Performance Assessment and Planning for Sustainability of Water Supply

Scheme
(Case Study of Dire Sheik Hussein Water Supply Scheme)

By
Oumer Adem

A Dissertation Submitted and Presented to

Arba Minch University

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of

Science in Hydrology and Water Resources Management

Arba Minch University

June 2010
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 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Praise be to God, the lord of the worlds, for His favor to me for giving the power and
patience in completing this work.

I would like to acknowledge my beloved wife together with my children for their
enormous strength staying alone and encouraging me during my study.

I gratefully acknowledge my supervisors Dr. Bogale Gebremariam and Wudneh Ayele

Shewa for their extended support and guiding me on the right direction during the whole
work.

Further, my acknowledgment is extended to Oromia Water Resources Bureau for

allowing me the opportunity to study my 2nd degree.

Again, I would like to express my gratitude to Norwegian Church Aid/ NCA/Ethiopia for
their amazing financial support made for my two years tuition fee and to Ethiopian
Malaria Prediction System (EMaPS) research fund assistance.

Finally, I want to thank all my friends and others for their material and moral support for
the work. And all AMU SGS 2009/10 colleagues for the nice time we have stayed
together.

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 DEDICATION

To my Mother, Meko Abdu Abba Qoraatti, who left this world in December, 2005.

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 Abstract

The main objective of this study is to assess performance problems that made the scheme
not reliable and plan for sustainability. The investigation is limited to analysis of existing
management and technical aspect of the scheme. It was tried to identify the root cause of
the problem by employing methodologies such as analyzing the scheme design
document, site surveillance and primary data collecting and analyzing, analyzing existing
organizational structure and financial problem, performance indicators, gender equity
assessment, Interview of community and key informants, water distribution analysis and
water hammer analysis.

Hence, it was found that performance of water supply points such as water point, cattle
trough and faucets was 91%, 0% and 85 % respectively; with the existing pumping
facility, after 2016 supply capacity of the existing system can’t satisfy MDD of the user
community; 91% of households responded the water quality was good; reliability of
water supply was not good; accessibility was 100%; 56% of households respond water
price was not affordable; performance of financial accountability was 33%;
accountability performance of water board to district water resource office was 25%;
accountability performance of water board “down” to the community was 19%; Almost
all concrete works of the scheme was at good condition; only 47% of fences was at good
condition; main cause of the leakage for pipe between Dobi well and the reservoir could
be: pipe treads damage, workmanship during pipe laying and absence of pipe line
pressure test; absence of care for EM equipments; the existing pipe net work and water
wells have capacity to supply the community at least up to end of design year if we
change pump capacity and pumping hour to the mentioned specification(sub clause 5.5).
All the above problems may be occurred due to weak management and technical
efficiency of the scheme.

Key words: performance, indicator, sustainability, scheme

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 Table of contents

Pages

CERTIFICATION ............................................................................................................... I
DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT............................................................................. III
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................ IV
DEDICATION................................................................................................................... V
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................... VI
LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................ IX
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... X
LIST OF APPENDIX ....................................................................................................... XI
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS..........................................................................................XII
CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1
1.1. BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................... 1
1.2. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA ........................................................................... 3
1.2.1. Location and Access ......................................................................................... 3
1.2.2. Climate & Vegetation ....................................................................................... 4
1.2.3. Topography and Drainage................................................................................. 4
1.2.4. Geology............................................................................................................. 4
1.2.5. Dire Sheik Hussein Water Supply Scheme....................................................... 5
1.3. PROBLEM STATEMENT .............................................................................................. 8
1.4. SCOPE OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................ 8
1.5. HYPOTHESIS AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY ............................................................. 9
1.6. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY .................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................. 10
LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................. 10
2.1. PERFORMANCE OF A WATER SUPPLY SCHEME ........................................................ 10
2.1.1. Performance Indicators for Rural Water Supply Schemes ............................. 10
2.1.1.1. Previous Studies and Experiences ........................................................... 13
2.2. SUSTAINABILITY OF WATER SUPPLY SERVICE .......................................................... 21
2.2.1. Route to sustainability..................................................................................... 24
2.3. POPULATION FORECAST AND WATER DEMAND ...................................................... 25
2.3.1. Population Forecast......................................................................................... 25
2.3.2. Present and future water demand Analysis..................................................... 26
2.4. PERFORMANCE OF THE EXISTING DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ........................................ 29

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 2.5. ADEQUACY OF WATER SUPPLY ................................................................................ 30
2.5.1. Quantity (service level)................................................................................... 30
2.5.2. Accessibility.................................................................................................... 31
2.5.3. Affordability ................................................................................................... 32
2.5.4. Continuity ....................................................................................................... 32
2.6. WATER HAMMER IN PIPES ...................................................................................... 33
2.7. COMPUTER-BASED HYDRAULIC MODEL.................................................................. 36
2.7.1. Water CAD ..................................................................................................... 37
2.8. POWER SOURCE FOR PUMPS ..................................................................................... 37
2.9. INTERVIEW AS DATA COLLECTION METHOD........................................................... 39
2.10. GENDER EQUITY ................................................................................................... 40
2.11. WATER QUALITY .................................................................................................. 41
CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................... 42
METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 42
3.1. SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION ............................................................................ 42
3.2. SITE SURVEILLANCE AND PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION ......................................... 43
3.3. PERFORMANCE INDICATOR AND SUSTAINABILITY OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEME...... 44
3.3.1. Water Supply Service Performance Evaluation.............................................. 44
3.3.2. Water Supply Financial Performance Evaluation........................................... 46
3.3.3. Water Supply Accountability Performance Evaluation.................................. 46
3.3.4. Over Extraction and Contamination of Water Sources................................... 47
3.4. WATER DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS USING HYDRAULIC MODEL ............................... 47
3.5. WATER HAMMER ANALYSIS ................................................................................... 48
3.6. INTERVIEW WITH COMMUNITY AND KEY INFORMANT ............................................ 48
3.6.1. Sample Size..................................................................................................... 49
3.6.2. Questionnaire preparation, filling and interview ............................................ 49
3.7. GENDER EQUITY ASSESSMENT................................................................................ 50
CHAPTER FOUR............................................................................................................. 51
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS ....................................................................... 51
4.1. WATER RESOURCES OF THE STUDY AREA .............................................................. 51
4.1.1. Surface Water Resources ................................................................................ 51
4.1.2. Ground Water Resources ................................................................................ 52
4.2. POPULATION AND WATER DEMAND........................................................................ 53
4.3. SCHEME COMPONENTS AND ITS PRESENT STATUS ................................................... 57
4.3.1. Water Supply Source ...................................................................................... 57
4.3.2. Pipe network of the Scheme ........................................................................... 58
4.3.2.2. Flow Controlling Valves.......................................................................... 59
4.3.3. Collection Chamber, Service Reservoirs and Pressure Break Tanks ............. 60
4.3.4. Water Points and Cattle Troughs .................................................................... 61
4.3.5. Electromechanical Equipments....................................................................... 61
4.3.6. Water Board, Water Committees and other Necessary Staffs ........................ 62
4.3.7. Potable Water Service Office Facilities.......................................................... 62
4.4. INTEREST AND SATISFACTION ASSESSMENT USING QUESTIONNAIRE AND INTERVIEW
....................................................................................................................................... 62

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 4.4.1. Summary from Closed Ended Interview......................................................... 62
4.4.2. Summary of Interview Held With Key Informants ........................................ 65
4.5. WATERBORNE AND OTHER RELATED DISEASES ....................................................... 65
CHAPTER FIVE .............................................................................................................. 67
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ....................................................................................... 67
5.1. PERFORMANCE OF THE SCHEME BASED ON BASIC SERVICE PARAMETERS.............. 67
5.1.1. Service Performance of the Water Supply Scheme ........................................ 67
5.1.2. Financial Performance of Water Supply scheme............................................ 70
5.1.3. Accountability Performance of Water Supply Scheme .................................. 71
5.2. OVER EXTRACTION AND CONTAMINATION OF THE WELL FIELD ............................. 72
5.3. PHYSICAL CONDITIONS OF THE SCHEME AND CAUSE OF FREQUENT PIPE LEAKAGE 72
5.4. WATER DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS USING WATERCAD........................................... 74
CHAPTER SIX................................................................................................................. 75
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION................................................................ 75
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY:........................................................................................................ 79
8. APPENDIX................................................................................................................... 82

List of Tables

TABLE 1.1: POPULATION OF USER COMMUNITY ................................................... 5

TABLE 2.1: SERVICE LEVEL AND QUANTITY OF WATER COLLECTED .......... 30
TABLE 2.2: DIESEL GENERATOR O&M REQUIREMENT ...................................... 38
TABLE 4.1: FORECASTED POPULATION OF USER COMMUNITY ...................... 54
TABLE 4.2: WATER DEMAND PROJECTION............................................................ 55
TABLE 4.3: SUMMARY OF WATER DEMAND ......................................................... 56
TABLE 4.4: SUMMARY OF WATER DEMAND FOR OPTION I (FOR SCHEME
DESIGN)........................................................................................................................... 56
TABLE 4.5: SUMMARY OF WATER DEMAND FOR OPTION II (FOR SCHEME
DESIGN)........................................................................................................................... 56
TABLE 4.6: DISTANCE OF WPT FROM INHABITANTS .......................................... 64
TABLE 4.7: TIME SPENT TO COLLECT WATER WHEN THERE IS SUPPLY....... 64
TABLE 4.8: MOSTLY USED SOURCES OF WATER BY THE COMMUNITY........ 64
TABLE 4.9: EXISTING STATUS OF ALTERNATIVE WATER TREATING
CONDITION OF THE COMMUNITY ........................................................................... 64
TABLE 4.10: TARIFF SETTING SITUATION OF THE WATER SUPPLY SCHEME64
TABLE 4.11: TEN TOP DISEASES STATISTIC OF SOME PART OF THE PROJECT
AREA................................................................................................................................ 66

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TABLE 5.1: SERVICE LEVEL (QUANTITY) INDICATOR OF THE WATER
SUPPLY SCHEME .......................................................................................................... 68
TABLE 5.2: PERFORMANCE OF WATER SUPPLY RELIABILITY......................... 69
TABLE 5.3: WATER DEMAND (UNIVERSAL ACCESS PROGRAMME) ............... 70
TABLE 5.4: AFFORDABILITY OF THE COMMUNITY............................................. 70
TABLE 5.5: SUMMARY OF RESPONDENTS’ OPINION ABOUT EXISTING
MANAGEMENT.............................................................................................................. 71

List of Figures

FIGURE 1.1: REGIONAL MAP OF ETHIOPIA AND STUDY AREA .......................... 3

FIGURE 1.2: DIRE SHEIK HUSSEIN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM SKETCH.............. 7
FIGURE 2.1: KEY ASPECTS OF SUSTAINABILITY OF WSS SERVICES .............. 23
FIGURE 2.2: ILLUSTRATION OF WATER HAMMER............................................... 34
FIGURE 4.1: ONE OF TRADITIONAL PONDS OF DIRE SHEIK HUSSEIN
VILLAGE ......................................................................................................................... 51
FIGURE 4.2: TRADITIONAL HDW OF BURIYA VILLAGE...................................... 52
FIGURE 4.3: DOBI WELL AND GENERATOR HOUSE (LEFT) DOBI WELL HEAD
WORK (RIGHT) .............................................................................................................. 57
FIGURE 4.4: ACTIVE LEAKAGE LOCATION ............................................................ 58
FIGURE 4.5: FLOATING VALVE ................................................................................. 60
FIGURE 4.6: 300 M3 COLLECTION CHAMBER (LEFT) PBT (RIGHT) FOR BURIYA
VILLAGE ......................................................................................................................... 60
FIGURE 4.7: CATTLE TROUGH OF DIRE SHEIK HUSSEIN VILLAGE (LEFT) AND
WATER POINT AT LALU(RIGHT)............................................................................... 61
FIGURE 4.8: SURFACE PUMPS AT BOOSTER STATION (LEFT), TYPICAL
SUBMERSIBLE PUMP (RIGHT) ................................................................................... 61
FIGURE 4.9: RESPONDENTS SEX PROPORTION ..................................................... 63
FIGURE 4.10: RESPONDENTS EDUCATION LEVEL................................................ 63
FIGURE 4.11: FUNCTIONALITY OF NEARBY WPT................................................. 63
FIGURE 5.1: AIR RELEASE VALVE REPLACING (MAY, 2010).............................. 73

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List of Appendix

APPENDIX A: THE SCHEME COMPONENTS AND EXISTING STATUS .............. 82

APPENDIX B: STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRES FOR INHABITANTS............... 92
APPENDIX C: QUESTIONNAIRES FOR WATER SERVICE OFFICE MANAGER. 94
APPENDIX D: QUESTIONNAIRES FOR LOCAL HEALTH OFFICE MANAGER .. 95
APPENDIX E: QUESTIONNAIRES FOR DISTRICT ADMINISTRATOR AND WRO
95
APPENDIX F: FILLED STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRES ..................................... 96
APPENDIX G: SUMMARY OF KEY INFORMANTS AND CONTACT DAYS ...... 110
APPENDIX H: DETAIL OF RESULTS OF INTERVIEW HELD WITH KEY
INFORMANTS............................................................................................................... 110
APPENDIX I: SUMMARY OF HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS RESULT ........................ 115
APPENDIX J: DIFFERENT COMBINATION OF PUMP OPERATION ................... 123
APPENDIX K: PIPE LINE LAYOUT ........................................................................... 125

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ADBG Africa Development Bank Group

AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator

BZWRO Bale Zone Water Resources Office

CIWD Commercial and Institutional Water Demand

CSA Ethiopian Population Census Commission

D Depression

DEM Digital Elevation Model

DSHPWSO Dire Sheik Hussein Potable Water Service Organization

DSHWSO Dire Sheik Hussein Water Supply Office

DWL Dynamic Water Level

DWD Domestic Water Demand

EME Electromechanical Equipment

GPS Global Positioning System

HDW Hand Dug Well

J Junction

LU Livestock Unit

LWD Livestock Water Demand

MHD Maximum Hourly Demand

MoWR Ministry of Water Resources

MPDE Methodology for Design and Evaluation

O&M Operation and Maintenance

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OWRB Oromia Water Resources Bureau

Pbt Pressure break tank

PIs Performance Indicators

PN Nominal Pressure

RPWSO Rural Potable Water Service Organization

S Summit

SL Water Losses or System Losses

SMP Submersible Pump

SRP Surface Pump

SWL Static Water Level

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

UNHCHR United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund

USGS United States Geological Survey

WHO World Health Organization

Wpt Water point

WRO Water Resources Office

WSA Water Service Authority

WSO Water Supply Office

WSP Water Service Provider

WSS Water Supply Scheme

WSSDP Water Supply and Sanitation Development Programme

WWDE Water Well Drilling Enterprise

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 Chapter One
Introduction

1.1. Background

Water is a limited natural resource and a public good fundamental for life and health.
Nowadays, potable water is considered as one of human right for leading a life in human
dignity. The human right to water entitles everyone to sufficient, safe, physically
accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic uses. An adequate amount of
safe water is necessary to prevent death from dehydration, to reduce the risk of water-
related disease and to provide for consumption, cooking, personal and domestic hygienic
requirements (UNHCHR, 2002).

The human right to water is indispensable for leading a life in human dignity. It is a
prerequisite for the realization of other human rights. Over one billion persons lack
access to a basic water supply, while several billion do not have access to adequate
sanitation, which is the primary cause of water contamination and diseases linked to
water (UNHCHR, 2002).

Similarly, in Ethiopia 55% (MoWR, 2009) of the population has access to improved
drinking water supply. Also 46.5% of Oromia population has access to improved
drinking water supply. Specifically, Bale Zone and Gololcha district percentage of access
to potable water is 40.14 and 38.27 respectively (BZWRO, 2008/2009).

In undertaking an assessment of the adequacy of a drinking-water supply, the following

basic service parameters of a drinking-water supply should normally be taken into
consideration (WHO, 2006).
•Quality: whether the supply has an approved water safety plan that has been validated
and is subject to periodic audit to demonstrate compliance

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•Quantity (service level): the proportion of the population using water from different
levels of drinking-water supply (e.g., no access, basic access, intermediate access and
optimal access) and existing supply capacity of the system
•Accessibility: the percentage of the population that has reasonable access to an improved
drinking-water supply;
• Affordability: the tariff paid by domestic consumers; and
•Continuity or reliability: the percentage of the time during which drinking-water is
available (daily, weekly and seasonally).

Sustainability is a problem which faces all development, in industrialized countries as

well as in the developing world. In the global debate sustainability is considered
primarily in terms of continuing to improve human well-being, whilst not undermining
the natural resource base on which future generations will have to depend. The provision
of adequate water supply and sanitation services to the people of the developing world
has been an ongoing quest which has occupied the minds of development experts and
governments for the past 40 years. Although a great deal has been done, enormous
amounts of money have been spent, and Drinking Water Decades have been proclaimed,
coverage levels remain inadequate. In recent years a new trend has been emerging -
throughout the developing world increasing amounts of money are now being spent on
the rehabilitation of water services which have previously been installed but which have
fallen into disrepair (Water Policy International Ltd, 2000/1).

The figures quoted for coverage by most countries do not usually include the dereliction
rate. Accurate figures for dereliction rates are not available. Rehabilitation is an
embarrassment to most governments as it implies that, not only did they require
assistance to implement the original project, but they are not capable of keeping services
going and hence the original investment has been wasted. As these very difficult realities
come to light it becomes increasingly clear that sustainability is an issue to be addressed
at the very beginning of development programmes and that if sustainability is not assured
there is little point in spending the money except for very short-term welfare purposes
(Water Policy International Ltd, 2000/1).

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1.2. Description of the Study Area
General
Gololcha district, the area in which the scheme is located, is found in Oromia region,
Bale zone. And this district has plain and mountainous area from lowest altitude about
839m to highest altitude about 2679m above sea level (estimated from DEM using
Globalmapper).

Figure 1.1: Regional Map of Ethiopia and Study area

Source: Organized from Ethio_Boundary.Shp, Ethio_Region.Shp, Ethio_Zone.Shp and
Ethio_Wereda.Shp using ArcMap

1.2.1. Location and Access

Dire Sheik Hussein water supply scheme is found in Oromia region, Bale zone, Gololcha
district. Gololcha district is one of the 20 administrative districts found in the Zone.
Geographically the project is located between 70 25’36’’ N, 400 32’ 00’’ E and 70 44’ 14’
N, 400 41’29’’ E. The project is located at about 6km from the district capital (Jara),
140km from zone capital (Robe) and 570km from Addis Ababa.

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1.2.2. Climate & Vegetation

Gololcha district has three climatic zones such as the high land (Bada), the temperate
(Bada dare), and the low land (Gamoji). The high land climate zone is characterized by a
relatively high amount of rainfall and cold temperature. The temperate climate zone is
characterized by a warm temperate and lack of sufficient amount of rainfall. The
vegetation cover of this zone includes some Juniper trees mainly consisting of bushes and
thorny bushes. This zone is relatively vulnerable to drought, and water related diseases.
The lowland zone is situated to the eastern, north east and west border of the district. Its
climate is characterized by high mean temperature and low mean annual rainfall. It is
mostly covered by bushes and thorny desert bushes. This zone is supposed to be highly
vulnerable to draught, and water born diseases.

1.2.3. Topography and Drainage

Gololcha district is characterized by smooth undulating, gently sloping and steeply

sloping surface. Cliffs, deeply cut valley, steeply sloping and gently sloping surface,
characterize the low land area. The low land around Dire Sheik Hussein also
characterized by: smooth undulating, gently sloping surface and deeply cut valley. In
general terms, the District has two major drainages. These include Wabeshebele and
Gololcha drainage (intermittent river). Northwest of the district is draining towards
wabeshebele River. While the drainage of east and south east of the district is draining
towards Gololcha sheet, which is an intermittent river.

1.2.4. Geology

Geologically, the study area has two major geological formations, i.e. the volcanic
formation and the sedimentary formation. The highland around Jara towns, and Kubayu,
Hachacha and Araramo mountains are formed from volcanic rocks, which are basalt and
scoriaceaus basalt. Some voids of scoriaceaus basalt filled with secondary minerals
(amygdales), such as calcite or quartz, while others are empty. The basalt is dark colored
and fine grained. It is not uncommon to see the geological structure such as columnar
jointing and fracturing in the basalt area.

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In the temperate and lowland areas of Buriya, Dire Sheik Hussein and the bottom valley
of Gololcha sheet (stream) the main formation is sedimentary rocks i.e. sandstone and
limestone. Thus, the sandstone is the main formation around Buriya and the bottom
Valley of Gololcha River. The color of the sandstone varies from gray to reddish. This
sandstone is medium to fine grained and horde, where it is fresh (OWRB, 2004).

1.2.5. Dire Sheik Hussein Water Supply Scheme

Dire Sheik Hussein water supply scheme is one of the schemes that were constructed to
solve drinking water problem of the local communities. The scheme was constructed in
2005 by financial assistance of Regional Government of Oromia Water Resources
Bureau. The project was constructed by Berhe Hagos General Contractor. Total project
cost was about 15,704,859.51 Eth. birr (OWRB, 2005).

The water supply scheme was designed to supply water to six villages in the district
including Dire Sheik Hussein, one of the tourist areas in Bale Zone, Oromia Region.
Present total population of the villages is estimated to be 30,376 (Table 1.1).The water
supply scheme was administered by water board elected from water committee of each
community. Water board is accountable to user communities (Water committees) and
district water resources office. The direct beneficiaries of the scheme are communities of
six villages. Base population data of the user communities was taken from CSA (2007)
and projected for 2010.

Table 1.1: Population of user community

2007 G.C. 2010 G.C.
S.No User communities (census record) (Projected Population)
1 Dire Sheik Hussein 3,351 3599
2 Dire gudo 6,997 7515
3 Dinsa 6,208 6668
4 Kura Wada 2,445 2626
5 Buriya satawa 4,131 4437
6 Kejewa Chuka Basu 5,150 5531
Total 28,282 30,376

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The water supply scheme has four deep boreholes which are serving as source of the
water supply scheme. The water distribution system of the scheme is depends on the
combined type of water distribution system (i.e. gravity and pumping system). Detail of
components of the scheme is shown (Appendix A).

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 Dobi well
100m3 Reservoir
100m3 Reservoir Booster Station 5m3 pbt
75m3 Reservoir

25m3 Reservoir

75m3
300m3
Collectio
n
Kura and Wada
chamber Kejewa chukka Basu Dire Sheik Hussein
3
100m Reservoir and village
Dinsa Balancing chamber
Dire Village Buriya Satawa
gudo Dire gudo Village Village
wells Note: the drawing is not to scale

Figure 1.2: Dire Sheik Hussein water supply system sketch

Source: from site surveillance observation

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1.3. Problem Statement

Dire Sheik Hussein water supply project is one the existing water supply scheme in the
zone which was designed to supply the community adequately. But, this water supply
scheme had many problems. Some of the problems were;
a. Interruption frequency of the water supply may create bad attitude to the scheme
b. The water board can’t handle the O&M activities of the water supply scheme
c. Since the scheme network length from source to furthest end is about 50km, the
water committee can’t maintain on time any pipeline disconnection.
d. Most of the time, water committee has no financial capacity to buy fuel and oil
for generator. Similarly, to carryout operation and maintenance work, they depend
on external financial source like from Oromia Water Resources Bureau, Gololcha
district administrative office and from other donors.
e. Due to the above poor operation and maintenance of the system the communities
are exposed to water born and other related diseases.

Therefore, performance assessment should be carried out to clearly identify the main
cause for the above mentioned and other related problems and to forward the output of
the assessment and recommendations to the stakeholder and/or OWRB to rehabilitate and
make the water supply scheme more reliable and sustainable.

1.4. Scope of the study

All impacts on the water supply scheme may or may not be assessed due to time and
resource constraints. In this study, the positive or negative impact which the social,
cultural and political environment can have on a scheme‘s viability and sustainability can
not be underestimated. These aspects are, however, not covered in detail in this paper.

Hence, the investigation was limited to analysis of existing management and technical
aspect of the scheme to identify the root case of the problem by employing different
methodologies and to give remedial solutions.

8
1.5. Hypothesis and Objective of the study

The main objective of this study is to assess performance problems that made the scheme
not reliable and plan for its sustainability. And, to identify the root causes for the
problem. Generally, it was assumed that, the problem of the scheme was due to poor
water supply system management.

Specific objective
1. to assess the performance of the scheme based on basic service parameters such
as quality, quantity (service level), accessibility, affordability and continuity or
reliability.
2. to assess the physical conditions, causes of frequent pipe leakage of the scheme
and to give technical remedial measures
3. to assess the interest and satisfaction of the community with the scheme,
equitable, efficient and sustainable utilization of the water and recommend
feasible solutions
4. to pinpoint measures to be taken for the sustainability of the scheme.

1.6. Significance of the study

Dire Sheik Hussein water supply scheme’s water delivery was not reliable. Due to this
problem, the intended service couldn’t be achieved up to now. Oromia water resources
bureau, zonal and district branch offices have made to much effort to solve the problem.
Some of the supports are: supply of new generator to replace the damaged one,
maintenance of existing generators and pipe line, financial support to cover expenditure
for fuel and oil etc. But, all these support couldn’t make the scheme reliable.

Therefore, the above situation shows that a need of further investigation. So, performance
assessment and planning for the sustainability could be the best option for the scheme to
find the root cause of the problem and to make the scheme sustainable.

9
 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Performance of a Water Supply Scheme

General

The performance of a scheme depends mainly on the presence of qualified and motivated
staff, workers and committee members. Still, each person can drop out for short or longer
periods. Therefore it is necessary that each person has a designated representative who is
well informed and able to overtake his/her duties and functions at any time. Similar
emergency provisions might be appropriate for important equipment (spare parts or units)
(Frohlich, 2001).

Generally, In addition to the above, clear guidelines should be there to follow rule of law
that helps the water supply service office to give good service for the community with
equity. For the accomplishment of performance assessment based on performance
indicators for the three key areas; in this section, service performance, financial
management performance and water committee and water board accountability
performance is reviewed in detail based on selected performance indicators. Finally,
previous studies and experiences for the country and in particular for the water supply
scheme were highlighted.

2.1.1. Performance Indicators for Rural Water Supply Schemes

Usefulness of Performance indicators

Performance indicators are effective management tools and facilitate result based
management and effective use of public resources. Monitoring and evaluation becomes
more precise and objective and personal judgment and narrative descriptions can be
minimized.

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Performance indicators provide quick assessment and at much lower cost than in-depth
analysis even though they are no substitutes for comprehensive assessments. Precise and
quantitative assessments through the use of indicators are nevertheless useful complements to
detailed analysis. Performance indicators form the core of MPDE logical framework in
providing tools for performance management and quick assessment of attainment of goals
and objectives. They are the soul of the logical framework and have an important role at all
stages of the project cycle, namely, identification, design and preparation, implementation
and supervision and post completion evaluation. Performance indicators also provide useful
inputs in strategic planning and project design. They allow central planners to make firm
decisions for the most effective use of resources and also as diagnostic tools. The indicators
can also be valuable tools for other key stakeholders such as the donor agencies, regulators,
utility managers, NGOs and customer groups (ADBG, 2000).

Selection of performance indicators

Selection of appropriate indicators will depend on the environment in which each utility
operates. The selection will also differ depending on the target user. For instance, policy
makers such as the governments and donors will be looking for highly aggregated data
while utility managers will require more hands-on indicators (ADBG, 2000).

The selection of performance indicators has to be done very carefully to be meaningful

and relevant. Also, the number of indicators should not be too large. Only the key
indicators critical to the utility should be selected so that there is no loss of focus. In
addition it should also be ascertained whether the data required will be easily available or
will require special effort. In case any special effort in collecting the data is anticipated,
then the capability of the utility to organize itself for it would need to be examined.
Where the need for strengthening of the data collection machinery is visualized, a project
component for the purpose should be provided for the scope and design of the project.

11
Quantitative indicators should be preferred, but where qualitative indicators are
unavoidable, the indicators should be such that the monitoring and assessment results
would still be credible. In selecting appropriate performance indicators, it was necessary
to ensure that they were specific, easily understood and measurable. All performance
indicators should be related to those aspects of the scheme which were under the control
and responsibility of the water committee.

The performance indicators of water supply and sanitation project can be grouped into
the following categories: (A) Policy goals (B) Sector indicators (C) Management /
Operational performance indicators (D) Staff, financial and economic performance
indicators (E) Gender performance indicators (F) Social performance indicators (G)
Environmental performance indicators (ADBG, 2000).

Good indicators should be ( Iyer et al., 2005):

a) Direct and unambiguous, and should measure progress. For example, number of
working household or community water points is less ambiguous than “access” to safe
water.
b) Variable across group and areas over time. For example, incidence of diarrhea disease
in the under-fives is more likely to vary quickly over time than life expectancy.
c) Directly linked with interventions. For example, incidence of diarrhea disease is
impacted directly by improved water, sanitation, and hygiene practices, whereas deaths
from diarrhea are also impacted by the use of oral dehydrating solutions and other
palliative treatments.
d) Relevant for policymaking. For example, data on average access to improved sanitation
across districts does not provide adequate data about pockets of coverage and exclusion,
and does not give an adequate picture of the degree to which sanitation coverage is wide
enough within each community to provide protection from diarrhea disease.
e) Consistent with the decision making cycle. So that data are available to provide input to
the budget cycle (thus, for example, intermediate indicators may be important on an
annual basis, while final indicators provide periodic input to the process).

12
f) Not easily manipulated or blown off course by unrelated developments. For example,
some indicators are sensitive to exogenous factors or are easily manipulated when staff or
communities are self-reporting.
g) Easy to measure and not too costly to measure. For example, incidence of disease is
difficult to measure, so it should be limited to the smallest number of key diseases and
disease groups possible.
h) Easy to understand. For example, quantitative indicators (number of working toilets)
are easier to understand and interpret (and harder to manipulate) than qualitative
indicators (user satisfaction with toilets).

To ensure relevance, it is essential to ensure that indicators are selected at the right level
geographically, and for the appropriate groups of individuals, households, and
communities. Fundamentally, indicators need to be consistent with the available data and
the capacity to collect data, so that indicators will be measured at critical times in the
policy and budget cycle. A small number of well-chosen indicators are more robust than
an elaborate and extensive system.

2.1.1.1. Previous Studies and Experiences

Performance Indicators (PIs) are widely used as an assessment tool to evaluate the
performance of water supply services. The Malaysian Water Association (MWA) had
introduced a list of PIs. Many other international organizations, such as International
Water Association (IWA), The World Bank Group (WBG), Office of Water Services,
United Kingdom (OFWAT) and the Indonesian Water Supply Association (PERPAMSI),
have introduced their very own list of indicators to assess the performance of their
respective water supply services industry. However, these indicators as suggested by the
various organizations are tailored for different objectives and priorities and thus may not
be readily applicable to Ethiopian context (Boon Kun et. al., 2007).

13
Also, In South Africa, performance indicators are being used to monitor and evaluate the
initial O&M stages of a number of rural water schemes in KuwaZuluNatal. For this
monitoring and evaluation project, the performance indicators are divided into three
broad categories :(1) Quality of service (2) Financial Health and (3) Accountability of the
water committee. Since they are measurable, they allow comparisons over time. There
fore, the following performance indicators were selected (Stephan, 2000).

Service (Category A) and Financial (Category B) Performance Indicators

Under category A, performance indicators such as a) working supply points (A1) b) water
supply reliability (A2) c) water consumption (A3) d) water quality (A4) e) water losses
(A5) f) new connection response time (A6) and g) stock control (A7) were selected. And
under category B, a) Unit cost of water (B1) b) Profit/loss (B2) c) Cash balance (B3) and
d) Late payment (B4) were considered.

Accountability of water committee performance indicators (Category C)

Similarly, under this category, the following PIs were selected. These are: a) Financial
accountability (C1) b) Accountability “up “to the water service authority (C2) and c)
Accountability “Down” to the community (C3).And detail description of each PIs is
given below.

A. Service performance Indicators

A1. Working Supply Points: A simple count of the number of functioning standpipes or
household connections is a direct indication of operation and maintenance status.

Indicators =number of functioning supply points (communal and private)

Notes:

14
These indicators point to the actual benefits which the water supply system provides.
Because it is directly related to: (i) the percentage of the population using the system, and
(ii) the per capita water consumption. “Functioning “means operational at least long
enough every day for users to obtain their water requirements.

A2.Water supply Reliability: A characteristic of many rural water supply systems is that
the bulk supply is discontinuous, particularly in the case of stand-alone systems reliant on
pumps. The cause of the failure may or may not be beyond the control of the water
committee.

Indicator = (number of days water received/ number of days in month) x 100

Notes:
A day can be counted if users received water for long enough to meet normal
requirements

A3. Water consumption: The provision of an adequate quantity of potable water crucial if
anticipated health benefits are to be realized. Consumption is a function of tariff,
reliability, distance to supply and availability of alternative sources of water.

Indicator =Liters sold per day/population served

A4. Water Quality: A water quality monitoring programme can detect any changes in
water quality, which may indicate an operation and maintenance problem.

Indicator = average of quality indices for selected key determinants

Notes:
• The key determinants recommended for the water quality monitoring programme
are faecal coli forms and turbidity. It is recommended that residual chlorine is
measured for reference purposes, but that this does not form part of the indicator.

15
 • It is recommended that the quality index for a particular determinants for a sample
meeting umgeni water’s class 0 standards be set at 100%, that a class I be set at
90% and a class II be set at 70%. The quality index for a determinant which is
below class II standard should be set at 0%.
• It is recommended that at least three samples be taken on at least one sample trip
each month. The samples should be taken according to the prescribed method, and
from different points in the scheme.
• Daily recorded observations by the water committee (using simple qualitative
criteria such as color, taste and smell) should be encouraged to supplement the
formal water quality monitoring programme.

A5.Water losses: water losses are useful indicators of the overall integrity of a scheme,
both in terms of infrastructure and management.

Indicators = (1- (water sold/bulk water supplied)) x 100

Notes:
Often the reading of bulk meters and consumer meters do not exactly co-incide, and thus
the “loss” figures on a month by month basis can be misleading. A three- month moving
average is more helpful.

A6.New connection response time: The water committee needs to be responsive to the
needs of consumers. The time it takes, from the time of application (and payment) to
install a new connection will affect user satisfaction.

Indicator = (1/average number of months taken to install a new (paid up) connection) x
100

A7. Stock control: Effective stock control relies on: (i) weather regular stock-takes are
carried out, and (ii) weather minimum stock levels of spare parts are maintained. Not
having the required parts (especially critical items) in stock may seriously affect the
water committee’s ability to provide a reliable water supply.

16
Indictor = (number of necessary items in stock/total number necessary stock items) x 100
Notes:
In order for this indicator to be evaluated it is necessary for the water committee to have
a list of the stock items considered necessary for the maintenance of the scheme.

B. Financial Performance Indicators

B1. Unit cost of water: Knowledge of the real unit cost of water is essential to
understanding the financial health of the scheme and to the setting of appropriate tariffs.

Indicator = total operation and maintenance costs/ kilolitres of water sold

Notes:

• The unit cost of water should be compared with the tariff being charged for water
• This indicators need to be averaged over a period of time for meaning full
analysis. It is suggested that a twelve month moving average is used.
• The O&M costs included in this indicator are for those costs incurred by the water
Committee. It is recommended that the costs of any externally- funded mentorship
or management support services are excluded until the project is functioning
smoothly (a twelve-month period may be used as a default), and are thereafter
included.
• Another indicator could be introduced to reflect total O&M costs (including
mentoring costs).

B2. Profit/Loss: The profit/loss indicator shows weather sales are exceeding expenditure.
The water committee must receive more money than it pays out each month if it is to
remain in business. The scheme is in a break-even position if this indicator is consistently
greater than 0%.

Indicator =100 x (total sales – total expenditure)/total sales

17

.
Notes:
• Accounts receivable (i.e. debtors) are included as part of sales.
• A portion of arrears may have to be written off each year according to the
probability of being paid.
• Use a twelve- month moving average to smooth out monthly variations.

B3. Cash balance: Cash on hand is very important in order for the water committee to
meet its current expenses. Cash flow problems may be experienced depending on the
amount of money tied up, for example, in arrear payments for Water. The cash balance
indicator will indicate positive or negative trends.

Indicator =closing balance at end of previous month- payments made in current month +
amounts received in current month

B4. Late Payments: A water committee needs to be aware of trends in its debtor’s book.
If the ratio of accounts receivable (arrears)/versus sales is steadily growing, it means that
consumers are getting further and further behind in the payment of their accounts.

Indicator = 100 x (total of arrear payments at end of period)/ (total of sales for period)
Notes:
Use a twelvemonth moving average to smooth out monthly variations.

C. Accountability indicators

C1. Financial accountability: Good management is not possible without financial

accountability. The most basic requirement is that all income and expenditure is recorded
in a generally accepted way. From these records, income and expenditure statements can
be drawn up and the financial health of a system can be assessed.

18
Recommended ratings for this indicator are as follows (Stephan, 2000).
• 0% if the water committee either can not or will not disclose detail of their
income and /or expenditure.
• 33% if the water committee is willing to open its financial records for inspection,
but the records are incomplete and/or disorganized.
• 67% if the water committee is keeping complete and accurate cash books for both
their petty cash and their current account.
• 100% if the water committee is able to produce income and expenditure statement
(using general accepted accounting principles) from their financial records
(including accounts payable and accounts receivable).
Note:
At this stage, the understanding of the more advanced aspect of financial statements (for
example ,concepts such as fixed assets , current assets , long- term liabilities , etc.) is not
critical . In time, however, those water committee‘s prove most competent in their
financial management could be given further triaging and taken on to a more advance
level.

C2. Accountability “up” to water service authority: Section 22 of the Water Service Act
(which was promulgated in South Africa in December 1997) makes it illegal for the water
committee to function as a Water Service provider (WSP) with out the written permission
of the Water Service Authority (WSA). The WSA is entitled to obtain information from
the committee regarding the provision of water service to people living within area of
supply. Regular reporting by the water committee to the Water Service Authority is
therefore essential.

Indicator = (number of reports submitted / number require to be submitted) x 100

19
Notes:
• It is unlikely that any reports will be submitted by the water committee unless
they are requested by the WSA. The Water Service Authority will need to take an
active and informed interest in the affairs of the water committee if it is to get use
full reports from them.
• It is essential that the WSA give clear instructions to the water committee as to
what is required to be included in the reports, and that the reporting requirements
are both reasonable and achievable.
• This indicator could be made more sophisticated by adding a “Quality of
Reporting” rating. If reports are complete and accurate, that should earn the water
committee a 100% rating. Less complete and accurate reports should earn a lower
rating.

C3. Accountability “down” to the Community: The water committee as WSP has an
obligation to provide adequate water service to the community. Regularly convinced
community meeting, to which representative of WSA are invited, are considered essential
to ensure that problems (and complements!) are heard.

Indicator = (number of meetings held/ number required to be held) x 100

Notes:
• It is essential that the WSA give clear instructions to the water committee as to
what are the minimum reporting requirements for community meetings.
• The most basic requirements for repotting to community meetings is to tell people
how fund have been managed.
• As with indicator C2, this indicator could be made more sophisticated by adding a
“Quality of reporting “rating. If reports are complete and accurate, that should
earn the water committee a 100% rating. Less complete or accurate reports should
earn a lower rating.

20
2.2. Sustainability of water supply service

In many community water supply services, it is common to find a substantial number of

facilities out of order or functioning below expectations at any given time. It also happens
frequently that a considerable number of people do not use the facilities either always or
during part of the year. Often, they are reluctant to support the new provisions that do not
sufficiently meet their demands.

The word ‘sustainability’ can mean different things to different people; it always includes
a consideration of the welfare of those living in the future. The debate over a more
precise definition of sustainability is going on (Loucks et al., 2005).

“Sustainability” embeds differing perspectives and eludes quantification and it remains

an elusive concept. The term “sustainable development” is associated with the 1992 UN
Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro. A report issued by
one of the commissions preceding the Conference contained this passage (William et al.,
2005):
“Humanity has the ability to make development sustainable – to ensure that it
meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.”

To be meaningful, sustainability need to be operationally defined for each development

sector. Water and sanitation sector professionals have reached some consensus by the late
1990s that the following definitions offer a meaningful starting point for progress towards
achieving the twin goals (Figure 2.1)( Mukherjee et al., 2003).

21
Five dimensions of sustainability

Sustainability of water supplies and sanitation has many dimensions. The following
discussion looks at five different but interrelated dimensions of sustainability, all with
specific equity perspectives.

Technical sustainability: This refers to the reliable and correct functioning of the
technology and, for water supplies, the delivery of enough water of an acceptable quality.
Equity aspects relate to the technology meeting the demands of all user groups.
Requirements for technical sustainability include: a technically good design, which is
adhered to in construction and operation, and first-rate workmanship and materials.

Financial sustainability: Systems can only function if financial resources meet at least the
costs of operation, maintenance, and common repairs. Equity elements relate to who pays
for all this and how fairly payments are shared between and within households.

Institutional sustainability: To keep systems operational, accessible and widely used,

communities need institutions. Institutions have cultural characteristics, agreed and
valued procedures and rules for operation, and varying capacities for management and
accountability. Equity considerations require looking at the extent of voice of all the user
groups, especially the poor and the women, in organizations that manage and control the
services.

Social sustainability: Users will only sustain services that satisfy their expectations. This
means services which they can easily access, that are in accordance with their socio-
cultural preferences and practices, and services that they consider worth the cost they
incur to obtain them. Equity aspects include looking at how fairly the burdens and
benefits from the services are shared across different socio-economic, gender and ethnic
or caste groups.

22
Environmental sustainability: Water resources face multiple threats. Over extraction and
contamination of water sources from irrigation, industrialization and waste disposal
threaten reliable and safe drinking water supplies. Water supplies and sanitation facilities
themselves threaten the environment through the unsafe disposal of wastewater and
human and solid waste. In dry areas, lack of drainage of wastewater has created new risks
of insect breeding that have brought outbreaks of malaria, dengue, and filariasis. Equity
aspects include fair sharing of responsibility among users for the protection of their
environment and water resources.

Social

Technical Financial

Environmental Institutional

SUSTAINABILITY = Continuous, satisfactory functioning and effective use of

WSS services
(Effective use = use by the majority in a health – promoting
and environmentally sound manner).

EQUITY = everyone (e.g., women and men, rich and poor, social
minorities, and majority groups) has equal voice and choice
in decision making, equal access to information/ external
inputs/benefits from projects, and shares burdens and
responsibilities fairly.

Figure 2.1: Key aspects of sustainability of WSS services

Source :(Mukherjee et al., 2003).

23
2.2.1. Route to sustainability

There is not much point in finding out only at the end of a project whether or not it
achieved sustainable and equitable outcomes. Effective water and sanitation interventions
must have a plan for sustainability and equity built into their designs, and begins using
some means of verifying the progress being achieved once implementation gets under
way. Measuring sustainability before it has actually resulted can only be hypothetical.
However, given the evidence from global research about the positive links between
sustainability, demand and equity, process indicators for equity within demand
responsive approaches can serve as the indicators of progress towards sustainability.
Planning for sustainability in projects and the institutionalization and scaling up of
demand responsive approaches for sustainability will be explained below in detail
(Mukherjee et al., 2003).

Planning for sustainability in projects can then take the following forms:
a. designing gender- and poverty-sensitive demand-responsive processes for working
towards the five dimensions of sustainability (Figure 2.1); and
b. putting in place indicators and tools to track the quality of those processes.

The institutionalization and scaling up of demand responsive approaches for

sustainability would likewise call for:
a. explicitly recognizing sustainability and equity as the twin goals of sector policies.
b. recognizing gender- and poverty-sensitive demand-responsive operations as essential
best practices in institutions providing community water supply and sanitation services.
c. establishing institutional accountability for gender- and poverty-sensitive demand
responsive operations

24
2.3. Population Forecast and Water Demand
2.3.1. Population Forecast

Determination of population is one of the most important factors in the plan, if the project
has to serve the community for a certain design period. What will be the population at the
end of design is the basic question. This can be achieved by using various methods for
population forecast. The data about the present population of a community under
question can be always obtained from the records of local government offices or from
census report of the country. The following are some of the important methods of
population forecasts or population projections (PUNMIA et al., 1995).
1. Arithmetic increase method
2. Geometrical increase method
3. Incremental increase method
4. Decrease rate of growth method
5. Graphical extension method
6. Graphical comparison method
7. Zoning method or master plan method
8. Ratio and correlation method
9. Growth composition analysis method

Geometric increase method gives higher results since the percent increase never remain
constant but, instead decrease when the growth of dwelling area reaches to saturation.
OWRB uses geometric increase method for population projection method for rural areas
to calculate water demand of community under consideration. Also, the manual on water
supply and treatment recommends using the geometric mean method (PUNMIA et al.,
1995).

Pn = P (1 + Ig /100 ) ^ n
(2.1)

Where: Pn = future population at the end of n decades

P = present population
Ig = average increase per year
n = number of years

25
2.3.2. Present and future water demand Analysis
Domestic Water demand (DWD):

Domestic water demand is calculated by multiplying population with per capita

consumption. Daily per capita water consumption is generally very low through out the
country. DWD is suppressed in urban and rural in the country because of the supply
shortages. As Actual demand is expected to be greater than present consumption if
greater supplies were available to the community (MoWR, main report, 2002).

In Ethiopia, as a general design standards, 15-25 l/c/d is used for rural community for the
period 2002 to 2016 G.C. For both urban and rural areas, the capita water demand is
assumed to increase over the programme period (MoWR, main report, 2002).

Livestock water demand (LWD):

Livestock rearing activities is an integral part of rural community life, and water is an
essential commodity for animals just as it is for humans. However, the use of improved
domestic water sources for livestock is not encouraged. It is assumed that most of the
animals will be watered from such natural sources as rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and
springs in the vicinity. If no such sources are available nearby for the livestock, the
animal should be watered from cattle troughs sited below water sources for human
consumption.

The water demands for livestock are taken only to account for rural communities and
small towns. It is assumed an average of 1.7 livestock unit (LU) per person in the rural
areas in the high lands; and 3 LU per person in the low lands. The average daily LWD is
taken as 20 liters/livestock unit (LU) in the high lands; in the lowland areas, the average
daily LWD was considered to be 25 liters per LU. If potable water schemes are used for
livestock watering then an allowance of 3 lpcd is made. This demand is applied as
follows (MoWR, water supply and Sanitation Programme, 2002):

26
- to 60% of the population of rural communities
- to 30% of the population of towns of <10,000people;
- to 10% of the population of the towns of 10,000-50,000;
- to 1% of the population of the towns of >50,000 people.
As general design standard, Oromia Water Resources Bureau uses 5 lit /day for sheep and
Goats water demand.

Water losses or system losses (SL):

System losses is due to diverse factors such as type and age of pipes , pressure within the
system , defective joints in the pipe network, broken, cracked pipes, and faulty plumping.
In 2002-2016G.C. Ethiopia’s water supply and Sanitation development programme
(WSSDP), for urban schemes, SL is taken as equivalent to 25% of the total domestic,
commercial and institutional, and industrial water demand. For rural schemes, a nominal
5% allowance was made to account for spillage at hand pumps. SL from treatment plant
was considered negligible in rural areas, since most of the raw water is ground water
sources and the only treatment that might be required is disinfection (MoWR, main
report, 2002).

Accordingly, in Oromia as general design standard, 10% of domestic demand, public and
animal demand is considered for rural water supply scheme with pipe distribution system.

Commercial and Institutional water Demand (CIWD):

In addition to those of household consumers, the water requirements of towns include the
needs of such commercial and institutional consumers as public schools, clinics,
hospitals, offices, shops, bars, restaurants, and hotels. CIWD is usually linked directly to
population size. In Ethiopia for the period 2002 to 2016 G.C, for small- and medium –
sized towns, CIWD is estimated at 5% of the DWD. For larger towns, the CIWD estimate
was 10% of DWD. In EWSDP no allowance is made for rural communities (MoWR,
main report, 2002).

27
But, in Oromia as general design standard 5% of domestic demand is considered in rural
water supply study for public water demand such as schools, clinics etc.

Average daily demand (ADD):

According to U.S. Fire Administration (2008), this is the average of the total amount of
water used each day during a 1-year period. As Ethiopia’s 2002-2016G.C. WSSDP, Rural
ADD for water supply is the combined total of domestic demand, livestock demand, and
system losses. But, as Oromia regional state water resources bureau, clinic and school
demand is included in ADD.

Maximum daily demand (MDD):

This is the maximum total amount of water used during any 24-hour period in a 3-year period
(Hickey, Dr.Harry E., 2008).

MDD value represents the single day within a year-long period on which the consumption
rate was the highest. Daily water consumption varies according to times of day, season,
and climatic conditions. This number should consider and exclude any unusual and
excessive identified used of water that would affect the calculation. Such abnormal uses
would include a water main break, a large-scale fire, or an abnormal industrial demand. The
MDD sets the water requirements from the sources within the system.

As 2002-2016G.C. EWSSDP, the maximum daily demand is taken as 1.15 times ADD.
American Water Works Association (AWWA) reports that the MDD rate for any given
community is approximately 150 percent of the ADD rate (Hickey, Dr.Harry E., 2008).

MDD is taken as 1.2 times ADD in Oromia water resources Bureau Rural water supply
general design standard.

28
Maximum hourly demand (MHD):

This is the maximum amount of water used in any single hour, of any day, in a 3-year period.
And MHD is taken as 1.5 times MDD (Hickey, Dr.Harry E., 2008).

Similarly, In Oromia water resources Bureau Rural water supply general design standard
MHD is taken as 1.5 times MDD.

2.4. Performance of the existing distribution system

Rural water distribution systems are ordinarily designed to adequately satisfy the water
requirements for a combination of domestic, livestock, commercial and institutional
purposes. The performance of a distribution system can be judge on the basis of the
pressure available in the system for a specific rate of flow.

A good distribution system should satisfy the following requirements (PUNMIA et al,
1995):
1. The system should be capable of supplying water at consumers’ tap and water
points at reasonable pressure head. Also, the head should not be excessive.
2. It should maintain the degree of purity. The distribution system should be
completely water tight.
3. It should be easy to operate and maintain.
4. Water should be available even during break down period.
5. It should be so laid that during repairs, it does not cause obstruction to traffic.
The initial cost of the distribution should be as low as possible.

29
2.5. Adequacy of water supply

According to WHO (2006), in undertaking an assessment of the adequacy of the

drinking-water supply, the following basic service parameters of a drinking-water supply
should normally be taken into consideration. These are: Quality, Quantity (service level),
Accessibility, Affordability and Continuity.

2.5.1. Quantity (service level)

Estimates of the volume of water needed for health purposes vary widely. In deriving
WHO guideline values, it is assumed that the daily per capita consumption of drinking-
water is approximately 2 litres for adults, although actual consumption varies according
to climate, activity level and diet. Based on currently available data, a minimum volume
of 7.5 litres per capita per day will provide sufficient water for hydration and
incorporation into food for most people under most conditions. In addition, adequate
domestic water is needed for food preparation, laundry and personal and domestic
hygiene, which are also important for health. Water may also be important in income
generation and amenity uses.

The quantities of water collected and used by households are primarily a function of the
distance to the water supply or total collection time required. This broadly equates to the
level of service. Four levels of service can be defined, as shown in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1: Service level and quantity of water collected

Likely volumes
of water Public health risk Intervention priority
Service level Distance/time collected from poor hygiene and actions
No access More than 1 Very low - 5 Very high Very high
km/more than l/c/day Hygiene practice Provision of basic
30min round- compromised level of service
trip Basic consumption Hygiene education
may be compromised
Basic access Within 1km/ Average High High
within 30 min approximately Hygiene may be Hygiene education
round-trip 20 l/c/day compromised Provision of improved
Laundry may occur level of service
off-plot

30
Intermediate Water Average Low Low
access provided on- approximately Hygiene should not Hygiene promotion
plot through at 50 liters per be compromised still yields health
least one tap capita per day Laundry likely to gains
(yard level) occur on-plot Encourage optimal
access
Optimal Supply of Average 100– Very low Very low
access water through 200 liters per Hygiene should not Hygiene promotion
multiple taps capita per day be compromised still yields health
within the Laundry will occur gains
house on-plot
Source: by Howard & Bartram 2003 (WHO, 2006)

Service level is a useful and easily measured indicator that provides a valid surrogate for
the quantity of water collected by households and is the preferred indicator for
surveillance. Available evidence indicates that health gains accrue from improving

2.5.2. Accessibility

From the public health standpoint, the proportion of the population with reliable access to
safe drinking-water is the most important single indicator of the overall success of a
drinking-water supply programme. There are a number of definitions of access (or
coverage), many with qualifications regarding safety or adequacy. The preferred
definition is that used by WHO and UNICEF in their “Joint Monitoring Programme,”
which defines “reasonable access” to improved sources as being “availability of at least
20 liters per person per day within one kilometer of the user’s dwelling.” Improved and
unimproved water supply technologies in the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring
Programme have been defined in terms of providing “reasonable access,” as summarized
below:

•Improved water supply technologies: •Unimproved water supply

—Household connection technologies:
—Public standpipe —Unprotected well
—Borehole —Unprotected spring
—Protected dug well —Vendor-provided water
—Protected spring —Bottled water
—Rainwater collection —Tanker truck provision of water

31
But in Ethiopia, the rural water supply Universal Access Programmee assumes that each
person shall get 15 l/c/day safe water within a distance of 1.5km (MoWR, 2009).
.

2.5.3. Affordability

The affordability of community has a significant influence on the use of water and
selection of water sources. Households with the lowest levels of access to safe water
supply frequently pay more for their water than do households connected to a piped water
system. The high cost of water may force households to use alternative sources of water
of poorer quality that represent a greater risk to health. Furthermore, high costs of water
may reduce the volumes of water used by households, which in turn may influence
hygiene practices and increase risks of disease transmission.

When assessing affordability, it is important to collect data on the price at the point of
purchase. Where households are connected to the drinking-water supplier, this will be the
tariff applied. Where water is purchased from public standpipes or from neighbors, the
price at the point of purchase may be very different from the drinking water supplier
tariff. Many alternative water sources (notably vendors) also involve costs, and these
costs should be included in evaluations of affordability. In addition to recurrent costs, the
costs for initial acquisition of a connection should also be considered when evaluating
affordability.

2.5.4. Continuity

Interruptions to drinking-water supply either through intermittent sources or resulting

from engineering inefficiencies are a major determinant of the access to and quality of
drinking-water. Analysis of data on continuity of supply requires the consideration of
several components. Continuity can be classified as follows:
a) year-round service from a reliable source with no interruption of flow at the tap or
source;

32
b) year-round service with frequent (daily or weekly) interruptions, of which the most
common causes are:
—restricted pumping regimes in pumped systems, whether planned or due to power
failure or sporadic failure;
—peak demand exceeding the flow capacity of the transmission mains or the capacity of
the reservoir;
—excessive leakage within the distribution systems;
—excessive demands on community-managed point sources;
c) seasonal service variation resulting from source fluctuation, which typically has three
causes:
—natural variation in source volume during the year;
—volume limitation because of competition with other uses such as irrigation;
—periods of high turbidity when the source water may be untreatable; and
d) compounded frequent and seasonal discontinuity

This classification reflects broad categories of continuity, which are likely to affect
hygiene in different ways. Daily or weekly discontinuity results in low supply pressure
and a consequent risk of in-pipe recontamination. Other consequences include reduced
availability and lower volume use, which adversely affect hygiene. Household water
storage may be necessary, and this may lead to an increase in the risk of contamination
during such storage and associated handling. Seasonal discontinuity often forces users to
obtain water from inferior and distant sources. As a consequence, in addition to the
obvious reduction in quality and quantity, time is lost in water collection.

2.6. Water Hammer in Pipes

Most engineers involved in the planning of pumping systems are familiar with the terms
“hydraulic transient”, “surge pressure” or, in water applications, “water hammer. Under
unfavorable circumstances, damage due to water hammer may occur in pipelines
measuring more than one hundred metres and conveying only several tenths of a litre per
second. But even very short, unsupported pipelines in pumping stations can be damaged
by resonant vibrations if they are not properly anchored.

33
By contrast, the phenomenon is not very common in building services systems, e.g. in
heating and drinking water supply pipelines, which typically are short in length and have
a small cross-section (K S B K n o w - h o w series, ).

Causes of Water Hammer

The causes of water hammer are varied. There are, however, four common events that
typically induce large changes in pressure (Michael Lahlou , 2003):

1. Pump startup can induce the rapid collapse of a void space that exists downstream
from a starting pump. This generates high pressures.

2. Pump power failure can create a rapid change in flow, which causes a pressure upsurge
on the suction side and a pressure downsurge on the discharge side. The downsurge is
usually the major problem. The pressure on the discharge side reaches vapor pressure,
resulting in vapor column separation.

Figure 2.2: Illustration of Water Hammer

Source: Pickford, John. 1969 (Michael Lahlou, 2003)
A column of water acts like a freight train suddenly stopping when an outlet valve is
suddenly closed.

34
3. Valve opening and closing is fundamental to safe pipeline operation. Closing a valve at
the downstream end of a pipeline creates a pressure wave that moves toward the
reservoir. Closing a valve in less time than it takes for the pressure surge to travel to the
end of the pipeline and back is called “sudden valve closure.” Sudden valve closure will
change velocity quickly and can result in a pressure surge. The pressure surge resulting
from a sudden valve opening is usually not as excessive.

4. Improper operation or incorporation of surge protection devices can do more harm than
good. An example is oversizing the surge relief valve or improperly selecting the vacuum
breaker-air relief valve. Another example is to try to incorporate some means of
preventing water hammer when it may not be a problem.

Water hammer will continue to challenge engineers, operators, and managers of water
systems because it is associated with systems that cannot be exactly defined due to the
size and length of the water distribution system with undulating profile or the lack of
definition of the system components such as valves or pumps. There is a need for a more
practical approach while research continues to provide better descriptions of the physics
of water hammer and for useful computational solutions including those basics.

Water distribution systems are typically designed for the velocity not to exceed 8 feet per
second. The change in the velocity is the key factor in the magnitude of the water
hammer event. With the valve closing fully, the initial velocity in the pipe is the velocity
change. So, pipelines with large velocities are subject to water hammer problems
(Michael Lahlou , 2003).

Water hammer is the momentary pressure produced by the sudden stoppage of a mass of
moving water at high velocity in a closed conduit or pipe .This is caused by quickly
closing a tap or a valve, or the sudden starting of a pump. This, in course of time, may
burst the walls of the pipe or cause damage to the fitting of the system.

35
For pipes under high pressure, where hammer pressure would be small in proportion to
the static pressure, no hammer allowances need to be considered (Khanna, 2001).

If a valve is closed suddenly, successive masses of the water in the pipe are brought to rest;
their kinetic energy is converted to strain energy and the effect is transmitted along the pipe
with the velocity of sound waves in water. Some energy is, in fact, expended in stretching
the pipe walls, thus reducing the water hammer pressure, but if this effect is neglected the
rise of pressure p at the valve is given by:

p = u (kp ) (N/m2) (2.2)

where u is the velocity of flow before the valve is closed (in meters per second), K the bulk
modulus of compressibility of the water, equal to about 2 x 109 N/m2 and p is the density of
water, 1000 kg/m3.This formula leads to the result:

Water hammer pressure= 1.4 x 106u (N/m2) (2.3)

Where: u is the original velocity of flow (in meters per second).

Pressures of this order of magnitude will result if a valve is closed in a time not
exceeding 21/Vp s, where Vp = √ (K/p) is the velocity of sound waves in the water and
where / is the length of pipe (in meters). In round numbers, Vp may be taken as 1400 m/s.
If the time of closure exceeds 41/Vp the stoppage becomes gradual. Supposing the valve
to be then closed in such a manner as to cause a constant retardation α m/s2 of the water
column, the resulting rise of pressure will be plα N/m2, or lα/g m head of water.

2.7. Computer-Based Hydraulic model

A hydraulic model (computer programme) is a computerized, or digital, representation of

a hydraulic, or fluid, system. In this case, it is a pressured closed pipe potable water
supply system. The modeling software predicts hydraulic properties throughout the
system: flow, pressure, operational status, tank levels, energy usage, chlorine residuals,
water quality, water mixing, etc.

36
The geometry of a hydraulic model is edges and junctions (lines and points). Pipes are
represented as edges, and all other features are represented as junctions (connections,
pumps, tanks, reservoirs, valves, hydrants, meters, etc.).There are different types of
computerized hydraulic modeling that has been using by different organizations. Some of
these computer programmes are: Kentucky Pipe, K-Y pipe, EPANET, CyberNet,
WaterCAD and WaterGEMS (Trammel Jr, ).

2.7.1. Water CAD

Water CAD was designed, developed and programmed by Haestad Methods’ staff of
Software Engineers and Civil Engineers. Water CAD is intended to represent the state of-
the-art for stand alone, Windows based, Water Distribution Analysis and Design. Water
CAD’s numerical computations are based on research conducted by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Drinking Water Research Division, Risk
Reduction Engineering Laboratory, its employees and its consultants. As a result, Water
CAD will generate results consistent with versions of the EPA computer program
"EPANET" (Haestad Methods, Inc., 1996).

2.8. Power source for pumps

Diesel generator

Diesel engines are very often used as a stationary power source. Efficiency of diesel
engines is higher and they need less maintenance than petrol engines. Engines can differ
in size, speed (revolutions per minute), cycle (two-stroke and four-stroke cycles), cooling
system (water or air), etc. Generally, low-speed four-stroke engines last longer and high
speed two-stroke engines produce more power per kg of engine weight. Water-cooled
engines generally need less maintenance than air-cooled engines. The Table below shows
only the most important O&M activities (Brikke, 2000):

37
 - The engine must be operated by a trained caretaker.
- All data on liquid levels and running hours are written down in a log book.
- Every day the outside of the engine must be cleaned, and in dusty conditions the
air filter must be checked and cleaned.

Some parts may need manual lubrication. Diesel engines require a lot of simple
maintenance and, if this is done well, they can have a long service life. Therefore training
and supervision of the caretaker are important. More complicated maintenance tasks and
repairs have to be done by a well-trained mechanic with access to sufficient spare parts.
Good organization will guarantee scheduled services at the right times and a quick
response in case of breakdown.

Table 2.2: Diesel generator O&M requirement

Source: (Brikke, 2000):

38
Electric power

Where available are the cheapest, efficiency is very high and the plant is very compact
and is put on or off in a moment. Electric motors are silent in working. Free from
nuisance of smoke and occupy very little space.

2.9. Interview as Data Collection Method

We interview people to learn about those things we can not directly observe. We can not
observe behaviors that took place in the past and where we can not present. We can not
observe feelings, thoughts, beliefs, and intentions, and we can not observe people’s
perceptions. So, we have to ask people questions about those things. And Interview
methods can be distinguished between open or unstructured interviews and structured
interviews. (T.Boot and caimcross (Ed), 1993);

Structured interviews:
- have closed instead of open – ended questions
- the answers are limited to a predetermined set of choices
- allows easy coding and analysis
- takes less time when compared with unstructured interview
- designed to generate factual and quantitative data

Open or unstructured interviews:

- respondents respond in their own words to express their own personal views
- to learn about peoples view on the behaviors of interest, to learn their
terminology and judgments and to capture their perceptions and experiences

39
Sampling procedure and sample size

There are four basic sampling procedures: simple random; systematic; stratified; and
cluster. In a stratified sample, before drawing a sample the total population is first divided
in to groups, based on one or more criteria. The advantage of stratified sampling is that
we are more directly focused on the information we need to obtain, and that we can easily
determine the sample size .Basically sample size will depend on: a) the number of units
in the total population and b) the variation in the units in the total population. A basic rule
stating about sample size states that about thirty units are required as a minimum in order
to provide a pool large enough for even the simplest. In general, if the total population is
known it is reasonable to draw a 20-30% sample, taking in to account the purpose of the
study, the total population size, the variation in the population unit, and the sampling
procedure applied analysis (T.Boot and caimcross (Ed), 1993).

2.10. Gender Equity

Gender equity can be implemented by fair and just participation of women in all aspect of
development. Ethiopia water sector policy (2001) promotes the full involvement of
women in the planning, implementation, decision making and training as well as to
empower them to play a leading role in self-reliance initiatives. Also, Ethiopia water
strategy (2001) promotes to secure gender mainstream in all aspect of development.

Similarly, at water board and water committee level women participation has its own role
based on the existing organizational structure of Oromia rural water supply scheme. At
least two members of executive committee of water board and more than half of water
committee shall be women.

40
2.11. Water Quality
Bacteriological Quality

Bacteria and other pathogens are the greatest threat to the quality of water for domestic
consumption. Bacteria originating from human faeces are a leading cause of child
mortality, and water is a common transmission route. This faucal-oral cycle can best be
broken by preventing bacteria from entering water for domestic consumption or, if
necessary, by purifying water which is already contaminated. There are many cases of
water which is bacteria-free at the source becoming contaminated during transportation,
storage and consumption. Any water supply project that neglects this aspect will be
ineffective. The hygiene education programme must be designed and implemented by
professionals in close consultation with, and with the willing participation of, the
community stakeholders. There are some methods used to purify contaminated water.
These are: a) chlorination b) boiling c) slow sand filters d) solar disinfection (UNICEF,
1999).

Chemical Quality

Although chemically contaminated water supplies are less widespread and more localized
than bacteriologically contaminated water. Specific contaminants can greatly affect the
quality of water in different areas. The most common contaminants found in water
sources throughout the world are iron and dissolved salts. Others include fluoride, arsenic
and chromium (UNICEF, 1999).

41
 CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY

A detail site investigation of Dire Sheik Hussein rural water supply scheme in six
different user communities has been carried out from 14/4/2010 to 21/4/2010 and
09/5/2010 to 12/5/2010. The overall approach of the study follows quantitative and
qualitative methods of data collection and analysis. To keep its validity and reliability,
the study was guided by the principles of multiple sources and subsequent crosschecking
of information as well as by applying various data collection instruments. Details of the
methodology are briefly presented in the sections below.

3.1. Secondary Data Collection

Different documents of the water supply scheme and related documents have been
collected from 08/3/2010 to 15/3/2010 from different Bureau and offices in Addis Ababa.
Dire Sheik Hussein Water Supply Study document (soft document) was collected from
OWRB. Proclamation to provide for the establishment and administration of Oromia
regional state rural potable water service organization No.152/2009 was obtained from
OWRB. Similarly, Guidelines for administration of rural water supply service in Oromia
region and six wells completion report including water quality data (2002 report) were
collected from Gololcha district water resources office and water well drilling enterprise
(WWDE) respectively.

From the above mentioned four documents the following data were used. The design
document had specification of existing submersible pumps in the wells, background data
of the study area, designed population and demand data of the scheme, water resource
data of the study area, physical characteristic of the area etc.

42
The proclamation document had data such as organizational structure of Oromia rural
water supply organization; power, duty and responsibility of member of water committee
and water board etc. The guidelines had data such as detail procedure of how to establish
water committee and water board; detail duty of water board and water committee;
relation between water committee, water board, district water resources office etc. Well
completion report had well depth, well yield, DWL, SWL, water quality report, constant
rate pumping test, recovery test etc.

3.2. Site Surveillance and Primary Data Collection

The field survey has been carried out for an average of nine hour per day to inspect
physical condition of the scheme components, O&M activities, management situation and
to fill questionnaire. Existing physical status data of the scheme components had been
collected using structured formats and taking photograph of the components. Data
collection formats are filled and attached at Appendix A. To carry out the site
surveillance and collect the primary data there were vehicle facility problem for about
two weeks. Also, due to access road problem and rainy season of the area, it was not
possible using the available vehicle to travel to all sites under the project area.

Except some part of kura wada village all areas were visited. Dire sheik Hussein village
was visited two times on 20/4/2010 and 11/5/2010. The first visit was used to collect
distribution net work data such as water point, reservoir, cattle trough location and pipe
line length using GPS and to investigate existing physical status of scheme component.
On the second visit interview was held with the community based on prepared
questionnaires. On the same day similar work was done on 11/5/2010 for kejewa and
kura wada village. Similarly, buriya village was visited on 09/5/2010 to interview and to
collect distribution data. Dire gudo village was visited two times on 18/4/2010 and
10/5/2010 and dinsa village was visited on 19/4/2010 and 12/5/2010 as the same time
distribution data was collected, physical status of scheme component was observed and
interview was held with the community.

43
3.3. Performance Indicator and Sustainability of Water Supply Scheme

Sustainability of water supply has many dimensions. Here, technical sustainability,

financial sustainability, institutional sustainability, social sustainability and
environmental sustainability was considered.

3.3.1. Water Supply Service Performance Evaluation

Service Performance Indicators

1. Working Supply Points

Working Water Points

Indicators=number of functioning water points/ number of total water points

Working cattle troughs

Indicators= number of functioning cattle troughs/total cattle troughs

Working water point faucets

Indicators= number of functioning faucets /total faucets

2. Service Level (Quantity)

Indicator (1) =present supply capacity of the water source/maximum daily demand

Indicator (2) =present water distribution capacity of the scheme/peak hourly demand

Distribution capacity of pipe network and supply capacity of water source was calculated
based on existing pipe network and existing pumping condition. Hence, supply capacity
of the scheme was calculated based on 12 hr of pumping duration per day using diesel
generator and 20.3 l/s of all wells yield. Distribution capacity was taken from existing
pipe network hydraulic analysis result using WaterCAD.

44
3. Water Quality

As already discussed in literature review, A water quality monitoring programme can

detect any changes in water quality, which may indicate an operation and maintenance
problem. However, due to the following reasons, representative water sample for quality
test couldn’t be collected:
a) three out of four water wells were not working during site surveillance to take
water sample from wells
b) at the time of field survey, most of water points were not working due to absence
of water and
c) constraint of time and facilities

Therefore, only physical properties such as color, taste, smell, dirt, sediment, and coarse
and fine particulates etc of the water was considered for water quality evaluation based
on response from structured interview.

Indicator = positive response of respondent about quality/ total no of respondents

4. Water Supply Reliability

Indicator = (number of days water received/ number of days in month) x 100

5. Water Supply Accessibility

Indicator = (number of population that has access/total population) x 100

6. Water Supply Affordability

Indicator = (interviewees positive response to affordability/total interviewees) x 100

45
3.3.2. Water Supply Financial Performance Evaluation
Financial Performance Indicators

1. Unit Cost of Water

Indicator = total operation and maintenance costs/ kilolitres of water sold

2. Profit/Loss
Indicator =100 x (total sales – total expenditure) / total sales

3. Cash balance
Indicator =closing balance at end of previous month- payments made in current month +
amounts received in current month

4. Late Payments
Indicator = 100 x (total of arrear payments at end of period)/ (total of sales for period)

3.3.3. Water Supply Accountability Performance Evaluation

Accountability Indicators

1. Financial Accountability
Recommended ratings for this indicator are as follows (Stephan, 2000):
0% if the water committee either can not or will not disclose detail of their income and
/or expenditure.
33% if the water committee is willing to open its financial records for inspection, but the
records are incomplete and/or disorganized.
67% if the water committee is keeping complete and accurate cash books for both their
petty cash and their current account.
100% if the water committee is able to produce income and expenditure statement (using
general accepted accounting principles) from their financial records (including accounts
payable and accounts receivable).

46
2. Accountability “Up” to Gololcha Water Resources Office

Accountability of the water board was evaluated based on OWRB rural water supply
management guideline (OWRB, 2002 E.C.). To evaluate the performance, quarterly
report to Gololcha Water Resources Office was analyzed.

Indicator = (number of reports submitted / number required to be submitted) x 100

3. Accountability “down” to the Community

Notes:
Due to absence of data, evaluation method was modified for this indicator. Dire Sheik
Hussein water supply service office as WSP has an obligation to mange the water
supply service to the satisfaction of the community. Therefore, accountability was
evaluated based on filled questionnaires specifically question related to satisfaction.

Indicator = (number of respondents satisfied with the existing management/total number

of respondents) x 100

3.3.4. Over Extraction and Contamination of Water Sources

Over extraction and contamination of the well fields were investigated based on site
surveillance and an interview held with well operators. Due to absence of data, except
Dobi well, all wells couldn’t be investigated in detail.

3.4. Water Distribution Analysis Using Hydraulic Model

Here, hydraulics model was used only for analysis purpose to find out water distribution
capacity of the existing network and other hydraulic properties. In our country, especially
in Oromia region water resources bureau, WaterCAD is used mostly instead of EPANET.

47
One of the reasons for preference of WaterCAD rather than EPANET is due to
WaterCAD is an easy-to-use hydraulic model. Therefore, for this analysis WaterCAD
was selected and used.

3.5. Water Hammer Analysis

Here, water hammer analysis was done for the problematic area between Dobi well and
300m3 collection chamber. Hence, using formula (2.3), the water hammer was calculated
as follows.
Water hammer pressure = 1.4 x 106u (N/m2),
Velocity of the pressure line =0.76m/s, water hammer=1.4x10^6x0.76 (N/m2)=1,064,000
N/m2. But, 1m head of water=0.1kg/cm^2 .
Therefore, water hammer=1,064,000 N/m2 =106.4m of H2O
Static pressure =elevation of inlet of pressure line –well elevation = (2100.59+2.3)-
1995.10=107.79m

From the calculation, it was observed that static pressure was greater than water hammer.
Therefore, the effect of the water hammer on the pipe was not significant. Also as
mentioned in section 2.6, water distribution systems typically designed with velocity less
than 8 feet/ sec, which was similar with the case under consideration 1.77m/sec.

3.6. Interview with Community and Key Informant

Both types of interview methods were selected. Structured interview was selected for
user community and unstructured interview was selected for key informant interviews.
Since questionnaires prepared for user communities was too much in number and the
available time is too small, easy coding and analysis and due to factual and quantitative
data requirement, structured interview was selected for user communities. And
unstructured or open ended interview was selected for key informant interviews due to
the above mentioned characteristics of open interviews.

48
Accordingly, Dire Sheik Hussein water supply user communities were divided into six
groups (user communities) based on administration and mode of connection. All six user
communities have their own administration and water supply service from Dire Sheik
Hussein water supply system. The six groups are: 1. Dire gudo community, 2. Dinsa
community, 3. Kura wada community, 4.Buriya satawa community, 5. kejewa
community and 6.Dire Sheik Hussein community.

3.6.1. Sample Size

Since, the water supply scheme is common property for all user communities and the
existing water supply problem was not new and village specific, the variation of attitude
toward the service was not big. And due to time constraint and less availability of facility
to interview many households, five households were selected from each six user
communities as minimum. From the six user communities 32 households were selected
(seven from dire gudo community).And 42(forty two) questions were prepared and used
to get more realistic answer from the respondent. Then the selected sample size was
distributed among men and women with the ratio of women more than fifty percent.
Again number of men and women was distributed among government workers, food
sellers and ordinary people. And to make sample size more representatives, the structured
interview was supported by key informant and official interview. This open ended
interview that comprise 43 different questions was held with administrator, office head,
health experts, electrician, operator, chairperson of water committee and member of
water board and plumber. Summary of the open ended interview result is presented in
chapter five.

3.6.2. Questionnaire preparation, filling and interview

Forty two questions for user communities and different questions (appendix B to E) for
key informants were prepared. Accordingly, interview was held based on prepared
questionnaires for different officials and key informants as shown in the appendix.

49
3.7. Gender Equity Assessment

Gender equity assessment was done based on existing guidelines for management of rural
potable water service organization (OWRB, 2002E.C.). Therefore, based on the
guideline, proportion of women to men in six water committee and in an executive
committee of water board was analyzed.

Women in the six water committee at least = 4x6=24

Women in the executive committee of water board at least = 2x1=2
Hence, women proportion shall be =26/53=49%
However, this proportion couldn’t be identified during the site surveillance and interview
due to unavailability of organized data record.

50
 CHAPTER FOUR
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

4.1. Water Resources of the Study Area

4.1.1. Surface Water Resources

Surface water resources in the study area include rivers, streams and ponds. The major
river is Wabeshebele River, which are perennially flowing in the area. Apart from this,
Gololcha River, and others are among the intermittent streams in the area (OWRB, 2004).

Ponds
Surface water harvesting traditional man-made ponds were constructed by the community
in the study area as one of water supply source for domestic and livestock demand. Water
ponds were constructed by labor and money contributed by the community. Similarly,
maintenance work was being done by the community.

Dire Sheik Hussein village has eight

large traditional ponds. As we see from
the photo (Right) the pond water was
covered by small leaves. This pond is
found in the compound of main shrine.
It is called Haro luku.

Figure 4.1: one of traditional ponds of Dire Sheik Hussein village

51
4.1.2. Ground Water Resources

Hydrogeology

The hydrogeology and physical features of the district is viewed in line with division of
the district as highland, temperate and lowland zone. In the temperate zone, particularly
around Buriya the formation is sand stone. This is observed from the dry riverbed in the
area. Some sandstone units are weathered while other units are fresh. Some units of the
sandstone well compacted fine to medium grained and light gray to light brown color. In
the weathered part of the unit around natural drainage, traditional hand dugs have been
developed. These have very low discharge.

In the lowland zone of the district, particularly

around Dire Sheik Hussein, limestone formation
was forming cliffs by faulting and deeply cut by
the Wabeshebele River and its tributaries
(intermittent). The depth of the valley around Dire
Sheik Hussein is more than 600m. The limestone
forming the valley is bedded and jointed to help
percolation of surface water in the area to
recharge Wabeshebele riverhead to this the non
production well sunk up to 320m depth at Dire
Sheik Hussein confirm the fact that the area has
no ground water potential(OWRB, 2004).

Figure 4.2: Traditional HDW of buriya village

52
During the study of Dire Sheik Hussein wss, there were 2(two) shallow wells each with
50m depth and 1(one) borehole with 117m depth. at Dire gudo and Araramo village
respectively. The discharge of the borehole was estimated 2l/s (information from Zonal
office) .Based on these shallow wells and borehole, hydrological and geophysical survey
in the area has been conducted. A number of traditional hand dug wells are located down
the dry stream of Araramo and Wata stream. Both streams are the tributary of Gololcha
stream (intermittent stream) (OWRB 2004).

Geophysical Survey

Geophysical survey conducted by Dire Sheik Hussein water supply project study crew
(assigned from OWRB) along Araramo and Wata stream strengthen the above
information and gave clue to the existence of ground water in the study area. The
expected yield from each borehole was estimated to be about 3l/s. Therefore six borehole
sites were selected and located (OWRB, 2004).

Based on the result of the study, six wells were drilled and four wells become productive.
The other two become dry (WWDE, 2002).

4.2. Population and Water Demand

Population projection

For the analysis of population of the user community, population projection was made
based on 2007 census data. But, 2007 census data has no growth rate for population
projection. Therefore, population growth rate was taken from 1994 census data .Dire
Sheik Hussein water supply scheme was designed for the period from 2005 up to 2020.
Hence, the scheme has given five years of service up to 2009. And, the scheme is left
with only ten years of service.

53
Population projection to analysis the water supply scheme was made based on:

- Population growth rate = 2.4% up to 2010, 2.19% up to 2015 and 1.97% up to 2020
- Population base data = 2007 census data
- Population projection=Geometric increase method
- Analysis horizon=10 years of period (from 2010 to 2020G.C.)

Table 4.1: Forecasted population of user community

2007(census
S.No User communities record) 2010 G.C. 2015 G.C. 2020 G.C.
1 Dire Sheik Hussein 3,351 3599 3985 4318
2 Dire gudo 6,997 7515 8321 9017
3 Dinsa 6,208 6668 7383 8000
4 Kura Wada 2,445 2626 2908 3151
5 Buriya satawa 4,131 4437 4913 5323
6 Kejewa Chuka Basu 5,150 5531 6125 6637
Total 28,282 30,376 33,634 36,446

Water demand projection

The following criteria are used to analysis water demand of user communities.
- 10 years of period (from 2010 to 2020G.C)
- 1.5 % per capita consumption growth rate (Oromia general design standard)
- 15 l/d present average per capita water demand (MoWR, 2009).

Based on the above criteria, per capita consumption of the scheme was forecasted. Hence,
Per capita demand (l/c/d) of 2010, 2015 and 2020 is 15 l/c/d, 16 l/c/d and 17.5 l/c/d
respectively.

54
Table 4.2: Water demand projection
Description Dire gudo Dinsa Kura wada
Year 2007 2010 2015 2020 2007 2010 2015 2020 2007 2010 2015 2020
Population 6,997 7515 8321 9017 6,208 6668 7383 8000 2,445 2626 2908 3151
Per capita Demand
l/c/d 15 16 17.5 15 16 17.5 15 16 17.5
DWD (m3/d) 112.73 133.14 157.79 100.02 118.12 140 39.39 46.52 55.14
CWID m3/d 5.64 6.66 7.89 5 5.91 7 1.97 2.33 2.76
3
LWD (m /d) 13.53 14.98 16.23 12 13.29 14.4 4.73 5.23 5.67
3
system loss( m /d) 13.19 15.48 18.19 11.7 13.73 16.14 4.61 5.41 6.36
3
ADD m /d 145.08 170.25 200.11 128.72 151.05 177.54 50.7 59.49 69.92
ADD l/s 1.68 1.97 2.32 1.49 1.75 2.05 0.59 0.69 0.81
MDD m3/d 174.1 204.3 240.13 154.46 181.26 213.05 60.84 71.39 83.91
MDD l/s 2.02 2.36 2.78 1.79 2.1 2.47 0.7 0.83 0.97
MHD m3/d 261.14 306.45 360.19 231.7 271.89 319.57 91.25 107.08 125.9
MHD l/s 3.02 3.55 4.17 2.68 3.15 3.7 1.06 1.24 1.46

Description Buriya Satawa Kajawa cuka basu Dire Sheik Hussein

Year 2007 2010 2015 2020 2007 2010 2015 2020 2007 2010 2015 2020
Population 4,131 4437 4913 5323 5,150 5531 6125 6637 3,351 3599 3985 4318
Per capita Demand
l/c/d 15 16 17.5 15 16 17.5 15 16 17.5
DWD (m3/d) 66.55 78.60 93.16 82.97 97.99 116.14 53.99 63.76 75.57
3
CIWD( m /d) 3.33 3.93 4.66 4.15 4.90 5.81 2.70 3.19 3.78
3
LWD (m /d) 7.99 8.84 9.58 9.96 11.02 11.95 6.48 7.17 7.77
3
System loss (m /d) 7.79 9.14 10.74 9.71 11.39 13.39 6.32 7.41 8.71
3
ADD m /d 85.65 100.51 118.14 106.78 125.31 147.28 69.48 81.54 95.83
ADD l/s 0.99 1.16 1.37 1.24 1.45 1.70 0.80 0.94 1.11
MDD m3/d 102.79 120.62 141.77 128.14 150.37 176.74 83.38 97.84 115.00
MDD l/s 1.19 1.40 1.64 1.48 1.74 2.05 0.97 1.13 1.33
MHD m3/d 154.18 180.93 212.65 192.21 225.56 265.11 125.07 146.76 172.50
MHD l/s 1.78 2.09 2.46 2.22 2.61 3.07 1.45 1.70 2.00
Note:

LWD = 3 l/c/d x 60% x population,

System loss =10%x (DWD+ CIWD+LWD) m3/d, MDD = (1.2xADD) and CWID =
(5% of DWD) and PHD = 1.5 x MDD

55
Table 4.3: Summary of water demand
Description 2010 2015 2020
Average Day Demand m3/d 586.42 688.15 808.83
Average Day Demand l/s 6.79 7.96 9.36
Maximum Day Demand m3/d 703.7 825.78 970.6
Maximum Day Demand l/s 8.14 9.56 11.23
Peak Hour Demand m3/d 1055.55 1238.67 1455.9
Peak Hour Demand l/s 12.22 14.34 16.85

Table 4.4: Summary of Water Demand for option I (for scheme design)
Description Unit 2005 2010 2015 2020
3
Total average day demand M /d 587.77 694.06 815.68 996.00
Total average day demand L/s 6.80 8.03 9.44 11.54
Total Maximum day
demand M3/d 764.09 902.29 1060.38 1296.00
Total Maximum day
demand L/s 8.84 10.44 12.27 15.00
Total Peak Hour demand M3/h 44.07 52.01 61.30 73.50
Total peak hour demand L/s 12.24 14.45 17.03 20.42
Source: (OWRB, 2004)

Table 4.5: Summary of Water Demand for option II (for scheme design)
Description Unit 2005 2010 2015 2020
3
Total average day demand M /d 494.61 584.75 726.19 788.89
Total average day demand L/s 5.72 6.77 8.40 9.13
Total Maximum day
demand M3/d 643.01 760.18 944.06 1025.57
Total Maximum day
demand L/s 7.44 8.80 10.93 11.87
Total Peak Hour demand 3
M /h 37.09 43.86 54.46 59.18
Total peak hour demand L/s 10.30 12.18 15.13 16.44
Source: (OWRB, 2004)

As we see from table 4.3 and 4.5, water demand projection of option II (for design
purpose) and for analysis purpose almost the same.

56
4.3. Scheme components and its present Status
4.3.1. Water Supply Source

This water supply scheme has four deep wells namely, Dire gudo well #1, Dire gudo
well#2, Dire gudo well #3 and Dobi well with yield of 7.3 l/s, 3l/s, 4 l/s and 6 l/s
respectively (WWDE, 2002). The wells are spaced at a distance of more than 300m
(minimum recommended spacing of deep wells) (Khanna, 2001).

Figure 4.3: Dobi well and generator house (left) Dobi well head work (right)

At the time of site surveillance only one well is working (Dobi well). The other three
wells are not working. Dire gudo well#1 and 2 needs maintenance or replacement. But,
Dire gudo well #2 is functional. However, due to small yield of the well and high
consumption of fuel, the well is left idle for time being. It is planned to operate the well
with other interconnected wells (Dire gudo well#1&3).

57
4.3.2. Pipe network of the Scheme

4.3.2.1. Leakage Problem or System Loss

Most part of the pipe line was working properly. But, some portion of the pipe line had
serious problem. For instance, Pipe line from Dobi well to 300 m3 collection chamber
(3488.5m) had leakage problem at seventeen different locations as explained by
plumbers. However, the mentioned locations couldn’t be verified due to constraint of
time. Only six leakage locations were identified. At the time of site surveillance three of
them were active. Those leakage points were located using GPS with configuration of
UTM projection, Zone 37(36o E-42oE-North Hemisphere), Datum of ADINDA, with
planar units of METER: 668111E and 821183N, 668227E and 821267N, 669176E and
821703N, 669458E and 821895N, 669505E and 821924N and 669791E and 822079N.
There was no record of water production and water consumption data. Therefore,
percentage of system loss couldn’t be calculated.

Figure 4.4: Active leakage location

58
4.3.2.2. Flow Controlling Valves

Gate Valves

Gate valves are known as shut off or stop valves. It is extensively used in the distribution
system to shut off the supplies whenever desired. They are also help full in dividing the
water mains in to suitable sections.

Valves must be numerous and should be spaced at short intervals in order to cause the
minimum dislocation of the service if a portion of a pipe line has to be shut off.
Whenever a small pipe branches from a large one, the former is provided with a valve.
Valve on the “run” of large mains should normally be 0.8 to 1.6 km apart (Khanna,
2001).

However, in Dire Sheik Hussein water supply scheme gate valves on main line are
installed very far apart. For instance, there is no gate valve between Dinsa Reservoir
junction and Kura Reservoir junction which is 14.433km pipe length. This pipe length
accommodates 255 m3 of water. During maintenance or repair work of pipe line almost
the mentioned amount of water could be lost. Therefore, to minimize loss of water and to
make repair easy, gate valves should be installed at interval of 2km.

Floating Valves

Floating valves are used on distribution reservoirs or other tanks and filter beds etc. to
maintain constant water levels. The valves are usually of piston type actuated by means
of a lever and float (Khanna, 2001).

Similarly, in Dire Sheik Hussein water supply scheme floating valves were being used for
service reservoir and pressure break tanks. The existing floating valves couldn’t work as
intended. This problem was may be due to age of the equipment, PN of the equipment
and/or operation problem. Therefore, to solve problem of floating valves detail study
should be carried out.

59
Figure 4.5: Floating valve
These types of floating valves were
being used for service reservoirs and
pressure break tanks. Mainly, it is
very important for Pbt. Age of these
equipments was estimated to be
about 20 years after supplied to Bale
Zone water resources office store.

4.3.3. Collection Chamber, Service Reservoirs and Pressure Break Tanks

The water supply scheme has two collection chambers, five service reservoirs and four
pressure break tanks. 300 m3 collection chamber is used for colleting water from the four
deep boreholes and 25m3 is used for surface pumps as balancing chamber. The service
reservoirs are constructed at different places in the distribution net work. But, two
villages had no their own service reservoirs as the other four villages. The 5 m3 tanks are
located at different location to serve as break pressure tank for distribution system.
Existing status of this components shows that concrete construction has been carried out
with good attention of quality work. Other details such as fence, manhole cover
condition, reservoir washing etc is presented in table at appendix A.

Figure 4.6: 300 m3 collection chamber (left) Pbt (right) for Buriya village

60
4.3.4. Water Points and Cattle Troughs

The water supply scheme has twenty seven water points and eight cattle troughs to
provide water for the communities and live stocks. All structures, except cattle trough of
Dire Sheik Hussein, were at good condition. Status of working condition and
accompanying parts are presented in table at appendix A.

Figure 4.7: cattle trough of Dire Sheik Hussein village (left) and water point at lalu (right)

4.3.5. Electromechanical Equipments

Power source for Dire Sheik Hussein water supply scheme was from five diesel
generators installed for each bore hole and booster station. There were four submersible
pumps installed in each well and coupled to diesel generator. Also, there were three
surface pumps installed for booster station. Detail data and working condition of the
electromechanical equipments are presented in table at Appendix A.

Figure 4.8: Surface pumps at booster station (left), typical submersible pump (right)

61
4.3.6. Water Board, Water Committees and other Necessary Staffs

Water committee member shall be seven in number. And, at least half of the members
shall be women. Executive committee of a board shall have 7(seven) to 11(eleven)
members democratically elected from water board. Similarly, at least two women shall be
member of executive committee of a board (OWRB, 2002 Eth.cal).

From discussion made with manager of potable water service office, no detail data of
water committee and water board could be found. But, other necessary staff’s data was
available in the office.

4.3.7. Potable Water Service Office Facilities

The organization had office with 8(eight) classes, one building for store, one light vehicle
and other houses .At the time of site surveillance, the organization was using only one of
the eight classes. The remaining 7(seven) classes were occupied by other organizations
and peoples.

4.4. Interest and Satisfaction Assessment Using Questionnaire and Interview

4.4.1. Summary from Closed Ended Interview

The structured questionnaire for interest and satisfaction assessment filled by in habitants
is summarized in the table in appendix F. As seen from the summary table, the reliability
and performance of the water supply scheme was worse in many aspects. The
questionnaire format is presented at appendix B. Some of them have been narrated as
presented in the figure 4.9 to 4.11 and table 4.6 to 4.10.

62
 Respondents sex proportion

25 22
Respondents

20
15
10 Respondents
10
5
0
M F
Sex

Figure 4.9: Respondents sex proportion

Respondents education level

14 13
12
Respondents

10 9
8 6 Respondents
6 4
4
2
0
0 1 to 6 7 to 10 10+1to 10+3
Education level

Figure 4.10: Respondents education level

Functionality of nearby WPt

40
Respondents

29
30

20 Series1
10 3
0
No Yes
Yes, no answer

Figure 4.11: Functionality of nearby wpt

63
Table 4.6: Distance of wpt from inhabitants
Distance of Wpt from Respondents Number of households Percentage
10-50m 16 50
51-100m 11 34.38
101-250m 3 9.37
251-500m 2 6.25
Total 32 100

Table 4.7: Time spent to collect water when there is supply

Time spent to collect water Number of
when there is supply(min) respondents(households) Percentage
3-15min 10 38.46
16-30min 5 19.23
31min-1hr 4 15.38
>1hr 7 26.92
Total 26 100

Table 4.8: Mostly used sources of water by the community

Number of
Mostly used source of water respondents(households) Percentage
Water supply 1 3.13
Alternative 31 96.87
Total 32 100

Table 4.9: Existing status of alternative water treating condition of the community
Alternative source water treating for drinking, Number of
using Boiling, “wuha agarar” and/or filtering respondents(households) Percentage
Always 15 46.87
some times 8 25
No 9 28.13
Total 32 100

Table 4.10: Tariff setting situation of the water supply scheme

Tariff setting considers socioeconomic Number of
conditions? respondents(households) Percentage
Yes 6 18.75
No 5 15.62
No answer 21 65.63
Total 32 100

64
4.4.2. Summary of Interview Held With Key Informants

Interview was held with different key informants as shown in appendix K. From the
interview, it was found that there were: high interruption of water supply, water related
disease and problem of maintaining generators, vehicle, air release valves and pipe
leakage on time. There was also problem of misuse of money and collecting of service
fee. Similarly, timely supervision, allocating of sufficient budget, permanent employee,
replacing of fragile pipe between Dobi well and 300m3 collection chamber,
implementing proper O&M activities for electromechanical equipments, constructing
additional service reservoirs, installing additional gate valves on main pipeline and
replacing generator power with hydropower were required.

4.5. Waterborne and other related diseases

Interview concerning Dire Sheik Hussein water supply scheme had been conducted with
Dire Sheik Hussein clinic office head and Dinsa clinic expert on 20/4/2010 and
19/4/2010 respectively. From the interview it was found that diarrhea, Intestinal parasite,
skin infection and typhoid were major water-related disease in the project area. Record of
ten top disease data was not available at Dire Sheik Hussein clinic. However, daily record
data from 21/3/2002 E.C to 12/4/2002 E.C showed that 155 (one hundred fifty five) acute
water diarrhea patients had been treated in the clinic. In average seven patients per day
was treated. Ten top diseases record in Dinsa clinic shows that diarrhea was 419 in 1997
E.C. and 395 in 1998 E.C. detail of the ten top diseases are shown below in the table.

65
Table 4.11: Ten top diseases statistic of some part of the project area
S.No. Description 1997 E.C. 1998 E.C.
1 Respiratory infection 776 1055
2 Unspecified diseases 536 467
3 Diarrhea 419 395
4 Intestinal parasite 241 142
5 Gastritis 197 141
6 Rhmatism 141 96
7 Skin diseases 135 47
8 Anemia - 69
9 Teeth ache 109 -
10 Eye diseases 85 68
11 Otitis media 61 66
Source: Dinsa clinic

66
 CHAPTER FIVE
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Under this section major results of the investigation of performance of the scheme will be
presented and discussed in detail. The major results were found from interview and
discussion held with community and key persons, from primary and secondary data
analysis and site surveillance carried out.

5.1. Performance of the Scheme Based on Basic Service Parameters

Performance and Sustainability of Water Supply Scheme as stated in the methodology

part will be analyzed based on questionnaires prepared and filled and additional data
from site surveillance.

5.1.1. Service Performance of the Water Supply Scheme

Working Supply Points

From site surveillance, it was found that performance of water supply points such as
water point, cattle trough and faucets was 91%, 0% and 85 % respectively. Zero percent
performance of cattle trough indicated that absence of service on CT during presence of
water supply. Structurally, almost all cattle troughs were at good condition except the one
in Dire Sheik Hussein village with dismantled pipe work.

67
Service Level (Quantity)

Table 5.1: Service level (quantity) indicator of the water supply scheme
year Indicator(1) Indicator(2)
supply capacity of MDD service water distribution capacity service
3 3
water source(m /d) (m /d) level of the scheme(l/s) PHD(l/s) level
2010 876.96 703.70 1.25 24.20 12.21 1.98
2015 876.96 825.78 1.06 24.20 14.34 1.69
2020 876.96 970.60 0.90 24.20 16.86 1.44
Note: Average efficiency of EM equipment and friction factor for pipe was assumed for
the analysis year

With respect to indicator(1), Service level in 2010 and 2015 was more than 1(Table
5.1).But, after 2016 supply capacity of the existing system can’t satisfy MDD of the user
community. Therefore, it needs attention to increase supply capacity of the water source.
Water distribution capacity of the existing pipe network was more than 1 up to end of
design year (Table 5.1). Water distribution capacity of the scheme was at good condition.
Even, the capacity of the pipe network may extend beyond design year (Table 5.1).

Water Quality

Existing water supply scheme’s water quality test has been done in 2002 G.C. after
completion of well drilling (WWDE, 2002).The water quality report was compared with
WHO’s drinking water quality standard (WHO, 1993) and it was found the water quality
was under permissible boundary. Based on the questionnaires prepared and filled, 29 of
the respondents accept the quality of water without any comment. However, three of
respondents accept the quality of water with some reservation. The reservation was due
to: a) there was debris during first flush (two respondents in Buriya village) b) the water
may be contaminated due to frequent interruption of water supply (one respondent from
Dinsa village).This implies 91% of households responded the water quality was good.

68
Water Supply Reliability

The potable water service office couldn’t supply the community continuously (not to
mean water must be available over 24hr). As described in the methodology part of this
paper, to evaluate reliability of water supply, there should be supply of water at least for
some days in every month. But, questionnaires filled by respondents’ shows that
interruption of water supply some time lasts for two to six months. Therefore, we
couldn’t use the indicator defined for this case. However, the reliability of the water
supply is presented as shown in the table below.

Table 5.2: Performance of water supply reliability

S.No Water availability Percentage of respondents
1 one to two weeks per year 1/32 =3.12
2 two to four weeks per year 16/32 =50.00
3 three to six weeks per year 2/32 =6.25
4 one to two months per year 6/32 =18.75
5 six weeks to three months per year 4/32 = 12.50
6 mostly no water 2/32 =6.25
7 no answer 1/32 =3.12
Total 32/32=100
Note: once water delivery starts for the communities, water was available continuously
on water points for one to two weeks.

Water Supply Accessibility

Number of population that has access can be calculated as follows: 1) as observed from
structured interview and site surveillance made all community was within 1.5km from
water points 2) from table 5.1 supply capacity of the scheme per day= 876.96m3 and from
table 5.3 required demand of 2020 (Universal Access Programme =15 l/c/day) =
701.59m3/day. Since, supply capacity of the system was greater than required demand;
accessibility of the water supply scheme was satisfied. This implies, accessibility =
number of population that access (36,446)/total population (36,446) = 100%.

69
Table 5.3: Water demand (Universal Access Programme)
Description 2010 2015 2020
Domestic water demand (m3/d) 455.65 538.14 637.81
System loss(m3/d)=10% of DWD 45.56 53.81 63.78
Total demand(m3/d) 501.21 591.96 701.59

Water Supply Affordability

When assessing affordability, it is important to collect data on price of water and

economic status of the community to estimate to what level community can pay.
Therefore, based on filled questionnaires, more than half of the respondents consider the
water tariff was not affordable (table 5.4).

Table 5.4: Affordability of the community

Is the tariff affordable? Number of respondent Percentage
Yes 13 41
No 18 56
No Answer 1 3
Total 32 100

5.1.2. Financial Performance of Water Supply scheme

For any water supply scheme good financial performance is one of those pillars support
the well working condition of water supply scheme. As described in the methodology
part, to evaluate the financial performance of the scheme, the following performance
indicators should be considered. These are; a) unit cost of water b) profit/loss c) cash
balance and d) late payment. And to evaluate the performance of the scheme, operation
and maintenance cost, meter cube of sold water, monthly payments data, etc are
required.

However, the water supply scheme had no such data for the analysis. The absence of this
record can be taken as one weakness’ of financial performance of the scheme. No
financial performance possible without record of financial activity.

70
5.1.3. Accountability Performance of Water Supply Scheme

Financial Accountability

Dire Sheik Hussein water board had no complete and organized financial records for
income and expenditure. But, the water board was willing to open its financial records for
inspection. Therefore, based on recommended rating proposed by Stephan (2000),
performance of financial accountability of the water supply scheme was 33%.

Accountability “Up” to District Water Resources Office

Based on OWRB rural water supply management guideline (2002 E.C), the water board
shall report its work accomplishment quarterly to Gololcha water resources office. Due to
absence of consistent management system and record, the water board couldn’t report
quarterly. Water board may report once annually incomplete data. Therefore,
accountability was = 100 x number of report submitted (1 per year)/ required report (4
per year) = 25%.

Accountability “down” to the Community

Based on the questionnaires filled by the community, satisfaction of the community with
respect to the existing management is shown below.

Table 5.5: Summary of respondents’ opinion about existing management

Do you feel satisfied with the existing number of
management of the water service? respondents(households) Percentage
Yes 6 19
No 22 69
No Answer 4 12
Total 32 100
Indicator = (number of respondents satisfied with the existing management/total number
respondents) x 100
Therefore, based on the indicator, accountability “down” to the community was 19%.

71
5.2. Over Extraction and Contamination of the Well Field

The drainage area around the well field was not exposed to any considerable
contaminants and wastes or fertilizer. The area was rural area with less fertilizer
utilization and no waste disposal problem. And from interview made with operator of
Dobi well, it was found that 300m3 reservoir was filled after 12hr pumping. The effective
volume of the reservoir was not greater than 280m3. Therefore, pumping rate become
280,000lit/ (12x60x60sec) =6.48 l/s. Maximum recommended yield of the well was 6.6
l/s. Therefore, this result showed no over extraction from this well. To investigate other
wells in detail data was not available. But, from reliability of the water supply service,
existence of over extraction was not possible.

5.3. Physical Conditions of the Scheme and Cause of Frequent Pipe Leakage

Generally, the present physical status of the scheme was investigated by dividing the
scheme in to the following parts. These are; a) concrete work b) fence work c) pipe work
and d) electromechanical works. Hence, each component will be discussed in detail.

Concrete Works

Almost all concrete works of Dire Sheik Hussein water supply scheme was at good
condition. Concrete works of water points, reservoirs, pressure break tanks, valve
chambers, pump house, generator house, cattle trough etc had no damage except head
work of Dobi well and small damage on Dire gudo well #3. Hence, this was one of good
condition of the scheme. Due to quality of the work, the scheme saved expenses that
could be spent for maintenance. Also, in normal case, no expense will be required at least
in the near future for concrete work maintenance.

Fence Works

From appendix A (existing status of scheme components), it can be observed that from
36 observed fences 14 were abandoned and 5(five) were fragile fences.

72
This implies about 39% of the fences were abandoned and 14% of the fences were
fragile. The damage of the fences was mostly due to usage of eucalyptus tree which was
generally not good for works below ground surface.

Pipe Works

Pipe leakage was one of the main problems of the scheme. The main leakage was
between Dobi well and 300 m3 collection chamber, and some location down stream of
Booster station. To investigate the main reason for the leakage, discussion had been held
with senior plumber that has worked in the scheme from construction till now. Also,
specific site surveillance has been made. And water hammer analysis was carried out for
the above-mentioned pipeline and it was found, water hammer was less than static water
pressure (section 3.6). But, main cause of the leakage for pipe between Dobi well and the
reservoir could be the following.
a) damage of pipe treads during pipe fixing and workmanship
b) using of damaged tread of pipe
c) absence of pipeline pressure test

Cause of the leakage for pipe down stream of

booster station was due to age of fittings and
damage that made by human on air release
valves and gate valves that located at far
place from residence area of the community.

Figure 5.1: Air release valve replacing (May, 2010)

Electromechanical Works

There were five pumping station with diesel generator power sources. At time of site
surveillance three of the generators were not working. From the three generators, two of
them were stopped due to damage of AVR and cylinder head respectively.

73
The other one was required to be idle for a time being by the water supply service office.
Generally, the following major problems were identified.
a) There was significant birds feces on the generator
b) No on time oil service
c) No schedule of pump and generator inspection
d) No daily operation record and e) no on time EM maintenance

5.4. Water Distribution Analysis Using WaterCAD

WaterCAD V6.5 was used after collecting necessary data for the analysis. The data was
collected as primary and secondary data. The secondary data was collected from water
supply service office .All data (points and lines data) of pipe works were not available at
the office. Therefore, the remaining data was collected from the site. Collection of the
data was accomplished using GPS and measuring Tap. Globalmapper software loaded
with DEM was used to make primary data coherent with secondary data. After checking
the rightness of the data, it was filled to the WaterCAD software to carryout the analysis.

Then after making so many trial and errors to analysis different scenarios of the existing
operation condition of the water supply scheme, the following result was obtained as
shown in Appendix K. From the result in the table G1, we can see that the existing
distribution pipe network could supply at least 24.2 l/s water which was more than peak
hourly demand (16.85 l/s) of year 2020. Also, from table G2, it can be seen that to pump
efficiently 20.3 l/s (save yield of the wells), we should use submersible pump of H=274m
and Q=7.3 l/s, H=329m & Q=3 l/s, H=265m & Q= 4 l/s and H=215m & Q= 6 l/s for Dire
gudo well #1, #2, #3 and Dobi well respectively. Accordingly, we should pump all wells
simultaneously for 13 hr and 17min per day to satisfy year 2020 demand.

74
 CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The research made has come out with conclusion concerning the research problems. As
can be seen from result and discussion part of this report, interruption of the water supply
was serious problem of the scheme (table 5.2).From the survey it was found that 50% of
households respond, water was available only for two to four weeks per year(table 5.2).
Each time water delivery for the communities lasts for one to two weeks on water points.

Operation and maintenance activities of the water supply scheme have difficulties mainly
on EM equipments, pipe works and light vehicle maintenance. Also, the water supply
office couldn’t collect service charge to provide water to the communities again and
again. These all problems including other minor problems made the communities not to
be satisfied to the existing management of the water supply service. Similarly, from filled
structured questionnaires, it was found that only 19% of households satisfied with the
existing water supply service management (table 5.5).All the above problems may be
occurred not only due to poor management but also from technical efficiency of the
scheme.

From filled structured questionnaires by inhabitants, water quality (physical) of the water
supply scheme is accepted by 91% of households. However, due to existing management
of the water supply service, 97% of households were forced to use most of the time
alternative water sources rather than potable water supply service (table 4.7). The practice
or awareness of the community to wards treating of the alternative water was not good.
Because, from the structured interviews it was found that only 47% of households always
treat water for drinking purpose (table 4.8). So, this situation may make the communities
susceptible to waterborne and other related diseases as discussed in section 4.5.

75
Generally, during project development software and hardware part of a project should be
considered equally. During such large water supply project design and construction, the
following aspects of the project should be considered carefully. a) system operation
analysis must be carried out in detail b) from planning to construction stage post
construction management should get the same attention as construction for better
sustainability of the project c) completion of a project should be carried out after
accomplishing all tests set to approve the quality of the construction. All the above
mentioned activities have good contribution for the sustainability of a water supply
scheme. Also, during water supply service management, performance indicators should
be followed to track quality process toward sustainability (chapter 2 and 3).

Hence, for the well performance and sustainability of Dire Sheik Hussein water supply
scheme, the following action should be taken:

a. Fragile pipe line from Dobi well to 300 m3 collection chambers should be
replaced by new pipe with careful supervision during replacement.
b. For Buriya Pbt and Wada Pbt, it is better installing new floating valves to make
the filling operation automatic, if there are no floating valves, we should construct
a minimum of 50 m3 and 25 m3 service reservoirs respectively.
c. Additional gate valves at interval of 2km should be installed between Dinsa
reservoir junction and Kura reservoir junction and on pipeline that branch from a
main line.
d. For Dire gudo well field with existing submersible pumps and pump position , to
operate two wells simultaneously, use the best efficient combination of well#2
with #3 and well#1with#3(appendix J).
e. Awareness should be created about treating of water comes from alternative
sources for drinking purpose incase of failure of the water supply service and how
to use water in home with care.
f. To cover maximum daily demand of the community between year 2016 and 2020,
water supply capacity of the wells should be increased using longer pumping hour
and hydropower or diesel generator with standby (table 5.1).

76
g. Water tariff should be calculated to check the rightness of the existing water price
(25cents to 50cents/”jerikan” ⇒more than 10 birr/ m3) and to analyze
affordability of the community.
h. To bring reliability of water supply, power source problem should be solved by
maintaining the existing diesel generators or by supplying new diesel generators
or using hydroelectric power which is the best option.
i. Effective service fee collection strategy should be laid to supply water
consistently.
j. All unlawful withdrawal of money from the institution should be refund back
through legal process that enhances accountability in the management of the
scheme.
k. Financial management should be based on budget proposal that should be
approved by Gololcha district water recourses office based on income of the
institute. When water board becomes active enough to manage the water supply
system, budget of the water supply office can be approved by the board.
l. Financial activities should be reported to district and zonal water resources office
on monthly bases.
m. The government should allocate deficit budget for major expenses including
salary of employee till the system become fully operational.
n. Generators’ O&M requirement (table 2.2) should be carried out to increase
service life of the equipments. Similar requirement can be developed for surface
pumps.
o. Manual how to care take and minor service EME should be translated to Oromifa
for convenience of operator and posted at appropriate place in the generator and
pump house for daily activities.
p. More complicated maintenance tasks and repairs have to be done by a well-
trained mechanic with access to sufficient spare parts.

77
q. It is difficult to establish sustainable organization without qualified staffs,
attractive payment, providing appropriate training, manuals and guidelines and
facilities (communication, transportation etc). Hence, for the water supply office,
chairperson, accountant, cashier, purchaser, store man, plumbers and Operators
should be hired or assigned from government office based on interest, promotion
and competition. And salary of the employees should not be less than government
scale.
r. All resources (vehicle, office rooms, income etc) of DSHWSO should be used
only in a way that helps provision of water for the community and any concerning
office should not interfere daily activities of the office.
s. The office should prepare their own work schedule based on the existing
guidelines and all duties mentioned on the guidelines should be followed strictly
and carried out on time.
t. Performance of the office may be evaluated regularly based on accomplishment
of duties sub clause 8.3 on existing Guideline (OWRO, 2004).

78
7. Bibliography:

1. ADBG (2000): Sectoral and project performance indicators in the water supply and
sanitation sub-sector. Operations evaluation department (OPEV), 26 September 2000.

2. BZWRO (2008/2009): Access to potable water report of year 2008/9.Bale-Robe.

3. CSA (2007): Summary and statistical report of the 2007 population and Housing
Census. Addis Ababa. December 2008.

4. Daniel P. Loucks and Eelco van Beek (2005): Water Resources Systems Planning and
Management. An Introduction to Methods, Models and Applications, PP. 23,
UNESCO.

5. Dean A. Trammel Jr ( ): Creating a Hydraulic Model from an ArcSDE Geodatabase.

Tucson Water Department. Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6. Devid A.Stephan (2000): Performance indicators for rural water scheme. 26th WEDC
conference, Dhaka, Bangladish, 2000. Water, sanitation and hygiene: challenges of
the millennium,. South Africa.

7. Dr.B.C PUNMIA, ASHOK KUMAR JAIN and ARUN KUMAR JAIN (1995): Water
supply Engineering. Second edition. September.

8. François Brikké (2000): Operation and Maintenance of rural water supply and
sanitation systems. A training package for managers and planners, IRC International
Water and Sanitation Centre, Delft, Netherlands

9. Haestad Methods, Inc (1996): WaterCAD Help

10. K S B K n o w - h o w series ( ): Water Hammer. Volume 1. www.ksb.de

11. Marieke T. Boot and sandy caimcross (1993): Actions speak: The study of hygiene
behavior in water and sanitation projects. IRC international water and sanitation centre
and London school of hygiene and tropical medicine. London.

12. MoWR (2002): Water Sector Development Programme , 2002-2016, water supply and
Sanitation Programme

13. MoWR (2002): Water Sector Development Programme ,2002-2016, 2002 main Report

14. MoWR (2009): Rift valley lakes basin integrated resources development master plan
study project (page A-1), Phase 3 draft report, November 2009.

15. MoWR (2009): Rural water supply package Part III. Guide for rural water supply
universal Access programme planning and management, February 2009.

79
16. Nilanjana Mukherjee and Christine van Wijk (2003): Sustainability, Planning and
Monitoring in community water supply and sanitation(ed.). The World Bank.

17. Ong Boon Kun, Suhaimi Abdul Talib and Ghufran Redzwan (2007): Malaysian
Journal of Civil Engineering 19(1): 73-83 (2007): Establishment of performance
indicators for water supply services industry in Malaysia.

18. OWRB (2002 E.C.): (Guidelines for management of rural potable water service
organization). February, 2002 E.C.

19. OWRB (2004): Dire Sheik Hussein Water Supply Study Document, Addis Ababa.

20. OWRB (2005): Pamphlet for Inauguration of completion of Dire Sheik Hussein Water
Supply Project, April 30, 2005

21. Param Iyer, Barbara Evans, Jason Cardosi, and Norman Hicks (2005): Operational
Guidance for World Bank Group Staff. Rural Water Supply, Sanitation and Budget
Support —Guidelines for Task Teams, September 2005

22. P.N Khanna (2001): Indian Practical Civil Engineers’ Handbook. New Delhi:
Engineers’ Publishers.

23. UNESCO (2004): Ground water studies. An international guide for hydro geological
investigations, 2004, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP

24. UNHCHR (2009): Committee on economic, social and cultural rights. Twenty-ninth
session, Geneva, 11-29 November 2002. Agenda item 3.Retrived September 2009
from<http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/6/cescr.htm>

25. UNICEF (1999): Water, environment and sanitation technical guidelines. Towards
better programming, a water hand book.

26. Urs Frohlich(2001): Management guide. Series of manual on drinking water supply,
volume 1. SKAT, Swiss Centre for Development Cooperation in Technology and
Management.

27. U.S. Fire Administration (2008): Water Supply Systems and Evaluation Methods.
Volume I. Water Supply System Concepts, October 2008.

28. USGS (1974): Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the United States

Geological Survey.

29. Water Policy International Ltd (2000/1): Understanding Sustainability of Local

Water Services. Water Web Management Ltd .1 Dome Hill, Caterham, Surrey CR3
6EE, UK.

30. WHO (1993): Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. Geneva

80
31. WHO (2006): Guidelines for drinking-water quality. [electronic resource]:
incorporating first addendum. Vol. 1, Recommendations. – 3rd ed. 2006G.C.

32. W.Wade William and McDevitt Ray (2005): Achieving reliability and sustainability in
water supply planning. California Water Law and Policy Reporter, October 2005

33. WWDE (2002): A report on six wells completion for Dire Sheik Hussein rural water
supply project, Addis Ababa.

34. Z. Michael Lahlou (2003): Tech Brief. Water Hammer. National Drinking Water
Clearinghouse, winter 2003.

81
 8. Appendix

Appendix A: The scheme components and existing status

Table A1: Existing status of the scheme components on Gravity main and pressure line
Scheme 300m3 100m3 Pbt1 Pbt2 Dobi well Dire gudo Dire gudo Dire gudo
component Collection Collection well No.1 well No.2 well No.3
characteristics chamber chamber
Geographic 671245E 689774E 689367E 688860E 668101E 674855E 674442E 673522E
Location 822582N 835132N 843406N 846099N 821175N 823108N 823248N 823364N
(UTM) 2059.0m 2021.0m 1878.5m 1719.0m 1956.75m 1922.25m 1930.0m 1942.2m
Fence abandoned Partially has fence has no abandoned abandoned abandoned At better
condition abandoned fence condition than
the others
Pavement has no has no - - - - - -
condition crack crack
Working Properly Properly It is working Not The only Not working Not working Not working
condition working working using floating working, working due to but no more due to
valve It is well problem on information problem on
bypassed generator generator
Drainage Has no Has no good good good good good good
condition drainage drainage
problem problem
Leakage no leakage no leakage - - - - - -
condition
Manhole good and has cover has cover - - - -
condition locked without lock with lock
Well head - - - Well head is Good but Good but Head work is
condition damaged cable has been water meter is damaged
cutoff damaged Partially

82
Generator - - - good good good good
house
condition
Generator - - - Good Not working - Not working
condition
Reservoir not good not good not good not good - - - -
washing
condition

Table A2: Existing status of water supply scheme components of Dire Sheik Hussein village
Scheme 75 m3 Cattle trough WPt1 WPt2 WPt3 WPt4 WPt5 WPt6
component Reservoir
characteristics
Geographic 687231E 687519E 687331E 687814E 688146E 688142E 688387E 687536E
Location 852299N 855081N 855981N 856281N 856312N 856504N 856681N 856803N
(UTM) 1565.0m 1475.0m 1478.0m 1474.4m 1460.4m 1462.0m 1454.0m 1477.9m
No. of non - Gate valves and All All working one All five All
functional water meter are working working working
faucets abandoned
Fence abandoned - Good Partially good good abandoned Partially
condition abandoned abandoned
Pavement No crack No crack No crack No crack No crack No crack No crack No crack
condition
working working Not working working working working working Not working
condition working
Drainage good - good good good good Ditch is Ditch is
condition filled with filled with
debris debris
Leakage No No leakage No No leakage Has No No leakage Has

83
condition leakage leakage leakage leakage leakage
Manhole Good manhole cover Has Has Has Has Has Has
condition abandoned manhole manhole manhole manhole manhole manhole
cover cover cover cover cover cover
Water - Water meter working working working working working working
Meter dismantled
condition

84
Table A3: Existing surface pump data of the water supply scheme
Pump description Pump1 Pump2 Pump3
Type RKP RKP RKP
manufacturer KIRLOSKAR KIRLOSKAR KIRLOSKAR brothers
brothers brothers
Type No - - -
Serial No - - -
Date of - - -
manufacture
model - - -
Diameter (inch) - - -
Discharge (l/s) 51.48m3/hr 51.48m3/hr 51.48 m3/hr
Motor voltage 330 330 330
Motor ampere - - -
stages - - -
Head(m) 132 132 132
Speed(rpm) 2940 2940 2940
Frequency(Hz) 50 50 50
Temp. Max - - -
(Celsius)
Impeller material - - -
Pump Power 26.82kw 26.82kw 26.82kw
Prime mover 30kw 30kw 30kw
rating
condition working working Not working
Remarks Has small leakage - Switch board is
problem not working
- Has large leakage

Table A4: Existing status of Booster station

Scheme 25 m3 Surface Generator Generating Compound
component Collection pump house house set fence
characteristics chamber
Geographic 689045E - - - -
Location 834721N
(UTM) 1932.25m
Pavement No crack No crack No crack - -
condition
Working Properly Properly Properly Properly The fence is
condition working working working working abandoned
Drainage Good Pump room Good - -
condition has small
drainage
problem

85
Leakage No No leakage No leakage No leakage -
condition leakage
Manhole Has - - - -
condition manhole
cover

Table A5: Existing submersible pump data of the water supply scheme
Pump description Dobi well Dire gudo well Dire gudo well Dire gudo well
No. 1 No. 2 No.3
Type - - - -
manufacturer - - - -
Type No - - - -
Serial No - - - -
Date of - - - -
manufacture
model - - - -
Diameter (inch) - - - -
Discharge (l/s) 6.64 6.91 4.72 3.16
Motor voltage
Motor ampere
stages - - - -
Head(m) 205 209 255 260
Cable length(m) 150 150 320 180
Speed(rpm) - - - -
Frequency(Hz) - - - -
Temp.Max - - - -
(Celsius)
Impeller material - - - -
Pump Power 30 26kw 18.5 18.5
Prime mover rating - - - -
Remarks functional functional functional functional

Table A6: Existing Generator data of the water supply scheme

AC Generator Dobi well Dire gudo Dire gudo Dire gudo Booster
description well No. 1 well No. 2 well No.3 station
Type - - - - -
manufacturer KIRLOSKAR - - Italy Newage
OIL ENGINES electrical
LTD, India India limited
Type No - - - - -
Serial No 4H.2542/0500002 - - - -
Date of 2005 2004 - 2004 -
manufacture
Model - - - - -
Speed(rpm) 1500 1500 - 1500 1500

86
Frequency(Hz) 50 50 - 50 50
Temp.Max 400 400 - 400 400
(Celsius)
volts 400 400 - 400 380
Max. altitude -
Rating continuous - - - continuous
KVA 100 45 - 45 100
Phase 3 - - - 3
Remarks Properly working Not working working Not Properly
but idle working working

Table A7 : Water Supply Scheme Data of each Village

Item Description Unit Qty Capacity Remarks
No.
Dire gudo village
1 Service No 1 100m3 +300m3 on line common
reservoir reservoir
2 Water point “ 4 Six faucet
3 Cattle trough “ 1 -
4 Pipe work km 2.507 25-80mm
Dinsa village
1 Service No 1 100m3 +300 m3 on line common
reservoir reservoir
2 Water point “ 5 Six faucet
3 Cattle trough “ 1 -
4 Pipe work km 2.232 40-80mm
Kura-wada village
1 Service No 1 75m3 +300 m3 on line common
reservoir reservoir
2 Water point “ 4 Six faucet
3 Cattle trough “ 2 -
4 Pipe work km 5.068 25-65mm
5 Pbt No 1 5 m3
Buriya setewa village
1 Service No - - They use on line common
reservoir reservoir of 300+100 m3
2 Water point “ 5 Six faucet
3 Cattle trough “ 1 -
4 Pipe work km 4.70 25-80mm No DN 50mm
5 Pbt No 1 5 m3
kejewa village
1 Service No - - They use on line common
reservoir reservoir of 300+100 m3
2 Water point “ 3 Six faucet
3 Cattle trough “ 2 -

87
4 Pipe work km 0.296 25-40mm
Dire Sheik Hussein village
1 Service No 1 75 m3 +300 and 100m3 on line
reservoir common reservoir
2 Water point “ 6 Six faucet
3 Cattle trough “ 1 -
4 Pipe work km 6.099 25-65mm

Table A8: Project components data on gravity main and pressure line
Item Description Unit Qty capacity Remarks
No.
1 Collection No 1 300m3 Used to collect water
chamber from four borehole
2 Collection “ 1 100m3
chamber and
service reservoir
3 Boreholes “ 4 7.3,3.0,4.0 &6.0 l/s
4 Generator house “ 5 -
5 Surface pump “ 1 -
house
6 Submersible “ 4 -
pump
7 Surface pump “ 3 -
8 Balancing “ 1 25m3
chamber
9 Pipe works
-Gravity main Km 46.566 65-200mm
-Pressure line “ 8.886 65,100,150mm
10 Pbt No 2 5m3

Table A9: Existing status of the scheme components of Dire gudo user community
Scheme 100 m3 Cattle WPt1 WPt2 WPt3 WPt4
component Reservoir trough
characteristics
Geographical 674059E 674467E 674635E 675176E 675715E 675883E
Location 824309N 823710N 823821N 823779N 823680N 823830N
(UTM) 1967.5m 1945.0m 1950.75m 1951m 1948.75m 1942.5m
No. of non - - All All All All working
functional working working working
faucets
Fence abandoned - abandoned fragile fragile fragile fence
condition fence fence
Pavement Has no Has no Has no Has no Has no Has no crack
condition crack crack crack crack crack
working Properly Not Properly Properly Properly Properly

88
condition working working working working working working
Drainage Valve Valve Valve Valve Valve Valve
condition chamber chamber chamber chamber chamber chamber and
and ditch and ditch and ditch and ditch and ditch ditch are
are filled are filled are filled are filled are filled filled with
with mud with with mud with mud with mud mud &
& rubbish rubbish & rubbish & rubbish & rubbish rubbish
Leakage No No - - - -
condition leakage leakage
Man hole Has cover Has Has cover Has cover Has cover Has cover
condition with lock cover with lock with lock with lock with lock
with
lock
Water meter - working working working working working
condition

Table A10 : Existing status of water supply scheme components of Dinsa village
Scheme 100 m3 Cattle WPt1 WPt2 WPt3 WPt4 WPt5
compone Reservoir trough
nt
characteri
stics
Geograph 677389E - 677581E 677542E 677915E 677818E 678175E
ic 825950N 825991N 825689N 825769N 825111N 824664N
Location 1966.50m 1959m 1951.25m 1937.75m 1926.5m 1921.0m
(UTM)
No. of - All All are All are All are All are All are
non faucets working working working working working
functiona
l faucets
Fence abandoned - good good good good good
condition
Pavement No crack No No crack No crack No crack No crack No crack
condition crack
working Properly Not Properly Properly Properly Properly Properly
condition working workin working working working working working
g
Drainage No No Drainage Drainage Drainage Drainage Drainage
condition problem proble ditch is ditch is ditch is ditch is ditch is
m full of full of full of full of full of
mud and mud and mud and mud and mud and
rubbish rubbish rubbish rubbish rubbish
Leakage No No No No No No No
condition leakage leakag leakage leakage leakage leakage leakage
e
Manhole Has cover Has Has Cover Has Cover Has Cover Has Cover Has

89
 condition with lock Cover Cover
Water - workin working working working working working
meter g
condition

Table A11: Existing status of water supply scheme components of kura and wada village
Scheme 75 m3 Kura Wada Pbt WPt1 WPt2 WPt3 WPt4
component Reservoir Cattle Cattle
characteristics trough trough
Geographic 687009E 687030E - 687671E 687017E - - -
Location 833868N 833781N 833477N 833827N
(GPS) 1927.2m 1913.80m 1839.75m 1921.2m
No. of non - - - - one - - -
functional
faucets
Fence Relatively - - Has no Relatively - - -
condition good fence good
Pavement No crack No crack - - No crack - - -
condition
working working Not - Working working - - -
condition working but with
difficulty of
over flow
Drainage Good Good - Good Good - - -
condition
Leakage No No - No No - - -
condition leakage leakage leakage leakage
Manhole Has Has - Has Has - - -
condition manhole manhole manhole manhole
cover cover cover cover
without with lock with lock
lock
Water - working - - working - - -
Meter
condition

Table A12: Existing status of water supply scheme components of Buriya setewa village
Scheme Cattle Pbt Lalu wpt WPt1 WPt2 WPt3 WPt4
compone trough
nt
characteri
stics
Geograph 693215E 691290E 689790E 693280E 693387E 693573E 693322E
ical 836125N 835723N 835158N 836203N 836096N 836319N 836639N
Location 1675.6m 1789.0m 2020.0m 1678.65 1673.2m 1675..2m 1688.75m
(UTM) m

90
No. of Gate In let gate Four All All one All
non valve valve has function function faucets are
serious
functiona function leakage al al damaged
l faucets al
Fence - abandon Fragile abandon abandon abandon Fragile
condition ed fence ed ed ed fence
Pavement No No No No No No No crack
condition crack crack crack crack crack crack
working Not Working Working Properly working working working
condition working but need working
overflow
controllin
g
Drainage Ditch is There is Good Good Good Good Good
condition filled accumulat
ion of
with water
debris around the
chamber
Leakage No No No GateNo No Gate vale
condition leakage leakage leakage leakage
vale not leakage not
working working
Manhole Has man Manhole Has man Has man Has man Has man Has man
condition hole cover hole hole hole hole hole cover
cover has no cover cover cover cover without
lock lock
Water working - working working working working working
meter
condition

Table A13: Existing status of water supply scheme components of kajawa village
Scheme Mechefera Kejewa Kejewa Danisa WPt Mechefera WPt
component cattle Cattle WPt
characteristics trough trough
Geographical 688841E 688685E 688793E 688557E 688722E
Location 837429N 841883N 841907N 840009N 837413N
(GPS) 1921.3m 1937.40m 1946.3m 1923.9m 1930.25m
No. of non - - All All working four
functional working
faucets
Fence - - good good abandoned
condition
Pavement No crack No crack No crack No crack No crack
condition
working Not Not Working Working Working
condition working working

91
Drainage Ditch is Ditch is Ditch is Ditch is clear Ditch is clear
condition clear clear clear
Leakage No No No No leakage Gate valve has
condition leakage leakage leakage leakage
Manhole Has man Has man Has man Has man cover Has manhole
condition cover cover cover cover
Water working working working working working
Meter
condition

Appendix B: Structured Questionnaires for Inhabitants

Water use (for community)

General question for respondent

a. Sex
b. Education level
c. Occupation
d. Marital status
e. Family size
f. Livestock size
g. Name of village

Water supply facility

1. Is the water point nearby functional? Yes/No

2. Does the water point has good discharge during operational? Yes/No
3. For how long is the water point open?
every day_________________every month________every year _______
4. Do you have a restriction on water use? Yes/No. If yes, why ?
5. What can you say about the quality of the water from this source? good/not good
6. Is the water sufficient for your daily activities? Yes/No
7. Is there any significant shortage of water during dry season? Yes/No
8. Does everyone of the village has access to the water point? Yes/No
9. For what purposes do you use the water? __________________________
10. Could you estimate the distance from your residence to the water point?
a) 10-100m b) 101-200m c) 201-500m d) 501-1500m e) grater than 1.5km
or time spent
11. How much time do you spend collecting water per day? (time spent at water
point + time to travel – roundtrip) a)5-15min b)16- 30min c)31min- 1hr
d) more than one hr
12. Which members of the family are actively involved in fetching water?
a) women b) men c) Male children d) Female children
13. How much water do you use per week per total family size?___________

92
 14. How much water do you use per week for livestock demand?_____________

Alternative water sources

15. Do you access an alternative source? Yes/No

16. Why do you access the alternative source?
a) due to lack of continuity of improved water supply b) due to tariff of water
17. Which source of water (alternative / water supply) do you use mostly?________
18. Could you mention the names of alternative sources you use?
19. How far is the alternative source from your residence? (in time and distance)
20. Is the quality of the water from this source good or not good?
21. For what purposes do you use the water? ___________________
22. How do you treat the water before using it?
a) Filtering b) Boiling c) No treatment d) Other_______

Water committee and water board

23. What are the criteria to select the members?______________________________

24. What was your role during the selection?________________________________
25. Is the composition good ( in terms of gender, age, religion, poor and marginalized
people) ? Yes/No
26. Is there an incentive for being a member? Yes/No

Water supply service management

27. Do you feel satisfied with the management of the water service? Yes/No
28. Are there any managerial problems? Yes/No. If yes mention the managerial
problem
29. What do you think should be done to help water supply service office?________
30. Is the existing Dire shek Hussen water supply service office transparent with
regard to income accrued and expenditure? Yes/No

Water tariff

31. How much do you pay (per m3 or jerican?_____________________

32 . Is the tariff affordable? Yes/No
33. How are decisions reached to set the tariff? Consensus/imposing
34. Did the tariff setting take into account the different socioeconomic conditions of
the community (Willingness and capacity to pay, poor, middle income,
marginalized, women, etc)? Yes/No
35. How do you pay for the water service? a) on the-spot payment for the service b)
monthly payment for definite volume of water c) other_______

Thank you for your collaboration and patience

93
Appendix C: Questionnaires for water service office manager

Key informant interviews

Financial and technical Factors (for DSHWSO manager)

1. What are the main sources of income for operation and maintenance costs
Revenue?
Fines(penalty, charge etc )?
Community fund raising?
Donations? Grants?
Support from Woreda WRO/Zone WRO/OWRB?
2. What do you do when people are not paying for the service?_____________
3. Who collects money to be paid for the service form the people?_____________
4. Have you legal revenue collection receipts? If no, how could you manage?
5. Do you have a system to support people who cannot pay for the service? Yes/No,
if yes mention it _____________________
6. How do you see your annual income and expense in the past three to five years(
Compare your incomes and expenses)._______________
7. What are the major expenditures? (the causes?) ____________________
8. Do you save money? Yes/No
9. For what purposes do save? (maintenance, expansion, rehabilitation)
10. How much have you saved in the past three to five years?
11. Do you have bank account?
12. Maximum amount of money allowed to be in the box or cashier?
13. Do you have legal procedure to solve problems related to misuse of money of the
institution? Yes/No
14. Is there any record of misuse of money of the institution in the past? If yes, what
action has been taken?
15. Do you have record of production and consumption of water? Y/N if no why?
16. Do you have manual on how to operate and inspect generator and pump?
17. Do you have data on fuel and oil consumption rate for your all generator and
surface pump?
18. Is there any corrective measure to be taken? Yes/No, if yes mention it

Thank you for your collaboration and patience

94
Appendix D: Questionnaires for local health office manager

Key informant interviews

Interview for Health Office

Interviewee background information

Name __________________________________ sex________ age_________

Educational qualification_____________ position in the organization_______________

1. What are the major water-related diseases in the project area?

_________________________________________________________________

2. What is the trend of water-related diseases in the past five years?

_________________________________________________________________

3. Is there a situation where a scheme breakdown/non-functionality has resulted in

increased health problems? If yes: do you have a data?

4. Do you support the institution? If yes, how?

5. How frequently do systems fail to work throughout the year or

month?___________________________________________________________
6. How soon are they maintained?_______________________________________
7. Which type and part of the scheme often faces failure?______________________
8. What do you think are the main reasons for failure?
__________________________________________________________________
9. What do you think should be done to effectively and efficiently sustain the
functionality of schemes?

Thank you for your collaboration and patience

Appendix E: Questionnaires for District Administrator and WRO

Key informant interviews

Interview for District Administrator and Water resources office

1. How do you perceive your office’s roles and responsibilities in the development
and sustainability of the scheme?
2. What barriers are there to stop you from performing your roles and
responsibilities?
3. In what ways do they challenge you?
4. Is there any intervention in using facility of the institution?

95
 5. To whom the RWS is accountable? What about water board?
6. Do you support the institution activities? if yes, how?
7. Are there barriers that hindered the collaboration? What are they? (bureaucracy,
lack of system of communication, lack of knowledge of roles and responsibilities
of actors, lack of manpower)
8. Do you supervise the institution activities being undertaken in the area? Y/N. If
yes, how? If no, why?
9. How frequently do systems fail to work throughout the year or month?________
10. How soon are they maintained?_______________________________________
11. Which type and part of the scheme often faces failure?______________________
12. What do you think are the main reasons for failure? _______________________
13. What can the wereda do if water committee/water board/ DSH-RWS mismanage
the scheme? (technical inability, corruption, discrimination, etc)
14. What shall you do if there is problem related to misuse of money of the
institution?
15. Is there any record of misuse of money of the institution in the past? If yes, what
action has been taken?
16. What do you think should be done to sustain the water supply service activities of
the scheme?
Thank you for your collaboration and patience

Appendix F: Filled structured Questionnaires

Table F1: Response to questionnaire for interest and satisfaction assessment

Respondent Qa Qb Qc Qd Qe Qf Qg
Sex Education Occupation Marital Family Lives Name of
status size tock village
size
1 F 0 x Married 6 4 Buriya
2 F 3 x Married 4 2 Buriya
3 M (10+3) Teacher Married 3 3 Buriya
diploma
4 F 3 Food seller Married 6 2 Buriya
5 F 1 Staff of Married 5 1 Buriya
kebele
council

6 F 0 x Married 3 7 Dire gudo

7 F 4 x Married 8 4 Dire gudo
8 M 4 Farmer Married 10 5 Dire gudo
9 M 7 “ Married 10 10 Dire gudo
10 F 5 Farmer and Married 9 20 Dire gudo
shopping

96
11 F 1 x Married 12 6 Dire gudo
12 F (10+3) Teacher Not 1 0 Dire gudo
diploma married
13 F 7 Food Married 4 0 Dire shek
Seller hussen
14 F 0 x Married 5 0 Dire shek
hussen
15 M 0 Merchant Married 10 7 Dire shek
hussen
16 M 4 “kidma” Married 6 0 Dire shek
hussen
17 F 0 x Married 6 0 Dire shek
hussen
18 F 0 x Married 5 6 Kajawa
19 F (10+3) Teacher Not 1 0 Kajawa
diploma married
20 F 0 x Married 3 4 Danisa
21 M 0 Staff of Married 6 3 Mechefera
Kebele
council
22 F 0 x Married 7 3 Mechefera

23 M (10+3) Teacher Not 1 0 Kura wada

diploma married
24 F 0 x Married 10 9 Kura wada
25 F 0 x Married 6 2 Kura wada
26 F 0 x Married 6 5 Kura wada
27 M 0 Farmer Married 15 2 Kura wada
28 M (10+3) DA Married 2 0 Dinsa
diploma
29 F 10 x Married 5 0 Dinsa
30 M 8 Food seller Married 3 3 Dinsa
31 F (10+3) Teacher Married 4 0 Dinsa
diploma
32 F 5 Food seller Married 4 2 Dinsa
X ⇒ has no work

Respo Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7
ndent Is Wpt Good How long Water use Quality Water Dry time
functio discharge open restriction of water sufficient Shortage of
nal? water
Buriya community
1 No Yes Two times No Good Yes No

97
 per year
2 No Yes One time No Good Yes Yes
per year
3 Yes Yes Three No Good No Yes
times per but first
year flash
bring
debris
4 Yes No Four times No Good No Yes
per year but first
flash
bring
debris
5 Yes Yes Two times No Good No Yes
per year
Dire gudo community
6 Yes Yes - No Good No Yes
7 Yes Yes Every No Good No Yes
two, three
and six
months
8 Yes Yes Every two No Good No No
to four
months
9 Yes (but Yes Every six No Good No -
has months
leakage)
10 Yes Yes Every One No Good No No
to three
months
11 Yes Yes Every No Good No Yes
three
months
12 Yes Yes Four times No Good No No
per year
Dire shek hussen
13 Yes Yes Two times No Good No No
per year
14 Yes Yes Two times No Good No No
per year
15 Yes Yes Two times No Good No No
per year
16 Yes Yes Two times No Good No No
per year
17 Yes Yes Two times No Good No No

98
 per year
Kejewa community
18 No - No water - - - -
19 Yes Yes Two times No Good No No
per year
20 Yes Yes Two times No Good No No
per year
21 Yes Yes Two times No Good No No
per year
22 Yes Yes Two times No Good No No
per year
Kura wada community
23 Yes Yes Four times No Good No No
per year
24 Yes Yes Two times No Good No -
per year
25 Yes Yes Mostly no No Good No No
water
26 Yes Yes Every No Good No No
three
months
27 Yes Yes Two times No Good No No
per year
Dinsa community
28 Yes Yes Every two No Good but No -
months interruptio
n of water
may cause
problem
29 Yes Yes Every No Good No -
months
30 Yes Yes Every two No Good No No
to three
months
31 Yes Yes Every 15 No Good No No
days to
one
months
32 Yes Yes Two to three No Good No No
months

- ⇒ No data

99
Respo Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14
ndent Every Purpose Distance Time Member How Livestock
one from spend per of much demand(jeri
has residence( day(min) family water per kan/two
access m) to fetch family per days)
water weak
Buriya community

1 Yes Drinking, 200 - Woman 14 jerikan. 4

cooking,
washing
2 Yes Drinking, 200 15 Woman 14 jerikan. -
cooking,
washing
3 Yes Drinking, 100 15 Woman 10 3
cooking,
washing
4 Yes Drinking, 50 20 Woman 20 2
cooking
5 Yes Drinking 500 - Woman 9 -

Dire gudo community

6 Yes Drinking, 100m - Woman 14 -
cooking,
washing
7 Yes Drinking, 100m > 1hr Children 14 4
cooking &
woman
8 Yes Drinking 50m 30min Woman 10.5 -
&
female
children
9 Yes Drinking 50 30min to Woman 9 1.5
2hr &
children
10 Yes Drinking, 100m 1 to 5 hr Woman 19 20
cooking, &
washing female
children
11 Yes Drinking, 100m 30min to Female 13 1.5
cooking, 1hr children
washing
12 Yes Drinking, 50m - Woman 4 0
cooking,

100
 washing

Dire shek hussen community

13 Yes Drinking, 25m 30min Man 42 0
cooking,
washing
14 Yes Drinking, 50m 3min to 1 Woman 21 0
cooking, hr
washing
15 Yes Drinking 100m 5min All 7 -
family
member
16 Yes Drinking, 50m 30min Woman 10.5 0
cooking
17 Yes Drinking, 20m 3min Female 14 0
cooking, children
washing

Kejewa community
18 - - 10m - - 14 -
19 Yes Drinking, 50m 5min Woman 5 0
cooking,
washing
20 Yes Drinking, 30m 3min Man 7 -
cooking,
washing
21 Yes Drinking 100m > 1hr Woman 14 4
22 Yes Drinking 70m 10min Woman - -

Kura wada community

23 Yes Drinking, 30m 5-30min Man 7 0
cooking,
washing
24 Yes Drinking, 50m 10min to Woman 9 -
cooking, 3hr
washing
25 Yes Drinking, 60m - Woman 7 2
cooking,
washing
26 Yes Drinking, 50m 3min Woman 16 12.5
cooking,
washing
27 Yes Drinking, 50m 30min-3hr Children 14 2
cooking,
washing

101
 Dinsa community
28 Yes Drinking, 300m 1hr Man 10.5 0
cooking,
washing
29 Yes Drinking, 250m 10min-1hr Woman 13 0
cooking,
washing
30 Yes Drinking, 100m 1hr- 12hr Man 23 3
cooking, &woma
washing n
31 Yes Drinking, 100m 5-10min Woman 8 0
cooking,
washing
32 Yes Drinking, 50m 5-10min Woman 14 1
cooking,
washing

Resp Q15 Q16 Q17 Q18 Q19 Q20 Q21

onde Access Why Mostly Name of alternati Quality of Purpose
nt to alternative source of alternative ve alternative
alterna source water source source source
tive distance
source

Buriya community
1 Yes No water Alternativ “Ela, 1km Not good All purpose
supply e mumicha”
2 Yes No water Alternativ THDW( 1km Not good All purpose
supply e Satawa
buriya)
3 Yes No water Alternativ THDW( 400m Not good All purpose
supply e Satawa
buriya)
4 Yes No water Alternativ THDW( 400m Not good All purpose
supply e Satawa
buriya)
5 Yes No water Alternativ THDW( 30min Not good All purpose
supply e Satawa
buriya)

Dire gudo community

6 Yes No water Alternativ THDW of 45min Good All purpose
supply e goha

102
7 Yes No water Alternativ THDW & 40min Not good All purpose
supply e pond
8 Yes No water Alternativ THDW & 1hr Not good All purpose
supply e pond
9 Yes No water Alternativ THDW 1-1 1/2 Not good All purpose
supply e and river hr
10 Yes No water Alternativ THDW 1hr Good All purpose
supply e
11 Yes No water Alternativ River & 1 1/2hr Not good All purpose
supply e THDW
12 Yes No water Alternativ Pond & 1hr Not good Except for
supply e THDW drinking for
all purpose

Dire shek hussen

13 Yes No water Alternativ Pond 5min Not good All purpose
supply e
14 Yes No water Alternativ Pond 3min Good All purpose
supply e
15 Yes No water Alternativ Pond 30min Not good All purpose
supply e
16 Yes No water Alternativ Pond 40m Good All purpose
supply e
17 Yes No water Alternativ Pond 10min Good All purpose
supply e

Kejewa community
18 Yes No water Alternativ Pond and 30min Not good All purpose
supply e river
19 Yes No water Alternativ Pond 15min Not good All purpose
supply e
20 Yes No water Alternativ Spring 15min Not good All purpose
supply e
21 Yes No water Alternativ THDW 30min Good All purpose
supply e
and cost
of water
22 Yes No water Alternativ THDW 15min Good All purpose
supply e
and cost
of water

Kura wada community

23 Yes No water Alternativ THDW 3km Not good All purpose
supply e

103
24 Yes No water Alternativ THDW 3hr Not good All purpose
supply e
25 Yes No water Alternativ THDW 1hr Good All purpose
supply e
26 Yes No water Alternativ THDW 4hrs Good All purpose
supply e
27 Yes No water Alternativ THDW 30min-1 Not good All purpose
supply e ½ hr

Dinsa community
28 Yes No water Alternativ Roof Jara=20 Not good All purpose
supply e harvesting km,
, jara pond=1.
water 3km
supply,
pond
29 Yes No water Water Rain 1.2km Not good All purpose
supply supply water,
family
pond
30 Yes No water Alternativ Pond 1.5 to Not good All purpose
supply e source 2km
31 Yes No water Alternativ Pond 1.5km Not good All purpose
supply e source
32 Yes No water Alternativ Pond 1.5km Not good All purpose
supply e source

Resp Q22 Q23 Q24 Q25 Q26 Q27 Q28

onde Water criteria to role Compositi incentiv satisfied managerial
nt treatin select the during the on e for with the problems?
g members selection being a manageme
member nt?

Buriya community
1 Boilin - Proposing, Good No No Yes
g voting
2 Boilin Ability No role Good No - No
g
3 Boilin - Proposing, Good No No Yes
g, voting
wuha
agar
4 Boilin - Proposing, Good No No Yes
g, voting
wuha

104
 agar
5 Someti Ability - Good Allowan No Yes
mes ce
boiling during
travel

Dire gudo community

6 Some - - - - No -
times
boiling
7 Boilin - - Good - No Yes
g
8 Boilin - Proposing, Good - No No
g voting
9 No Ability Proposing, Good No No No
voting
10 Wuha - No role - No No -
agar
11 Some Education, Proposing, Good No No -
times public voting
boiling interest
12 Filteri - No - - No -
ng

Dire sheik Hussein

13 No - No role - No Yes -
14 No - No role Good - No -
15 Boilin - No role Good No Yes Yes
g
16 Wuha - No role Good - Yes -
agar
17 Filteri - Proposing, Good No No -
ng voting

Kejewa community
18 Some - Proposing, Good - No -
times voting
boiling
19 Wuha - - - - No Yes
agar
20 No - - - - - -
21 Some Good Proposing, Good No No -
times behavior, voting
boiling education,
Serving

105
 equal
22 Some - No Good - Yes -
times
boiling

Kura wada community

23 Some - - Good No No Yes
times
boiling
and
wuha
agar
24 Some Serving No Good - No -
times equal
boiling
25 No - No role - - Yes -
26 No - No role Good - No -
27 No - No role Good Allowan No -
ce
during
travel

Dinsa community
28 Wuha Interest to Proposing, Good No No Yes
agar serve, voting
education
29 Boilin Good No role - - - -
g behavior,
Serving
equal
30 No Education, No - - No Yes
interest to
serve
31 Boilin - No Not good - Yes No
g,
filterin
g
32 No - No Good No - -

106
Res Q29 Q30 Q31 Q32 Q33 Q34 Q35
pon to help water supply transpar How much . Is the Is the tariff tariff setting How do you
dent service office ent with do you tariff Consensus/i considers pay for the
regard to pay(cents/je affordable mposing? socioecono water service?
finance rikan) ? mic
conditions

Buriya community
1 - - 40 Yes - - On spot
2 - Yes 50 No - Yes On spot
3 Fund raising Yes 40 No - No On spot
4 Problem should be - 25,35,40 Yes Consensus Yes On spot
identified
5 Fund raising - 35 No Consensus - On spot

Dire gudo community

6 - - 25 Yes - Yes On spot

7 - - 25 No Imposing No On spot
8 Incentives or salary is - 25 No Imposing No On spot
good
9 -salary for staff - 25 Yes Imposing Yes On spot
-assignment should be
based on qualification
-the vehicle has to serve
only water works
10 Incentive for plumber Yes 25 No Imposing No On spot
11 Well no1 generator - 25 Yes Imposing - On spot

107
 should be maintained
soon
12 -facility for fuel - 25 No - - On spot
-to administered by
Gololcha WRO

Dire shek hussen

13 - Yes 25,50 Yes Imposing - On spot

14 Daily Water should be No 50 No Imposing - On spot

variable
15 -fund raising - 30, 50 No Imposing Yes On spot
16 Existing staff should be - 25,50 Yes - - On spot
capacitated
17 Existing staff should be - 25 Yes Consensus - On spot
changed

Kejewa community
18 - - - - - - On spot
19 Management problem - 25 Yes Imposing - On spot
should be solved
20 - Yes 25 No - - On spot
21 -solve fuel problem - 25 No Imposing - On spot
-solve pipe problem
22 -water providing problem - 25 No - - On spot
should be solved

Kura wada community

23 -professional should be No 25 No Imposing - On spot

108
 employed
- preventing waste of
water
-Fund should be
available
24 - - 25 No - - On spot
25 - - 25 No - - On spot
26 - - 25 No - - On spot
27 Water should be No 25 No Imposing - On spot
available day & night

Dinsa community
28 -regular follow up from No 25, 30 Yes Imposing No On spot
concerned office
-incentive should be
given
-accountability
-regular report and
meeting
29 - salary should be Yes 25,30 Yes Consensus Yes On spot
available
30 - training No 25 Yes Imposing - On spot
-responsibility
-sufficient fund
-project component
should inspected
31 -daily allowance - 25 No Imposing - On spot
32 - - 25 Yes Consensus - On spot

109
Appendix G: Summary of Key Informants and Contact days

a) on date 14/4/2010 with Gololcha district water resource office manger and
process owner of the office using questionnaires in Appendix E
b) on date 15/4/2010 with Gololcha district administrator using questionnaires in
Appendix E
c) on date 17/4/2010 with manager of the WSO using questionnaires in Appendix C
d) on date 19/4/2010 with expert of Dinsa clinic to investigate health situation in the
project area using questionnaires in Appendix D
e) on date 20/4/2010 with Dire Sheik Hussein Clinic head to investigate health
situation in the project area using questionnaires in Appendix D
f) on date 05/5/2010 with BZWRO electrician on O&M of generator and pump, and
with store man of BZWRO about all aspect of the scheme
g) on date 09/5/2010 with chairperson of Buriya village water committee and
member of water board and with booster station operator to investigate EM and
other related problems
h) Finally, to investigate in depth pipe work problem, an interview was held with
senior plumber of the scheme on 12/5/2010.

Appendix H: Detail of Results of Interview held with key Informants

From the interview held with Gololcha district water resource office manger and process
owner of the office, it was found that:

o There was supervision of the management of the water supply scheme by the
water resources office (WRO) to check weather water board was working
according to the law and existing guidelines.
o WRO provided the WSO different formats and gave different training like
bookkeeping etc
o There was Changing of water board every two years
o There was problem of major maintenance of generator
o It was not clear to whom water board was accountable but the new guideline
clearly shows the water board is accountable to the WRO
o Water supply interruption frequency was very high

110
 o Generator problems were not maintained soon. For instance, Generator of Dire
gudo well#1was left damage for one year.
o WSO vehicle maintenance was a problem. Maintained part didn’t last long. The
reason was not clear because spare part purchasing was carried out always at zone
office level.
o Pipeline from Dobi well to 300 m3 collection chamber had serious leakage
problem. Even maintaining couldn’t give good solution
o There was leakage on air lease valves on pipeline downstream of Dinsa village
and local people increased the problem by using this leakage
o Pipeline from Dobi well to 300m3 collection chamber had installation problem
and it was required to be replaced by new one
o Reservoirs were required for villages such as mecefera, kejewa, danisa, buriya
and wada.
o Audit was done for the WSO and lost money was being funded back.
o Public auditing system was planned to establish
o Number of gate valves on main pipeline were not sufficient
o There was a need of diesel Power to be replaced by electric power
o water was being sold by 8 birr/ m3
o major maintenance (generator, vehicle, pipe) was required to done as soon as
possible

Similarly, from the interview held with Gololcha district administrator, it was found that:

o There was discussion with water board every three months

o Previous guideline was not clear. Because, it was mentioned that water board was
accountable to OWRB (Zone or District?)
o Due to the guideline there was obstacle to solve problems in the institution
o To supervise efficiently the WSO there was problem of communication, budget,
human resource
o The Administrative office supplied 12(twelve) barrel of fuel for the WSO in the
mid of 2002 E.C.
o Water supply office (WSO) was required to be accountable to District WRO. New
guideline clearly mentioned that WSO shall be accountable to WRO
o About the scheme ,” it was easier asking how frequently it works rather than it
fails”
o Maintenance was not carried out sooner
o Pipeline leakage and breaking was the main frequently happened problem
o The main reason for failure was design and installation problem
o There was misuse of money. Hence, audit was carried out and some of them were
funding back. Others were taken to a court
o Technician was required to be available at district level
o Sufficient budget should be allocated for the WSO
o Since the scheme is large, facilities such as vehicle, telephone , etc was required
for the WSO
o Guard was required at all generator and reservoir location

111
 o To solve problem of the scheme from its root, It was required to carryout detail
study
o Employees were required to be hired permanently for the WSO to initiate them to
work with good interest and ownership
o Different appropriate training for the employee were required for sustainability of
the scheme

From the interview held with Dire Sheik Hussein water supply office manager, it was
found that:

o Main source of income of the office was service fee

o In case of fee collection problem, the office wrote letter to each village
administrator to get help in collecting the fee
o Water point attendant had 15% commission
o Income and expense of two month was 7450 birr and 9510 birr
o Major expenditure of the water supply office was fuel
o No bank account and No money was available to be saved
o There was no good working interest among employee

From the interview held with Dinsa clinic nurse, it was found that:

o Major water related disease of the project area was diarrhea, skin disease and
typhoid
o Diarrhea trend in the past year was 419 in 1997 and 395 in 1998
o Diarrhea was increased when there was no water supply because the community
were forced to use pond water
o In the past six months, the supply was interrupted for two months
o Mostly the scheme part that face failure was Pipeline
o Pipeline protection and financial management should get care

From the interview held with Dire Sheik Hussein clinic office head, it was found that:

o Major water related disease in the area was diarrhea, intestinal parasite and skin
infection
o From 21/3/2002 up to 12/4/2002 155(one hundred fifty five) people was infected
with acute water diarrhea
o Water was available only on holly days and not sufficient for all
o Scheme parts that need maintenance was not maintained sooner. Some times it
took six months
o Main reason for failure of the water supply scheme was problem of on time
maintenance
o On time maintenance and timely supervision was required
o Up grading of technician was necessary

112
From the interview held with BZWRO electrician, it was found that:

o On the scheme there was no daily operation record for generator and surface
pumps
o Due to absence of this record, it was difficult to know main cause for the failure
of EM equipments
o No sufficient refreshing training was given for generator and pump operators
o Oil service should be carried out based on working hours

From the interview held with BZWRO store man, it was found that:

o Design and management of the scheme was one of the problem

o Quantity of gate valves on main pipeline were not sufficient for the scheme
o Water was overflowing at different locations. It was loss of money
o Water board couldn’t collect efficiently service fee from the water point
attendants
o Especially, down stream of booster station there were much loss of water
o Training was required to make the water board as strong as Mio-Gasrera and
Robe- Maliyu water supply scheme
o Frequent and regular supervision was important for the water board
o Problem of EM equipment was serious. For instance, one of the generator needs
replacement of AVR that costs 11,500(eleven thousand five hundred) birr
o The WSO was supported so many times by zonal office .For instance, 8(eight)
barrel of fuel was supplied in mid of 2002 E.C

From the interview held with buriya village chairperson of water committee and member
of water board, it was found that:

o The scheme management was one of the problem

o Good performance was a problem at chairperson of the water board
o Audit showed 13,600(thirteen thousand six hundred) birr on some villages
o There was no cooperation between Water board and WSO staff
o Service reservoir was a problem for Buriya village
o Water was available in buriya village if it was surplus of Dire sheik Hussein
o Water tariff in buriya village was 12birr/m3 =30cents/jerikan. The tariff was
increased in this village to compensated loss of water
o Lost money was required to be collected and the financial case to be brought to
court.
o Water demand was very high in the village. For instance, some time in the past
during holly day(“muda”) of Dire Sheik Hussein, they sold 800 birr within three
days

113
From the interview held with booster station operator, it was found that:

o Mostly water was available every six months

o There was no programme of reservoir washing. But, the reservoir in the booster
station was washed by the operator occasionally
o Booster station fence was failed before two years

From the interview held with chief plumber of the scheme, it was found that:

o Main problematic area of distribution net work was between Dobi well and 300m3
collation chamber
o There were 17 (seventeen) location that has a leakage problem. Three of them
were active during the interview
o Management of Pbt of buriya and wada village was a serious problem. The pbt
was not automatic. It was operated manually by men to fill and close every five
minutes
o The plumber had worked in the scheme during construction and now he was
working for the office. However, he couldn’t confirm accomplishment of
pipeline pressure test during construction of the scheme

114
Appendix I: Summary of Hydraulic analysis result

Table I1: Summary of hydraulic analysis result of existing pipe network (Pipe line data)

Upstream Downstream Pressure

Hazen- Minor Structure Structure Headloss Pipe
Length Dia. Williams Check Loss Control Hydraulic Hydraulic Gradient Headloss Velocity
S.No. Label (m) (mm) Material C Valve? Coefficient Status Q (l/s) Grade (m) Grade (m) (m/km) (m) (m/s)
1 P-158 1.2 100 GS 110 10 Open 0 2,106.87 2,106.87 0 0 0
2 P-167 1.5 100 GS 110 15 Open 0 1,978.76 1,978.76 0 0 0
3 P-168 1.2 100 GS 110 activated 15 Open 0 2,106.87 2,106.87 0 0 0
4 P-166 1.2 100 GS 110 activated 15 Open 0 2,106.87 2,106.87 0 0 0
5 P-165 1.5 100 GS 110 15 Open 0 1,978.76 1,978.76 0 0 0
6 P-156 1.2 100 GS 110 10 Open 0 1,978.76 1,978.76 0 0 0
7 P-159 1.2 100 GS 110 10 Open 0 2,106.87 2,106.87 0 0 0
8 P-155 1.2 100 GS 110 10 Open 0 1,978.76 1,978.76 0 0 0
9 P-41 158.5 40 GS 110 15 Open 0.3 2,005.95 2,005.53 2.62 0.42 0.2
10 P-182 309 65 GS 110 10 Open 0.7 1,998.60 1,998.03 1.83 0.57 0.23
11 P-133 219.25 40 GS 110 10 Open 0.3 1,531.09 1,530.32 3.54 0.78 0.24
12 P-120 1,500.90 150 Ductile Iron 120 10 Open 4.3 2,063.65 2,062.64 0.67 1.01 0.25
13 P-32 118 100 GS 110 10 Open 2 2,005.27 2,005.09 1.52 0.18 0.25
14 P-172 67 100 GS 110 10 Open 2.3 2,005.27 2,005.12 2.26 0.15 0.29
15 P-180 67 80 GS 110 10 Open 1.5 2,002.26 2,002.06 2.97 0.2 0.3
16 P-72 123.5 50 GS 110 10 Open 0.6 1,526.65 1,526.09 4.53 0.56 0.31
17 P-109 2,618.40 150 Ductile Iron 120 10 Open 6 2,066.82 2,063.65 1.21 3.17 0.34
18 P-80 140.6 65 GS 110 10 Open 1.2 1,780.35 1,779.75 4.29 0.6 0.35
19 P-47 85 50 GS 110 15 Open 0.7 1,991.80 1,991.16 7.58 0.64 0.38
20 P-199 1,653.00 80 GS 110 30.02 Open 2 1,838.18 1,831.48 4.05 6.7 0.4
21 P-198 0.5 80 GS 110 30.02 Open 2 2,066.82 2,066.57 488.16 0.24 0.4
22 P-28 10 40 GS 110 15 Open 0.5 2,067.44 2,067.24 20.87 0.21 0.4

115
23 P-173 283 80 GS 110 10 Open 2.3 2,005.12 2,003.64 5.22 1.48 0.45
24 P-174 53 80 GS 110 10 Open 2.3 2,003.64 2,003.28 6.79 0.36 0.45
25 P-178 523 65 GS 110 10 Open 1.5 2,000.71 1,997.31 6.51 3.4 0.45
26 P-181 533 65 GS 110 10 Open 1.5 2,002.06 1,998.60 6.5 3.47 0.45
27 P-35 100 65 GS 110 10 Open 1.5 2,001.45 2,000.71 7.35 0.73 0.45
28 P-17 259 150 Ductile Iron 120 10 Open 8 2,067.44 2,066.82 2.43 0.63 0.45
29 P-70 328.8 50 GS 110 10 Open 0.9 1,529.65 1,526.65 9.11 3 0.46
30 P-16 17 150 Ductile Iron 120 10 Open 8.5 2,067.60 2,067.44 9.18 0.16 0.48
31 P-53 3 25 GS 110 15 Open 0.3 1,965.27 1,965.00 90.04 0.27 0.51
32 P-79 63.4 65 GS 110 10 Open 1.7 1,780.99 1,780.35 10.06 0.64 0.51
33 P-8 758 100 GS 110 10 Open 4.2 2,009.36 2,005.27 5.4 4.09 0.53
34 P-64 940.85 65 GS 110 10 Open 1.8 1,556.38 1,547.91 9 8.47 0.54
35 P-122 540.5 100 GS 110 10 Open 4.3 2,062.64 2,059.49 5.82 3.15 0.55
36 P-126 729.4 100 GS 110 10 Open 4.3 2,056.88 2,052.69 5.75 4.19 0.55
37 P-124 444 100 GS 110 10 Open 4.3 2,059.49 2,056.88 5.88 2.61 0.55
38 P-103 1,690.35 200 Ductile Iron 120 10 Open 18.6 2,083.62 2,079.39 2.5 4.22 0.59
39 P-104 138.8 200 Ductile Iron 120 10 Open 18.6 2,079.39 2,078.88 3.68 0.51 0.59
40 P-101 2,008.00 200 Ductile Iron 120 10 Open 18.6 2,088.60 2,083.62 2.48 4.98 0.59
41 P-43 24 40 GS 110 15 Open 0.7 2,002.73 2,002.01 29.93 0.72 0.6
42 P-49 66 40 GS 110 15 Open 0.7 1,998.60 1,997.10 22.72 1.5 0.6
43 P-38 38 40 GS 110 15 Open 0.7 2,005.09 2,004.11 25.76 0.98 0.6
44 P-40 224 40 GS 110 15 Open 0.7 1,995.78 1,991.34 19.81 4.44 0.6
45 P-51 174 40 GS 110 15 Open 0.7 1,995.68 1,992.17 20.16 3.51 0.6
46 P-183 117 40 GS 110 10 Open 0.7 1,998.03 1,995.68 20.14 2.36 0.6
47 P-221 608 65 GS 110 10 Open 2 1,988.27 1,981.55 11.05 6.72 0.6
48 P-219 1,356.35 65 GS 110 10 Open 2 2,003.02 1,988.27 10.88 14.76 0.6
49 P-222 0.4 65 GS 110 30.02 Open 2 1,917.35 1,916.79 1,407.91 0.56 0.6
50 P-71 95.5 25 GS 110 15 Open 0.3 1,526.65 1,523.15 36.61 3.5 0.61
51 P-73 9 25 GS 110 15 Open 0.3 1,526.09 1,525.50 65.34 0.59 0.61
52 P-75 252.85 25 GS 110 15 Open 0.3 1,524.22 1,515.43 34.75 8.79 0.61
53 P-74 50 25 GS 110 10 Open 0.3 1,526.09 1,524.22 37.43 1.87 0.61

116
54 P-68 84 50 GS 110 10 Open 1.2 1,531.09 1,529.65 17.24 1.45 0.61
55 P-69 100 25 GS 110 15 Open 0.3 1,529.65 1,526.00 36.48 3.65 0.61
56 P-65 6 25 GS 110 15 Open 0.3 1,547.91 1,547.43 81.21 0.49 0.61
57 P-61 232 25 GS 110 10 Open 0.3 1,746.53 1,738.54 34.44 7.99 0.61
58 P-62 36 25 GS 110 15 Open 0.3 1,738.54 1,737.05 41.55 1.5 0.61
59 P-134 219.25 25 GS 110 15 Open 0.3 1,530.32 1,522.66 34.93 7.66 0.61
60 P-59 82.5 40 GS 110 10 Open 0.8 1,748.47 1,746.53 23.46 1.94 0.64
61 P-44 26 80 GS 110 10 Open 3.2 2,002.73 2,002.26 17.79 0.46 0.65
62 P-185 1,256.40 50 GS 110 10 Open 1.3 1,835.75 1,813.71 17.54 22.04 0.66
63 P-218 176.2 150 Ductile Iron 120 30.02 Open 11.8 1,983.05 1,981.64 7.98 1.41 0.67
64 P-217 340 150 Ductile Iron 120 30.02 Open 11.8 1,985.13 1,983.05 6.13 2.08 0.67
65 P-214 990 150 Ductile Iron 120 30.02 Open 11.8 1,993.69 1,988.91 4.82 4.77 0.67
66 P-213 309 150 Ductile Iron 120 30.02 Open 11.8 1,995.64 1,993.69 6.33 1.96 0.67
67 P-216 269.5 150 Ductile Iron 120 30.02 Open 11.8 1,986.92 1,985.13 6.65 1.79 0.67
68 P-215 317.15 150 Ductile Iron 120 30.02 Open 11.8 1,988.91 1,986.92 6.27 1.99 0.67
69 P-175 119.5 65 GS 110 10 Open 2.3 2,003.28 2,001.45 15.32 1.83 0.68
70 P-77 49.5 65 GS 110 10 Open 2.3 1,781.88 1,780.99 18.09 0.9 0.68
71 P-119 44.1 40 GS 110 15 Open 0.9 2,005.21 2,003.67 34.95 1.54 0.72
72 P-128 2,030.10 80 GS 110 10 Open 3.6 2,044.02 2,020.19 11.74 23.82 0.72
73 P-152 3,488.50 100 GS 110 activated 10 Open 6 2,138.19 2,102.79 10.15 35.4 0.76
74 P-66 729.85 50 GS 110 10 Open 1.5 1,547.91 1,531.09 23.04 16.82 0.76
75 P-97 2,066.10 200 Ductile Iron 120 30.02 Open 24.2 2,102.79 2,093.87 4.32 8.92 0.77
76 P-99 802 200 Ductile Iron 120 10 Open 24.2 2,093.87 2,090.45 4.26 3.41 0.77
77 P-100 400 200 Ductile Iron 120 10 Open 24.2 2,090.45 2,088.60 4.64 1.85 0.77
78 P-207 1,001.80 150 Ductile Iron 120 10 Open 13.7 2,029.57 2,023.77 5.8 5.81 0.78
79 P-212 1,472.95 150 Ductile Iron 120 10 Open 13.7 2,004.04 1,995.64 5.7 8.39 0.78
80 P-205 335 150 Ductile Iron 120 10 Open 13.7 2,040.14 2,037.99 6.4 2.15 0.78
81 P-206 1,477.10 150 Ductile Iron 120 10 Open 13.7 2,037.99 2,029.57 5.7 8.42 0.78
82 P-209 542 150 Ductile Iron 120 10 Open 13.7 2,019.19 2,015.91 6.06 3.28 0.78
83 P-208 777.7 150 Ductile Iron 120 10 Open 13.7 2,023.77 2,019.19 5.88 4.58 0.78
84 P-211 680.4 150 Ductile Iron 120 10 Open 13.7 2,008.08 2,004.04 5.94 4.04 0.78

117
 85 P-210 1,370.00 150 Ductile Iron 120 10 Open 13.7 2,015.91 2,008.08 5.71 7.83 0.78
86 P-201 880 150 Ductile Iron 120 10 Open 13.7 2,069.08 2,063.94 5.84 5.14 0.78
87 P-200 1,729.10 150 Ductile Iron 120 10 Open 13.7 2,078.88 2,069.08 5.67 9.8 0.78
88 P-203 284 150 Ductile Iron 120 10 Open 13.7 2,045.96 2,044.10 6.57 1.87 0.78
89 P-204 665.8 150 Ductile Iron 120 10 Open 13.7 2,044.10 2,040.14 5.95 3.96 0.78
90 P-202 3,218.05 150 Ductile Iron 120 10 Open 13.7 2,063.94 2,045.96 5.59 17.98 0.78
91 P-42 205.5 80 GS 110 10 Open 4 2,005.95 2,002.73 15.68 3.22 0.8
92 P-184 10 40 GS 110 15 Open 1 1,963.05 1,962.25 80.07 0.8 0.8
93 P-54 60 40 GS 110 10 Open 1 1,965.27 1,963.05 37.05 2.22 0.8
94 P-46 20 40 GS 110 15 Open 1 1,991.80 1,990.68 55.87 1.12 0.8
95 P-187 143.6 150 Ductile Iron 120 10 Open 14.3 2,117.57 2,116.39 8.26 1.19 0.81
96 P-188 2,233.10 150 Ductile Iron 120 10 Open 14.3 2,116.39 2,102.79 6.09 13.6 0.81
97 P-115 98.7 65 GS 110 10 Open 2.7 2,005.21 2,003.02 22.15 2.19 0.81
98 P-29 2,810.50 65 GS 110 10 Open 2.7 1,609.36 1,556.38 18.85 52.98 0.81
99 P-11 109.5 80 GS 110 10 Open 4.3 2,008.04 2,005.95 19.11 2.09 0.85
100 P-20 7,528.30 65 GS 110 30.02 Open 2.8 1,762.56 1,609.36 20.35 153.2 0.85
101 P-127 505.3 80 GS 110 10 Open 4.3 2,052.69 2,044.02 17.16 8.67 0.86
102 P-45 334 50 GS 110 10 Open 1.8 2,002.26 1,991.80 31.33 10.46 0.89
103 P-85 84 65 GS 110 activated 10 Open 3 2,145.77 2,143.46 27.5 2.31 0.9
104 P-92 1 65 GS 110 10 Open 3 1,821.15 1,820.71 435.47 0.44 0.9
105 P-93 157 65 GS 110 10 Open 3 2,149.73 2,145.77 25.22 3.96 0.9
106 P-87 433.9 100 GS 110 activated 10 Open 7.3 2,150.19 2,143.46 15.51 6.73 0.93
107 P-22 1,971.83 65 GS 110 10 Open 3.2 1,831.48 1,781.88 25.15 49.6 0.95
108 P-171 200 40 GS 110 15 Open 1.2 2,005.09 1,995.51 47.88 9.58 0.95
109 P-197 115 50 GS 110 30.02 Open 1.9 1,976.00 1,970.32 49.43 5.68 0.99
110 P-196 0.8 50 GS 110 30.02 Open 1.9 1,995.64 1,994.12 1,902.58 1.52 0.99
111 P-52 42 40 GS 110 10 Open 1.3 1,967.79 1,965.27 59.89 2.52 0.99
112 P-60 156 25 GS 110 15 Open 0.5 1,746.53 1,732.23 91.68 14.3 1.02
113 P-58 41.6 25 GS 110 15 Open 0.5 1,748.47 1,744.07 105.65 4.4 1.02
114 P-186 1,256.40 40 GS 110 10 Open 1.3 1,813.71 1,748.47 51.93 65.24 1.03
115 P-191 1,108.00 50 GS 110 10 Open 2.1 1,881.04 1,835.75 40.87 45.29 1.04

118
116 P-129 450.7 65 GS 110 10 Open 3.6 2,020.19 2,005.21 33.24 14.98 1.08
117 P-193 395 80 GS 110 30.02 Open 5.6 2,021.49 2,009.36 30.7 12.13 1.11
118 P-192 0.55 80 GS 110 30.02 Open 5.6 2,088.60 2,086.71 3,427.65 1.89 1.11
119 P-78 62.4 25 GS 110 15 Open 0.6 1,780.99 1,773.58 118.69 7.41 1.12
120 P-83 127 25 GS 110 15 Open 0.6 1,780.35 1,766.27 110.87 14.08 1.12
121 P-81 248 25 GS 110 15 Open 0.6 1,779.75 1,753.17 107.18 26.58 1.12
122 P-39 12 40 GS 110 10 Open 1.5 1,997.31 1,995.78 127.61 1.53 1.19
123 P-94 1 65 GS 110 10 Open 4 1,866.74 1,865.96 780.01 0.78 1.21
124 P-95 170 65 GS 110 10 Open 4 2,130.96 2,123.61 43.19 7.34 1.21
125 P-89 136.5 65 GS 110 activated 10 Open 4 2,123.61 2,117.57 44.26 6.04 1.21
126 P-82 353 25 GS 110 15 Open 0.6 1,779.75 1,735.76 124.61 43.99 1.22
127 P-2 914.5 100 GS 110 10 Open 10.3 2,143.46 2,117.57 28.31 25.89 1.31
128 P-19 3,028.50 65 GS 110 10 Open 4.6 1,916.79 1,762.56 50.93 154.23 1.39
129 P-130 16.4 25 GS 110 15 Open 0.7 2,003.02 1,998.82 256.23 4.2 1.43
130 P-27 26.5 65 GS 110 10 Open 4.8 1,970.32 1,967.79 95.56 2.53 1.45
131 P-194 0.85 65 GS 110 30.02 Open 4.9 2,078.88 2,075.44 4,044.45 3.44 1.49
132 P-195 194 65 GS 110 30.02 Open 4.9 2,022.55 2,008.04 74.81 14.51 1.49
133 P-118 26 25 GS 110 15 Open 0.7 2,044.02 2,037.63 245.78 6.39 1.51
134 P-34 12 25 GS 110 15 Open 0.7 2,001.45 1,997.46 332.15 3.99 1.53
135 P-179 12 25 GS 110 15 Open 0.7 1,995.78 1,991.79 332.13 3.99 1.53
136 P-56 8.5 25 GS 110 15 Open 0.7 1,835.75 1,832.41 393.34 3.34 1.53
137 P-144 910 100 GS 110 30.02 Open 12.2 2,105.50 2,067.60 41.65 37.9 1.55
138 P-154 1 100 GS 110 10 Open 12.2 1,980.03 1,978.76 1,269.06 1.27 1.55
139 P-137 10 100 GS 110 10 Open 12.2 1,981.64 1,980.03 160.73 1.61 1.55
140 P-160 3.5 100 GS 110 10 Open 12.2 2,106.87 2,105.50 389.46 1.36 1.55
141 P-164 1.2 100 GS 110 activated 15 Open 12.2 2,108.76 2,106.87 1,576.83 1.89 1.55
142 P-163 1.5 100 GS 110 15 Open 12.2 1,978.76 1,976.86 1,269.01 1.9 1.55
143 P-153 95 65 GS 110 10 Open 6 2,147.65 2,138.19 99.54 9.46 1.81
144 P-108 1 65 GS 110 10 Open -6 1,932.64 1,934.38 1,744.27 1.74 1.81
145 P-189 752 50 GS 110 10 Open 3.6 1,967.79 1,881.04 115.36 86.75 1.82
146 P-63 130 25 GS 110 15 Open 0.9 1,556.38 1,520.38 276.96 36 1.83

119
 147 P-190 140 25 GS 110 15 Open -0.9 1,961.12 1,999.70 275.54 38.58 1.83
148 P-76 18.99 25 GS 110 15 Open 0.9 1,781.88 1,774.43 392.45 7.45 1.83
149 P-91 111 65 GS 110 10 Open 7.3 2,165.77 2,150.19 140.35 15.58 2.2
150 P-90 1 65 GS 110 10 Open 7.3 1,894.35 1,891.77 2,582.61 2.58 2.2
151 P-117 70 25 GS 110 15 Open 1.6 2,063.65 1,999.70 913.63 63.95 3.36

Table I2: Summary of hydraulic analysis result (pump operation data)

Pump
Pump Control Intake Pump Discharge Pump Discharge Head(m)
S.No. Label Elevation (m) Status Grade (m) Grade (m) (l/s) required Remarks
1 SMP-1 1,847.10 On 1,891.77 2,165.77 7.3 274 Dire gudo well #1
2 SMP-2 1,808.00 On 1,820.71 2,149.73 3 329.02 Dire gudo well #2
3 SMP-3 1,809.74 On 1,865.96 2,130.96 4 265 Dire gudo well #3
4 SMP-4 1,900.00 On 1,932.64 2,147.65 6 215.01 Dobi well
5 SRP-1 1,978.99 On 1,976.86 2,108.76 12.2 131.9 Booster station pump
6 SRP-2 1,978.99 Off 1,978.76 2,106.87 0 0 Booster station pump (standby)
7 SRP-3 1,978.99 Off 1,978.76 2,106.87 0 0 Booster station pump (standby)

120
Table I3: Summary of hydraulic analysis result of existing network (Junction/point data)
Base Demand Calculated
Elevation Flow (Calculated) Hydraulic Pressure
S.No. Label (m) Type (l/s) Pattern (l/s) Grade (m) (m H2O)
1 J-28 1,966.10 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,967.79 1.684
2 S-113 1,986.22 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,988.27 2.042
3 Lalu wpt 2,063.91 Demand 0.5 Fixed 0.5 2,067.24 3.318
4 J-Lalu wpt 2,063.91 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,067.44 3.527
5 Wpt1 kura 1,960.27 Demand 0.3 Fixed 0.3 1,965.00 4.723
6 J-52 1,960.27 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,965.27 4.992
7 CT dire sheik hus. 1,515.02 Demand 0.9 Fixed 0.9 1,520.38 5.344
8 wpt4 buriya 1,730.20 Demand 0.6 Fixed 0.6 1,735.76 5.546
9 Wpt6 1,517.10 Demand 0.3 Fixed 0.3 1,522.66 5.549
10 J-12 2,000.10 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,005.95 5.836
11 Wpt2 Dire gudo 1,990.67 Demand 0.7 Fixed 0.7 1,997.46 6.778
12 mechefera ct 1,952.85 Demand 0.9 Fixed 0.9 1,961.12 8.252
13 CT kura 1,953.37 Demand 1 Fixed 1 1,962.25 8.861
14 D-111 2,010.92 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,020.19 9.254
15 Wpt4 Dire gudo 1,981.79 Demand 0.7 Fixed 0.7 1,991.34 9.532
16 Wpt1 dinsa 1,995.88 Demand 0.3 Fixed 0.3 2,005.53 9.633
17 J-40 1,985.85 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,995.78 9.908
18 CT dinsa 1,980.51 Demand 1 Fixed 1 1,990.68 10.152
19 CT Dire gudo 1,985.18 Demand 1.2 Fixed 1.2 1,995.51 10.309
20 Wpt2 dire sheik hus. 1,515.43 Demand 0.3 Fixed 0.3 1,526.00 10.547
21 J-32 1,990.67 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,001.45 10.755
22 J-45 1,980.74 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,991.80 11.038
23 J-31 1,992.44 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,003.64 11.175
24 J-36 1,989.16 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,000.71 11.529
25 J-37 1,985.68 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,997.31 11.606
26 J-9 1,993.58 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,005.27 11.663
27 Wpt1 Dire gudo 1,992.39 Demand 0.7 Fixed 0.7 2,004.11 11.695
28 Wpt2 dinsa 1,989.99 Demand 0.7 Fixed 0.7 2,002.01 11.993
29 S-20 1,970.50 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,983.05 12.518
30 J-33 1,992.52 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,005.09 12.542
31 Kajawa Wpt 1,986.23 Demand 0.7 Fixed 0.7 1,998.82 12.567
32 Wpt4 wada 1,719.16 Demand 0.5 Fixed 0.5 1,732.23 13.045
33 J-42 1,989.48 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,002.73 13.219
34 J-66 1,517.70 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,531.09 13.367
35 J-68 1,515.57 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,529.65 14.047
36 J-44 1,987.97 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,002.26 14.264
37 Wpt3 dinsa 1,976.81 Demand 0.7 Fixed 0.7 1,991.16 14.316
38 Wpt2 kura 1,816.89 Demand 0.7 Fixed 0.7 1,832.41 15.49
39 Wpt3 wada 1,726.80 Demand 0.5 Fixed 0.5 1,744.07 17.238
40 CT wada 1,718.62 Demand 0.3 Fixed 0.3 1,737.05 18.389
41 J-55 1,816.89 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,835.75 18.827
42 J-kejewa wpt 1,983.68 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,003.02 19.306

121
43 J-59 1,725.46 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,746.53 21.031
44 J-buriya 2,045.55 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,066.82 21.223
45 J-74 1,502.35 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,524.22 21.824
46 Wpt5 dire sheik hus. 1,493.17 Demand 0.3 Fixed 0.3 1,515.43 22.216
47 Wpt3 dire sheik hus. 1,500.58 Demand 0.3 Fixed 0.3 1,523.15 22.527
48 J-57 1,725.75 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,748.47 22.672
49 Wpt4 dire sheik hus. 1,501.93 Demand 0.3 Fixed 0.3 1,525.50 23.524
50 S-19 1,961.48 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,985.13 23.606
51 J-72 1,501.95 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,526.09 24.09
52 J-kejewa CT 1,981.06 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,005.21 24.102
53 J-70 1,502.09 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,526.65 24.509
54 kejewa CT 1,976.88 Demand 0.9 Fixed 0.9 2,003.67 26.735
55 Wpt1 dire sheik hus. 1,520.13 Demand 0.3 Fixed 0.3 1,547.43 27.24
56 J-64 1,520.18 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,547.91 27.677
57 Wpt4 dinsa 1,968.82 Demand 0.7 Fixed 0.7 1,997.10 28.222
58 J-48 1,967.79 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,998.60 30.747
59 Wpt5 dinsa 1,960.05 Demand 0.7 Fixed 0.7 1,992.17 32.054
60 J-50 1,963.04 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,995.68 32.57
61 S-108 2,022.92 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,059.49 36.497
62 S-16 1,957.01 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,993.69 36.602
63 Wpt3 buriya 1,716.25 Demand 0.6 Fixed 0.6 1,753.17 36.841
64 mechefera Wpt 1,961.95 Demand 0.7 Fixed 0.7 1,999.70 37.669
65 J-30 1,514.29 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,556.38 42.004
66 S-18 1,944.14 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,986.92 42.696
67 S-109 2,013.46 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,056.88 43.331
68 J-27=S-15 1,951.48 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,995.64 44.072
69 Wpt2 buriya 1,718.00 Demand 0.6 Fixed 0.6 1,766.27 48.172
70 Wpt1 buriya 1,721.13 Demand 0.6 Fixed 0.6 1,773.58 52.346
71 CT buriya 1,717.00 Demand 0.9 Fixed 0.9 1,774.43 57.315
72 J-80 1,720.98 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,779.75 58.648
73 D-110 1,992.70 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,052.69 59.866
74 J-79 1,718.00 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,780.35 62.224
75 J-77 1,718.63 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,780.99 62.232
76 J-23 1,717.53 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,781.88 64.223
77 S-17 1,917.31 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,988.91 71.457
78 Danisa wpt 1,965.46 Demand 0.7 Fixed 0.7 2,037.63 72.02
79 J-Danisa Wpt 1,968.12 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,044.02 75.743
80 Wpt3 Dire gudo 1,915.30 Demand 0.7 Fixed 0.7 1,991.79 76.339
81 S-2 1,997.33 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,079.39 81.898
82 J-10 1,995.37 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,078.88 83.343
83 S-3 1,979.82 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,063.94 83.952
84 J-mechefera wpt 1,978.49 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,063.65 84.987
85 S-1 2,002.46 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,090.45 87.816
86 J-7 1,998.19 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,088.60 90.227
87 D-107 1,969.74 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,062.64 92.71
88 D-1 1,983.23 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,093.87 110.414
89 D-3 1,943.77 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,069.08 125.058

122
 90 J-119 1,978.99 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,105.50 126.258
91 J-126 1,978.99 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,106.87 127.619
92 J-127 1,978.99 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,106.87 127.619
93 J-125 1,978.99 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,106.87 127.619
94 J-137 1,985.79 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,116.39 130.332
95 D-2 1,952.31 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,083.62 131.041
96 J-4 1,984.60 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,117.57 132.703
97 S-11 1,877.32 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,019.19 141.584
98 S-12 1,873.58 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,015.91 142.041
99 Dobi well top 1,995.10 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,138.19 142.804
100 Dire gudo Well 3 top 1,979.74 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,123.61 143.583
101 S-14 1,851.98 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,004.04 151.749
102 S-10 1,869.33 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,023.77 154.125
103 S-8 1,870.26 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,037.99 167.393
104 J-5 1,971.26 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,143.46 171.856
105 S-5 1,871.65 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,044.10 172.101
106 S-13 1,834.11 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,008.08 173.617
107 S-7 1,863.54 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,040.14 176.241
108 S-4 1,868.15 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,045.96 177.456
109 Dire gudo Well 2 top 1,965.00 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,145.77 180.409
110 S-9 1,843.50 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,029.57 185.699
111 Dire gudo Well 1 top 1,958.10 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,150.19 191.706
112 J-114 1,517.53 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,530.32 1,527.23
113 J-61 1,718.70 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,738.54 1,735.04
114 J-136 1,771.32 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,813.71 1,810.06
115 J-54 1,954.01 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,963.05 1,959.09
116 J-122 1,978.74 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,978.76 1,974.77
117 J-123 1,978.74 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,978.76 1,974.77
118 J-124 1,978.74 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,978.76 1,974.77
119 J-116 1,978.74 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,980.03 1,976.04
120 J-134 1,964.34 Demand 0 Fixed 0 1,998.03 1,994.01
121 J-133 1,985.72 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,002.06 1,998.03
122 J-130 1,991.84 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,003.28 1,999.24
123 J-129 1,993.36 Demand 0 Fixed 0 2,005.12 2,001.07
Total discharge(l/s) 21.8

Appendix J: Different combination of pump operation

in Dire gudo well field based on existing submersible pumps

Table J1: Option I combination

Control Intake Pump Discharge Pump Pump
S.NO Pump Label Elevation (m) Status Grade (m) Grade (m) Discharge (l/s) Head (m)
1 SMP-1 1,847.10 On 1,925.28 2,134.27 3.6 209
2 SMP-2 1,808.00 On 1,885.46 2,140.21 4.2 254.75
3 SMP-3 1,809.74 On 1,868.16 2,124.81 3.8 256.65
Total 11.6

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Table J2: Option II combination
Control Intake Pump Discharge Pump Pump
S.NO Pump Label Elevation (m) Status Grade (m) Grade (m) Discharge (l/s) Head (m)
1 SMP-1 1,847.10 On 1,925.11 2,134.10 4.1 208.99
2 SMP-2 1,808.00 On 1,885.36 2,139.86 4.4 254.51
3 SMP-3 1,809.74 Off 1,868.85 2,108.43 0 0
Total 8.5

Table J3: Option III combination

Control Intake Pump Discharge Pump Pump
S.NO Pump Label Elevation (m) Status Grade (m) Grade (m) Discharge (l/s) Head (m)
1 SMP-1 1,847.10 On 1,924.03 2,132.63 6.2 208.59
2 SMP-2 1,808.00 Off 1,886.32 2,116.10 0 0
3 SMP-3 1,809.74 Off 1,868.85 2,105.94 0 0
Total 6.2

Table J4: Option IV combination

Control Intake Pump Discharge Pump Pump
S.NO Pump Label Elevation (m) Status Grade (m) Grade (m) Discharge (l/s) Head (m)
1 SMP-1 1,847.10 Off 1,925.91 2,117.13 0 0
2 SMP-2 1,808.00 On 1,884.94 2,135.65 5.3 250.71
3 SMP-3 1,809.74 On 1,868.06 2,122.98 4 254.91
Total 9.3

Table J5: Option V combination

Control Intake Pump Discharge Pump Pump
S.NO Pump Label Elevation (m) Status Grade (m) Grade (m) Discharge (l/s) Head (m)
1 SMP-1 1,847.10 Off 1,925.91 2,104.38 0 0
2 SMP-2 1,808.00 Off 1,886.32 2,104.38 0 0
3 SMP-3 1,809.74 On 1,867.95 2,119.75 4.3 251.8
Total 4.3

Table J6: Option VI combination

Control Intake Pump Discharge Pump Pump
S.NO Pump Label Elevation (m) Status Grade (m) Grade (m) Discharge (l/s) Head (m)
1 SMP-1 1,847.10 Off 1,925.91 2,113.47 0 0
2 SMP-2 1,808.00 On 1,884.84 2,133.26 5.5 248.42
3 SMP-3 1,809.74 Off 1,868.85 2,105.31 0 0
Total 5.5

Table J7: Option VII combination

Control Intake Pump Discharge Pump Pump
S.NO Pump Label Elevation (m) Status Grade (m) Grade (m) Discharge (l/s) Head (m)
1 SMP-1 1,847.10 On 1,924.30 2,133.09 5.7 208.79
2 SMP-2 1,808.00 Off 1,886.32 2,118.82 0 0
3 SMP-3 1,809.74 On 1,868.08 2,123.28 4 255.2
Total 9.7

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Appendix K: Pipe line layout

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