Verbs

Prof. Waseem Akram

STARS ACADEMY LAHORE MULTAN CAMPUS
 Verbs- (Action/ State of being/ possession)
 Irfan reads a book.
 I am a teacher.
 I have a book.
 Classification
 Regular & Irregular
 Regular (Verb+d/ed)
 Irregular (verb+ any other pattern)
 Regular: like, ask, clean, etc.
 Irregular: eat, drink, cut, etc.
 Verbs- (Action/ State of being/ possession)
 Classification
 Transitive & Intransitive
 Transitive (action verb + direct object) (passive voice)
 Kick, want, paint, write, lay, etc.
 Intransitive (action verb + no object) (no passive voice)
 lie, arrive, go, sneeze, laugh, etc.
 Verbs- (Action/ State of being/ possession)
 Classification
 Action/ linking/ state
 Action verbs
 Kick, eat, drink, write, play, sleep, etc.
 Linking verbs (Copula) (link subject with its complement)
 Linking verbs+adverbs (only adjectives)
 Is, am, are, was, were, turn, seem, grow, look, feel,
prove, appear, remain, smell, taste, etc.
 State verbs (no continuous form)
 Like, love, hate, want, need, prefer, mind, own, agree,
imagine, hear, disagree, doubt, believe, guess, mean,
think, understand, etc.
 Verbs- (Action/ State of being/ possession)
 Classification
 Finite & Non-finite
 Finite Verbs (change according to the subject or the tense)
 He plays well.
 They play well.
 I played well.
 Non-finite Verbs (don’t show the tense)
 He likes to play hockey.
 I like to play hockey.
 They liked to play hockey.
 Verbs- (Action/ State of being/ possession)
 Classification
 Non-finite
 Infinitive (to+V1)
 I decided to abstain from smoking.
 We are here to study.
 Present participle (V1+ing) (Verb/ adjective)
 I saw a galloping horse. The child was running fast.
 Past participle (V3) (Verb/ adjective)
 I saw a broken chair. The child has broken the chair.
 Gerunds (V1+ing) (Nouns)
 Running is a good exercise. I like reading books.
 Verbs- (Helping verbs)
 Primary auxiliaries
 Be
 Is, am, are, was, were, being, been.
 Have
 Has, have, had.
 Do
 Does, do, did.
 Verbs- (Helping verbs)
 Modal auxiliaries
 Modal verbs show possibility, intent, ability, or necessity.
They are used with the first form of the verb in active voice
sentences.
 Will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must,
ought to, used to.
 He will go there.
 Would you give me your pencil?
 Shall I open the door for you?
 Verbs- (Helping verbs)
 Modal auxiliaries
 Note: Modal verb+ V1
 Modal verb+ be+ V3/ ing
 Modal verb+have+V3
 Verbs- (Helping verbs)
 Used to (didn’t use to, used not to, never used to)
 Used to + V1
 He used to smoke.
 Be + used to (adjective) + V1+ing
 He is used to smoking.
 They are used to visiting us every Monday.
 Be + used to + V1 ( function of something)
 The tractor is used to cultivate the crops.
 Important points regarding verbs:
 Transitive and intransitive verbs
 Regular and irregular verbs
 Gerund and infinitive
 Infinitive without “to”
 Causative verbs
 Subjunctive verbs
 Transitive and intransitive verbs:
 Transitive Verbs (have objects and passive
voice)
 The batsman hit the ball. (mono-transitive)
 He gave her a letter. (Di-transitive)
 Her remarks made him unhappy. (Complex transitive)
 Intransitive Verbs (no objects and no passive
voice)
 They went to their universities.
 We laughed loudly.
 Some troublesome pairs:
Transitive intransitive Examples

Tell Say He said that he would go.

He told me that he would go.

Raise Rise Go about our business and raise/rise crops.

One day this nation will rise/raise up.

Lay Lie Lay/lie the book aside.

The package was lying/laying there.

Fell Fall He struck the man himself a similar blow which

fell/felled him to the earth like a log.
He fell/felled to the ground.
 Transitive and intransitive verbs:
 Five bombs had felled/fallen in and around Brookfield.
 The smoke was raising/ rising from myriads of fires.
 He lay/laid the patient on the table.
 I saw the book laying/ lying on the table.
 Regular and irregular verbs:
 A regular verb forms its past and past participle by adding
“d” or “ed” to the base form.
 Base Past Past Participle
 Live lived lived
 Play played played
 Walk walked walked
 Hang hanged hanged
 Regular and irregular verbs:
 An irregular verb forms its past and past participle in some other way
than a regular verb.
 Base Past Past Participle
 Lie lay lain
 lay laid laid
 hang hung hung
 Beat beat beaten
 Bear bore born
 Bear bore borne
 Bite bit bitten
 Broadcast broadcast broadcast
 Swing swung swung
 Seek sought sought
 Regular and irregular verbs:
 Base Past Past Participle
 Find found found
 Found founded founded
 The Independent Labour Party was found/ founded in
1893.
 Look what I’ve found/founded!
 She was born/borne in Karachi.
 She had borne/ born him three children.
 She has born/borne all her problems.
 Regular and irregular verbs:
 Examples:
 Legal advice should be seeked/ sought.
 I bended/bent down and picked dates off some of them.
 Norma almost hanged/hung up but restrained herself.
 If you don’t dig it, you will be hung/hanged.
 Della had known they cost/costed too much for her to buy
them.
 The bank swum/swam before my eyes.
 Arthur tore/teared it in half and tossed the pieces.
 What a host of emotions clinged/clung to him!
 Non Finite Verbs: (Infinitive Gerund Participles)
 Rules related to infinitives:
 To show purpose:
 He went to the school to see his friends.
 After certain verbs:
 Pretend, promise, plan, prepare, agree, appear, arrange,
ask, claim, consent, manage, mean, wait, want, hesitate,
hope, tend, threaten, decide, refuse, intend, expect,
forget, afford, choose, pretend, would like, would love,
etc.
 It is too difficult convincing him to be helpful, but it is
easy enough to fool him to get what you want.
 Non Finite Verbs:
 Rules related to infinitives:
 After certain verbs:
 He promised to help me.
 He refused to help/ helping me.
 I want that you should meet him.
 I want you to meet him.
 I cannot possibly afford going/ to go there.
 Some more uses of infinitives:
 He has enough money to spend.
 He is wise enough to complete the task.
 He is the first person to achieve his target.
 Non Finite Verbs:
 Rules related to infinitives:
 Verbs of knowing:
 Know, learn, teach, etc. take how+ to+ V-I
 He knows playing/ how to play this game.
 My mother has taught me doing/ how to do it.
 I know exposing/ how to expose a throat for inspection.
 Non Finite Verbs:
 Rules related to Gerunds:
 It is used to show some process, activity, or action.
 He stopped smoking so that he could enjoy good health.
 I still remember to buy/ buying my first bicycle.
 He said that he remembered my do/doing so.
 Gerund is used after certain verbs:
 Admit, avoid, consider, deny, dislike, enjoy, finish, hate, keep,
like, love, delay, quit, stop, suggest, mention, miss, regret,
recommend, risk, recall etc.
 They enjoyed to meet people on their trip around Italy.
 I suggested to go/ going in my car.
 Non Finite Verbs:
 Rules related to Gerunds:
 After certain expressions:
 Be fed up with, cannot help, could not help, cannot stand,
feel like, give up, it’s no use, would mind, don’t mind, be
fond of,
 I can’t help laugh/ to laugh/ laughing when I see him.
 I don’t mind to help/ helping if you can’t find anyone
else.
 I cannot help to think that he was hiding something.
 (thinking)
 Non Finite Verbs:
 Rules related to Gerunds:
 After to (preposition):
 get used to, be used to, look forward to, devoted to,
committed to, be given to, resign oneself to, apply oneself
to, addicted to, take to, accustomed to, with a view to,
averse to
 He is accustomed to smoke/smoking.
 I look forward to meet/ meeting you.
 He went to Murree with a view to enjoy/ enjoying
himself.
 Non Finite Verbs:
 Rules related to Gerunds:
 After certain expressions:
 He doesn’t mind be/being disturbed when he is busy.
 Note the difference:
 He is given to smoking.
 He has given up smoking.
 Non Finite Verbs:
 Rules related to Gerunds:
 After Prepositions:
 Interested in, instead of, good at, etc.
 She was thinking about to go to Murree.
 (going)
 Non Finite Verbs:
 With a difference in meaning:
 Forget, stop, regret, remember, etc.
 Don’t forget to spend money on the tickets. (looks into
the future.
 He will never forget spending so much money on his first
computer. (looks back into the past)
 I stopped to smoke/ smoking at the bus station.
 He stopped to smoke/ smoking so that he could enjoy
good health.
 Non Finite Verbs:
 Bare infinitives: (Infinitive without to is used with):
 Certain verbs:
 Let, make, see, hear, watch, feel, bid, etc.
 Let me sit/ to sit there.
 She made me cry/ to cry.
 I heard him sing/ to sing a lovely song.
 He saw me picked/ to pick/ pick up this string here.
 I saw him cross/crossing the road.
 I bade him submit/ to submit all the important documents.
 After modal verbs:
 He can speak/ to speak.
 Non Finite Verbs:
 Bare infinitives:
 Infinitive without to is used with:
 Had better, would rather:
 I had better sharpen/ to sharpen/ sharpened my pencil.
 You had better consult/ to consult the doctor.
 I’d rather not discussed/ discuss/ to discuss it any more.
 I would rather die than beg/ to beg.
 Non Finite Verbs:
 Bare infinitives:
 Infinitive without to is used with:
 After need and dare when they are used as modals:
 Need not, need only, need+ subject, dare not, dare+ subject
 You needn’t look/ to look for it.
 He dared not go/ to go out.
 Need we be/ to be concerned?
 To give one some idea of rabies’ horrors, one -------- only read
such descriptions as the following: spasm, restlessness…
 A. need
 B. needs
 C. needed
 Non Finite Verbs:
 Infinitive without to is used with:
 With can’t help but:
 I cannot help but intervene/ intervening here.
 Past paper questions:
 The man felt his hair flutter and the tissues of his body
drew tight as if he were standing at the centre of a
vacuum.
 Mood:
 The indicative mood:
 He writes novels.
 The imperative mood:
 Wait there.
 The subjunctive mood:
 If I were you, I would not do it.
 Mood:
 The subjunctive mood is used to express a wish, a demand, or a
suggestion, etc.
 The following verbs when used with “that” often attract the
subjunctive mood:
 Demand, propose, order, desire, request, wish, advise, ask,
recommend, insist, suggest, urge
 He is available. (normal form)
 I demand that he be available. (subjunctive)
 She has a chance. (normal form)
 I demand that she have a chance. (subjunctive)
 She makes a cup of tea. (normal form)
 I propose that she make tea. (subjunctive)
 Mood:
 The subjunctive mood is used to express a wish, a
demand, or a suggestion, etc.
 The following adjectives when used with “that” often
attract the subjunctive mood:
 Crucial, essential, important, imperative, necessary,
desirable, urgent
 It is essential that he use the time responsibly.
 It is important that everyone is/be registered.
 Mood:
 The present subjunctive mood is used in certain
traditional phrases. (to express wish or hope)
 God bless/ blesses you!
 God save/ saves the king!
 Mood:
 The past subjunctive mood is used to express imaginary
situations and unfulfilled desires.
 I know him. (normal form)
 I wish I knew him. (subjunctive)
 His father was alive. (normal form)
 Would that his father were alive! (subjunctive)
 He owns the bank. (normal form)
 He spends money as if he owned the bank. (subjunctive)
 Mood:
 The past subjunctive mood:
 Usage:
 After I wish, oh that, or would that:
 Would that Ali is/ was/ were my friend.
 She wishes that the car belongs/ belonged to her.
 I wish I had not spent so much money. (past wish)
 After if in second conditional sentences:
 If I were rich, I would buy a car.
 If we started now, we would reach there in time.
 Mood:
 The past subjunctive mood:
 Usage:
 After would rather+ subject, to indicate preference:
 I would rather you went by air.
 They would rather you pay/ paid them by cheque.
 Mood:
 The past subjunctive mood:
 Usage:
 After as if/ as though to indicate unreality:
 He orders me as if he is/ was/ were my boss.
 He walks as though he was/were drunk.
 After it’s (high) time + subject, to indicate preference:
 It’s time you go/ went to bed.
 It’s high time I buy/ bought a new car.
 It’s high time to buy a new car. (no subject) (no
subjunctive)
 Causative Verbs:
 A causative verb indicates that a person or a thing is
causing an action or event to happen.
 Have, get, make, let, help are some of the causative
verbs but they can also be used as simple action verbs.
 For example:
 I made a plan for the betterment of the country.
 I made my secretary plan for the betterment of the
country.
 Causative Verbs:
 Let (allow)
 Let + person/thing+ V1
 He let the dirt run between his fingers.
 Let the water run until it gets warm.
 Causative Verbs:
 Make (Active voice) (forced)
 Make + person+ V1
 His teacher made him stand in the class.
 Make (passive voice)
 Person +H.V + made + to +V1
 Workers are often made to feel responsible for a
company’s loss.
 Causative Verbs:
 Have/Had (instructed)
 have + person+ V1
 The businessman had his secretary make copies of the
report.
 Have +thing+ V3
 We are having our house painted this weekend.
 I’ll have my car repaired (by the mechanic).
 Causative Verbs:
 Get (convinced)
 Get + person + to + V1
 We should get all the workers to arrive on time.
 She got her husband to kill all her enemies.
 Get +thing/person+ V3
 They got their house painted last week.
 She got her husband killed.
 Causative Verbs:
 Help
 Help + person + V1
 He helped me carry the books.
 My teacher helps me learn English.
 Causative Verbs:
 Exercise:
 She is getting her car wash/ to wash/ washed.
 He gets his brother polish/ to polish his shoes.
 Reading helps me relax/ relaxed.
 She had the car clean/ cleaned twice.
 His wife got him cook/ to cook.
 He still had to get the post to create/ created.
 He made me smile/ to smile.
 He was made feel/ to feel uncomfortable.
 How our hounds would make the rabbits circle/ circled.
 Following verbs are not usually followed by
any preposition:
 Request, love, hate, tell, question, inquire, reach,
resemble, attack, obey, ask, order, marry, affect, await,
contact, contradict, demand, investigate, lack, obey,
oppose, research, respect, seek, enter and approach
 We entered into the room.
 He told to us.
 Some of these verbs used as nouns or in passive voice may
have relevant prepositions.
 We love with our country. But, We have a great love for
our country.
 Some of these verbs used as nouns or in passive voice may
have relevant prepositions.
 Ali resembles with his father.
 Ali has a great resemblance to his father.
 Ali married with his cousin.
 Ali was married to his cousin.
 India attacked on Pakistan many a time.
 There was a terrorist attack on the police station.
 Some of these verbs used as nouns or in passive voice may
have relevant prepositions.
 He entered into the building.
 Let’s not enter into details at this stage.
 They entered into the spirit of the occasion.
 Please enter data into the computer.
 How many students have been entered for the exam?
 Separate helping verbs require separate verb forms:
 He never has and never will take such bold steps.
 Incorrect sentence
 He has never taken and will never take such bold steps.
 Correct sentence
 Verbs followed by as:
 Depict, define, describe, regard, mention, represent,
portray, mention, treat, term, known.
 He regards me as his elder brother.
 Verbs not followed by as:
 Name, think, call, consider.
 He considers me as his brother.
 Or
 He considers me to be his brother.
 He called her as a fool.
 The orchestra members should __________ their
musical instruments __________ and be ready to begin.
 A) Make / tuned
 B) Have / tuned
 C) let / to be tuned
 D) get / to be tuned
 A) I had to learn that to take care of a horse by having
an expert explain it to me so that my horse would be
properly taken care of.
 B) I had to learn that how to take care of a horse by
having an expert explain it to me so that my horse
would be properly taken care of.
 C) I had to learn to take care of a horse by having an
expert explain it to me so that my horse would be
properly taken care of.
 D) I had to learn how to take care of a horse by having
an expert explain it to me so that my horse would be
properly taken care of.
 A) I had to learn that to take care of a horse by having
an expert explain it to me so that my horse would be
properly taken care of.
 B) I had to learn that how to take care of a horse by
having an expert explain it to me so that my horse
would be properly taken care of.
 C) I had to learn to take care of a horse by having an
expert explain it to me so that my horse would be
properly taken care of.
 D) I had to learn how to take care of a horse by having
an expert explain it to me so that my horse would be
properly taken care of.
 A) My friend is keeping to advise me to stop eating junk
food but I continue eating.
 B) My friend kept advising me for stopping eating junk
food but I am continuing eating.
 C) My friend kept advising me to stop to eat junk food
but I continued eating.
 D) My friend kept advising me to stop eating junk food
but I continued eating.
 A) It was essential that we had sign the lease before the
end of the month.
 B) It was essential that we sign the lease before the end
of the month.
 C) It was essential that we should sign the lease before
the end of the month.
 D) It was essential that we were sign the lease before
the end of the month.
They have left for Karachi
yesterday.
It had rained last Monday.

You had better to consult a

lawyer.
I made him to write.

Where you were going?

How they found you?

She has returned back from the

college.
The peon denied to obey me.

He refused the statement.

A piece of wood was swimming

in the canal.
The dog will float across the
stream.
The Titanic drowned in the sea.

A child sank in the sea.

First innings were played

yesterday.
Stop to interrupt us.
I could not help to play cricket.

He said that he is going.

Zuha worked hard so that she

may pass.
My teacher told me that honesty
was the best policy.
The number of students studying
here are brilliant.
A number of politicians in
Pakistan is corrupt.
She knows to swim in the river.

The teacher with his students are

coming.
One of the girls have gone.
I asked him why was he fighting?

The patient laid on the bed.

Akram lay the book on the table.

Asma has hanged the picture on

the wall.
The murderer was hung
yesterday.
They want that I should help
them.
She is looking sad today.

These grapes taste sweetly.

My spectacles is old.

This house is belonging to me.

My parents are living in Multan
since 2000.
I took meal before he came.

I shall not help you if you will not

ask.
Either you or I are to blame.

Neither Rashid nor you has

passed.
I work hard lest I may not fail.

You should not speak a lie.

I always tell the truth.

I would rather die than to beg.

I work hard lest I may not fail.

It is a proved fact that fluoride
strengthens growing teeth.

He suggested to go in his car.

It makes me wish buy a bicycle.
Didn’t you used to have a black
car?
He lay the books here.