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Definition verb
• The verb is a word that plays the most important part of the sentence.
• Action
He walls and runs.
I speak to you.
He told him about the meeting. He feels anger.
Finite and Non-Finite Verbs
 Finite verbs: Finite verb forms show tense, person and number (I go, she goes, we
went, etc.): Examples:
She was waiting in the room before he came in.
Does your brother know my brother?
The night before he had to leave, they sat on the small sofa in the living-room and looked
at old family photos.
 Non-finite verb forms do not show tense, person or number. Typically, they are
infinitive forms with and without to (e.g. to go, go), -ing forms and -ed forms (e.g.
going, gone):
The non-finites are as follow·:
The infinitives
to write, to speak, to have written, to have spoken,....

Ali likes to swim.

The smell of baking cookies drove us mad.

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Gerund
Speaking is an interesting skill for English learners.
 Irregular verbs: are verbs that form their past tense and past participle by changing a
vowel:
Verb past tense past participle
Give -
Fly -
Eat -
Run –
Present tense past tense past tense
Begin began /a/ begun /A/
Run ran run
sink sank sunk/sunken
Present tense past tense past tense
Cling clung / A/ clung / A/
Fling flung flung
Swing swung swung
Break broke /ou/ broken /ou/
Freeze froze frozen
Speak spoke spoken
Bear bore / :/ borne/born / /
Swear swore sworn
Wear wore worn
Bleed bled/e/ bled/e/
Feed fed fed
Lead led led
Draw drew /u:/ drawn /o:/
Withdraw withdrew withdrawn
Blow blew /u:/ blown /ou/
Know knew known
Fly flew flown
Drive drove /ou/ driven /i/
Smite smote smitten
Write wrote written
Cut cut cut
Set set set
Spread spread spread
Bend bent /ent/ bent /ent/
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Lend lent lent
Send sent sent
Bind bound /au/ bound
Find found found
Notes on spelling change
 Verbs ending in e add d only for their past tense: (dance - Love)
 The is omitted before-ing in the present participle and gerund: (Dance - Love)
 Verbs end in -ie change this to -y before -ing: (die)
 verbs that end in y preceded by a consonant change the y to i before -ed: (marry - try)
 The final consonant letter is doubled before-ed and -ing if the consonant is single, is
processed by a single vowel letter, and if the verb is monosyllabic or stressed on the last
syllable: (Fit Control - Stop)
 Verbs ending in –l double the final consonant even when the last syllable is not
stressed: (Travel Kidnap)
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
 Transitive verb: In transitive verb, an action pass over a subject to an object.
He closed the door.
I hit the ball.
 Intransitive verbs: intransitive verbs the actions do not go beyond the persons or
objects performing them. These verbs have no objects.
The sun rose.
The child cried.
Note
 Some verbs may be used transitively or intransitively:
The bell rings. The waiter rings the bell.
The door opened. Tom opened the door.
Infinitive and Gerund
To + verb infinitive
 Infinitive is the form of verb which denotes action or state without reference to number
or person.

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 Infinitive is the form of the verb with a word "to" in front of it.
To be
to sleep to get
to have
 Examples:
I asked him to come.
I expected to get my money back.
I have arranged to play with someone.
I have to finish my homework.
 Uses of Infinitive
1-Infinitive is used after seem and appear:
Ali seemed to be quite annoyed.
The computer program appears to have a bug on it.
2-With continuous and perfect tenses:
Andrew seems to be studying even harder these days.
David appeared to have hurt himself.
tend, mange, and fail
Tend to is used for things that usually happen. We tend to get up later at weekend.
Manage to is used for being able to do something. Luckily I managed to find my way
here all right.
Fail to is used for thing that don't happen. David failed to pay his electricity bill.
 Some nouns can come before a to-infinitive
 Verb + to-infinitive = Mark promised to go shopping.
 Noun + to-infinitive = Mark forgot about his promise to go shopping.
Nouns we can use them with to-infinitive:
Agreement, arrangement, decision, demand, desire, failure, offer, plan, promise, refusal,
tendency, threat

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 Gerund is a verbal noun ending in -ing. He is fond of reading novels.
-ing form can be used after some verbs: I usually avoid driving in the rush hour.
Have you finished typing that letter?
We'll have to practice throwing ball into the basket?
Note:
Imagine not having anywhere to love.
 In negative statement and in question we use mind + gerund form:
Andrew doesn't mind having lots of work. He quite likes it.
Do you mind waiting a moment?-No, that's OK.
 Verb and can’t
 We can put an –ing form after the following verbs with can’t or couldn’t : can’t or
couldn’t help , resist, face and stand.
 I think Tom is very amusing. I can't help laughing at his funny stories.
 The dress was so beautiful that Claire couldn't resist buying it.
 Let's eat out, shall we? I can't face cooking a meal today.
 I never go in the bank if it's busy. I can't stand waiting in a queue.
 Keep on and carry on
 To talk about something continuing, we use keep on or carry on + an-ing form:
1. Just keep stirring the mixture until it boils.
2. The runners didn't mind the rain. They just kept on running.
3. Just carry on stirring the mixture until it boils.
 Infinitive or Gerund
 Some verbs are followed by a to-infinitive, and some by an -ing form.
1. Harriet decided to have a party. (To-infinitive)
2. Harriet suggested having a party. (ing form)
 Verbs following by a to-infinitive
Agree, aim, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, can't afford, can't wait, choose, claim,
decide, demand, desire, expect, fail, guarantee, happen, help, hope, manage, offer, plan,
prepare, pretend, promise, prove, refuse, seem, tend, threaten, turn out, undertake, want,
wish.

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 Verbs following by ing-form
Admit, avoid, can't face, can't help, can't resist, can't stand, carry on, consider, delay,
deny, detest, dislike, enjoy, excuse, fancy, finish, give up, imagine, involve, justify, keep
(on), mention, mind, postpone, practice, put off, resent, risk, save, suggest, tolerate.
 Can't wait and fancy
I can't wait to see the photos you took.
Do you fancy going out for a meal?
If you fancy doing something, you want to do it.
 Happen, turn out and prove
In the end our forecast proved to be correct.
Finding Harriet's house turned out to be more difficult than John had expected.
I happened to see Ahmed in town.
 Two forms together
Sometimes we can use more than to-infinitive or ing-form together.
The government decided to refuse to give in to the terrorism.
I want to avoid hurting anyone's feelings.
The man denied threatening to kill a policeman.
Note
We can use either a to-infinitive or an-ing form after lilke, love, prefer, and hate. The
meaning is the same.
Mrs. Miles likes to do/ likes doing parachute jumps.
She loves to look/ loves looking down at the fields below.
I hate to stand /hate standing up while I'm eating.
Notes
 Like takes to-infinitive when it means that we prefer to do something.
I like to check my work carefully before I hand it now.
 Like takes an ing-form when we use it to talk about habbies and interests.
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I don't like summing much.
 Would like
We use a to-infinite after would like, would love, would prefer and would hate.
I'd like to do a parachute jump one a day.
My brother would love to work as an artist.
Mark would prefer to drive rather than take the train.
I'm glad I live here. I'd hate to live in a big city.
Note
We can use either a to-infinitive or an-ing form after these verbs: Begin, bother, continue,
intend, propose, start
People began to leave/ began leaving the theatre the end of the play.
Rachel didn't bother to do/ bother doing the washing up.
Do you intend to make/ intend making a complain.
Note
We don't usually have two-ing forms together.
It was starting to get dark. ====True
It was starting getting dark. ====False
Verb + object + to –infinitive or –ing form.
Some verbs can take an object+ a to -infinitive, and some take an object+ an-ing form.
 Examples:
1. I expect the goods to arrive on time.
2. I'm sorry we've kept you waiting so long.
 Verb + object + to –infinitive
 Examples:
 We asked the door man to let us in.
 Nick couldn't persuade Rita to study with him.
 The hot weather has caused ice-cream sales to increase.
 It took ages to download the pictures from the internet.
 I didn't mean my suggestion to be taken seriously.
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Verbs that can be used as verb + object+ to -infinitive
Advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, enable, encourage, expect, force, help, intend, invite, mean,
intend, order, recommend, remind, take, teach, tell, warn, want.
 Verb + object + -ing form.
Andrew is so serious , I can’t imagine him having a good time.
Do you remember Laura taking our photo.
A new law stopped traffic going into the city center.
 Verbs use in this structure are: Dislike, imagine, involve, keep, mind, prevent,
remember, risk, stop. –ing form or a to –infinitive.
-ing forms or to -infinitive.
We can use the verbs; advise, allow, encourage, and recommend with an -ing forms or
with an object + a to -infinitive.
 They allow fishing here.
 They allow people to fish here.
 I wouldn't recommend walking home alone.
 I would advise you not to walk home alone.
Note
 We do not use suggest + an object + a to -infinitive
 I suggest to Nick that he should leave. =====True
 I suggested Nick to leave. ====False
Question word + to- infinitive, etc.
 We can use the following verbs before the question words (what to do) and (where to
do): ask, decide, discover, discuss, explain, find out, know, learn, remember, say,
think, understand, wonder.
Examples:
1. It was a real problem. I couldn't think what to do.
2. We were wondering where to park the car.
3. Matthew wants to know how to work the computer.
4. The guide didn't tell the tourists when to be back at the coach.
 Sometimes there is a verb+ object before the question word.
 In this structure we can use advise, ask, show, teach and tell.
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1. Tom showed me how to change a wheel.
2. The guide didn't tell the tourists when to be back at the coach.
 Before the question word, we can use the adjectives; clear, obvious, and sure and also
the expressions (have no idea) and (make up your mind).
Examples:
1. I wasn't sure who to ask for help.
2. Claire doesn't have much idea how to cook.
The prepositions can come before the question word.
1. There's the question of who to invite to the reception.
2. You need to be informed about what to do in an emergency.
Note
 We cannot use why before a to-infinitive.
Examples:
1. No one could explain why we had to wait. ✓
2. No one could explain why to wait. X
 After what, which, whose, how many, and how much we can use a noun.
Examples:
Sara and Mark were discussing what colour to paint the walls.
We wondered whose story to believe-both drivers said it wasn't their fault.
It's difficult to know how much luggage to take with you.
 We can use whether before to- infinitive not if.
Examples:
1. We'll have to decide whether to go ahead with the project or not. == True
2. We'll have to decide if to go ahead. ===False
3. I was wondering whether to order some tea.
Adjective + to - infinitive
 An adjective+ to-infinitive often comes in the structure with it + be.
Examples:
1. It's important to look in the mirror.
2. It's lovely to see you.

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3. It's quite safe to use the ladder.
Note: the subject can be a person:
We're ready to start now.
Note
Con1pare the following sentences:
It is easy to drive the car.
The car is easy to drive.
The car is easy to drive it. x
The car it is easy to drive. x
Certain, sure, and likely
We can use a to - infinitive after certain, sure, likely and unlikely.
Examples:
1. United are certain/sure to win.
2. Sarah is likely to be at work.
For and of
 After some adjectives we can use for + object+ toinfinitive.
1. It's important for drivers to take care.
2. It isn't safe for children to play on ladders.
 we can use of after an adjective describing how someone behave (polite, silly).
1. It was polite of Emma to write and thank us.
2. It was silly of me to forget the tickets.
 For with the to -infinitive
We can use For + object + to - infinitive.
Examples:
1. My mother has arranged for someone to look after her dog next week.
2. It's difficult for unskilled people to find work these days.
3. The crowded were impatient for the match to begin.
For expressing purpose
 We can use this structure (for expressing purpose) to say something is done.
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1. Mark photocopied the figures for the Sales Manager to have a look at.
2. The shop provides baskets for the customers to put their purchases in.
Too and enough
We can use Too and Enough with this structure (for expressing purpose).
The road is too busy for the children to cross safely.
Unfortunately, the table was too small for all of us to sit round.
The guide didn't speak loudly enough for everyone to hear clearly.
Participles
English participles have several different functions in the English language. So let's make
them clear and easy to understand.
 What does ''participle'' mean?
 What is a participle?
The word participle comes from a Latin word which means ''a sharing, partaking'' (or in
other words, participation).
 definition
 A participle is a form of the verb that is used together with another verb to form
certain tenses.
 For example:
1. I am eating an apple.
EATING is a form of the verb EAT.
It is used together with another verb (AM) to make the present progressive tense.
So EATING is a participle.
2. I have washed the dishes.
WASHED is a form of the verb WASH.
It is used together with another verb (HAVE) to make the present perfect tense.
So WASHED is a participle.
 In English there are mainly two kinds of participles: the present participle and the
past participle.
 Present participle
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 The present participle ends in "-ing".
Examples of present participles:
 Walking
 Helping
 Drinking
 Taking
 The present participle is used together with the verb BE to form the progressive tenses:
 Past progressive
 Present progressive
 Future progressive
 Past perfect progressive
 Present perfect progressive
 Future perfect progressive
Examples :
They are dancing together right now.
John was painting the wall all morning.
I will be sleeping by the time you come back.
 Past participle
The past participle ends in “-d” or “ed” in case of a regular verb, or differently, in case
of an irregular verb.
Examples of past participles:
 Walked
 Helped
 Drunk
 Taken
 The past participle is used together with the verb HAVE to form the perfect tenses:
 Past perfect
 Present perfect
 Future perfect
Examples:
1. They have danced together in the past.
2. John had painted the wall before he sold the house.
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3. I will have fallen asleep by 8 o'clock tomorrow.
 The past participle is also used together with the verb BE to form passive sentences.
Examples
1. The wall was painted by John.
2. The apple was eaten by me.
3. We were given some good advice.
Participles as adjectives
 Both the present participle and the past participle can be used as adjectives.
For Example
Past participle Present participle
Boring Bored
Interesting Interested
Confusing Confused
Amazing Amazed
Annoying Annoyed
Exciting Excited
Example sentences:
Participles are used together with helping verbs (also called auxiliary verbs).
Present participle Past participle
The movie was very boring. Why do you look so bored?
That book was so interesting. She is very interested in music.
His message was a bit confusing. I feel quite confused.
What an amazing speech! We were quite amazed to see her.
You really are annoying . . . The audience became annoyed.
James has an exciting job. We are so excited!

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