CHEMISTRY

CHEMISTRY
An ATOM Is the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element.
- ATOMS combine to form molecules, Interacting to form solids, gases, or liquids.
MATTER has mass and takes up space.
- Also, it includes the PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL properties of matter a In addition, it focuses on
the CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER and includes a discussion of MIXTURES, ELEMENTS, and
COMPOUNDS.
When you are on a BEACH, you enjoy the SAND and WATER. The BUCKETS AND SHOVELS are made of
plastic (polypropylene), the SAND is silicon dioxide (SiO,), and the ocean is WATER with many dissolved
salts such as sodium chloride. Our bodies are filled with organic and inorganic compounds, such as
BONE AND PROTEINS, and run on many chemical reactions needed to keep us alive.
Chemistry - It refers to the study of MATTER'S COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE, and PROPERTIES. It also
includes the CHANGES IT UNDERGOES and the ENERGY CHANGES THAT ACCOMPANY THOSE PROCESSES.
Property Solid Liquid Gas
Arrangement of Particles are tightly Particles have a Particles have a totally

particles packed with ordered disordered disordered
arrangement arrangement arrangement
Relative spacing Particles are close to Particles are close to Particles are far apart
between particles one another one another
Relative motion of Particles are essentially Particles are free to Particles have complete
particles in fixed positions move, relative to other freedom of motion
particles
SOLID
- The temperature of a liquid is lowered to the FREEZING point of the substance, which affects the
movement of the particles as it slows down.
- The spacing between the particles changes until the attractions between the particles lock the
particles into a solid form.
- At the FREEZING point, the particles are closely packed together and tend to block each other.
The attractions between the particles hold the particles tightly together so that the entire ensemble of
particles takes on a fixed shape.
In the solid state substances are
1. RIGID and
2. have DEFINITE SHAPES
3. VOLUMES DO NOT VARY much with changes in temperature and pressure.
In CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS, the particles that make up the solid OCCUPY DEFINITE positions in the crystal
structure.
The STRENGTH OF INTERACTION
- is determined by how hard and strong the crystals are. The particles remain in relatively FIXED
POSITIONS but continue to vibrate. The VIBRATING PARTICLES in a solid do not stop moving and
can slowly move into any empty space within the solid.
LIQUID
- The TEMPERATURE of a liquid INCREASES above the melting point of a SOLID; that Sample can
be found in the LIQUID STATE OF MATTER.
- PARTICLES in the liquid state are much CLOSER TOGETHER than those in the gaseous state and
still have quite an attraction for each other, as is obvious when droplets of fluid form.
- The WEAK ATTRACTIVE FORCES within the liquid cannot hold the particles into a mass with a
definite shape. The individual particles are confined to a given volume.
- A liquid flows and assumes the shape of its container up to the volume of the liquid because the
molecules are randomly oriented.
A liquid HAS A DEFINITE VOLUME but NOT A DEFINITE SHAPE.
- There is less freedom of particle movement, and the moving particles frequently collide with one
another.
- Liquids are very hard to compress because their molecules are very close together.
GAS
- In the gas phase, matter has no fixed volume or shape.

- The molecules are widely separated with the spaces between the particles typically around ten
times farther apart in all three spatial directions, making the gas around 1,000 times less dense
than the corresponding liquid phase at the same temperature.
- The particles move in a rather random and independent fashion, bouncing off each other and
the walls of the container.
So far apart from one another, the particles only weakly attract each other such that the gas cannot have
a shape of its own.
The particles freely range within any container filling its entire volume with the net result that the sides
of the container determine the shape and the volume of the gas.
Gases are capable of infinite expansion and are compressed easily. They consist primarily of
space, meaning the individual particles are quite apart.
VAPOR - On the other hand, vapor refers to the gaseous state of a solid or liquid substance at room
temperature.
GAS - Refers to a substance naturally in the gaseous state at room temperature.
Oxygen - is a gas because its natural state is gaseous at room temperature.
Steam - is an example of vapor because water exists as a liquid at room temperature.

Property Solid Liquid Gas
Compressibility Almost incompressible Slightly compressible Highly compressible
Density High High Very low
Volume Retains own volume Definite volume; does Fills the container
not fill container
Shape Retains own shape Assumes shape of Assumes shape of
container container
Diffusion Extremely slow; occurs Slow Rapid
only at surface
Expansion Low expansion on Low expansion on High expansion on heat
heating heating
Recent discoveries exist on other matter phases like PLASMA and BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE (BEO).
PLASMA - is a state of matter often considered a subset of gases, but the two behave very differently.
PLASMAS - are less dense than solids or liquids and have no fixed shape or volume like gases.
But unlike ordinary gases, PLASMAS comprise atoms in which some or all of the electrons have been
stripped away, and positively charged nuclei called ions roam freely. Some examples are lightning, the
sun, nebula, and auroras.
BOSE – EINSTEIN CONDENSATE (BEC) - is a group of atoms cooled to within a hair of absolute zero.
When they reach that temperature the atoms are hardly moving relative to each other; they have almost
no free energy to do so.
- At that point, the atoms begin to clump together, and enter the same energy states.
- They become identical, from physical point of view, and the whole group starts behaving as
single though it were a single atom.
An example of BBC are superconductors and super fluids.

CHEMISTRY

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CHEMISTRY

- ATOMS combine to form molecules, Interacting to form solids, gases, or liquids.

MATTER has mass and takes up space.

Property Solid Liquid Gas

Arrangement of Particles are tightly Particles have a Particles have a totally

In the solid state substances are

2. have DEFINITE SHAPES

3. VOLUMES DO NOT VARY much with changes in temperature and pressure.

A liquid HAS A DEFINITE VOLUME but NOT A DEFINITE SHAPE.

- In the gas phase, matter has no fixed volume or shape.

GAS - Refers to a substance naturally in the gaseous state at room temperature.

Oxygen - is a gas because its natural state is gaseous at room temperature.

Steam - is an example of vapor because water exists as a liquid at room temperature.

Compressibility Almost incompressible Slightly compressible Highly compressible

Density High High Very low

An example of BBC are superconductors and super fluids.

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