known as the largest trees in the
Hills were used as backdrops in the kilometers from Marrakech, in the Atlas world, and
Harry Mountains. The walk through the waterfalls is stunning, with Yosemite Falls, the highest waterfall in North America.
Potter film franchise. the possibility to explore both sides of the waterfalls, Yosemite is internationally recognized for its cliffs, waterfalls,
discovering its vegetation and fauna. In fact, it is quite common clear streams, giant sequoia groves, lakes, mountains,
Zakopane
to see monkeys! It is an essential day trip if you’re spending meadows, glaciers, and biological diversity. Famous outdoor
Is a centre of Goral culture and is
several days in Marrakech and want to explore the activities of Yosemite National Park are Rock Climbing and
often referred to as "the winter
surroundings. The country is famous for its mosques, palaces, Hiking.
capital of Poland". It is a popular
riads, and medinas, each featuring intricate designs and
destination for mountaineering,
captivating artistry. Morocco PRESERVATION OF ENDANGERED LANDSCAPES AND PLACES
skiing, and tourism. Zakopane lies near Poland's border with
Leisure and Sport Hiking and
Slovakia, in a valley between
Trekking, Surfing, Watersports, Horse What is Preservation?
the Tatra Mountains and
Riding, Golf, Tennis, Fishing, Aerial – Preservation is defined as the act or process of applying
Gubałówka Hill.
Sports measures necessary to sustain the existing form, integrity, and
Enchanted City of Cuenca
Everglades (USA) materials of an historical property.
(Spain)
Located in southern Florida, the "Preservation and Conservation" are both processes that
The Enchanted City of Cuenca
Everglades National Park is the protect the environment, but their approaches are somewhat
is a magical place, where
wildest area in the United States. This wetland, measuring different. The goal of preservation is to protect the
nature has created an
6,000 square kilometers, is seemingly never-ending. The environment from the harmful effects of human activity. For
incredible spectacle that more than lives up to its name. The
Everglades is internationally known for its extraordinary example, conserving a forest typically involves sustainable
rock formations of Ciudad Encantada are karst formations
logging practices to minimize deforestation. Preservation
would involve setting aside part or evenall of the forest from
human development.
Importantance of Landscape and Places Landscape and
Features are important because they contribute significantly to
our wellbeing and quality of life. They provide the broader
context within we live our lives. Living within aesthetically
pleasing and culturally meaningful landscape enhance our
sense of wellbeing.
Top 10 of The Most Endangered Places in the World
1. Micronesia and Polynesia
2. Tropical Andes
3. Antarctica
4. The Amazon
5. Coral Triangle
6. Sky Islands: Arizona, New Mexico, and Chichua
7. The Himalayas
8. The Mediterranean Sea
10. Glacier National Park
These Physical Features can make our planet a better place as
you get to witness some majestic scenes. Protecting them is
our responsibility, but with climate change and amount of
damage done by humans, these formations won't be the same
as they used to be.