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    01 Os Introduction

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    01 Os Introduction

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    01-OS-INTRODUCTION

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    8 views33 pages

    01 Os Introduction

    Uploaded by

    Mamata swain

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 33

    1

    OPERATING SYSTEMS
    Introduction to
    Operating Systems

    12/23/2020 Chandrakant Mallick


    What is an Operating System (1)?

    • A modern computer consists of:


     One or more processors
     Main memory
     Disks
     Printers
     Various input/output devices.
    • Managing all these varied components
    requires a layer of software – the
    Operating System (OS).
    2 12/23/2020
    3
    What is an Operating System (2)?
     An Operating System is a program that acts as an
    intermediary/interface between a user of a
    computer and the computer hardware.
     OS goals:
     Control/execute user/application programs.
     Make the computer system convenient to use.

     Ease the solving of user problems.

     Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.

    12/23/2020
    Where does the OS fit in?
    4

    12/23/2020
    Services provided by an OS
    5

     Facilities for program creation


     editors, compilers, linkers, debuggers, etc.
     Program execution
     loading in memory, I/O and file initialization.
     Access to I/O and files
     deals with the specifics of I/O and file formats.
     System access
     resolves conflicts for resource contention.
     protection in access to resources and data.

    12/23/2020
    Why are Operating Systems Important?
    6

     Important to understand and know how to correctly


    use when writing user applications.
     Large and complex systems that have a high
    economic impact and result in interesting problems of
    management.
     Few actually involved in OS design and
    implementation but nevertheless many general
    techniques to be learned and applied.
     Combines concepts from many other areas of
    Computer Science: Architecture, Languages,
    Data Structures, Algorithms.
    12/23/2020
    Course Outlines
    7

     Motivation for Operating Systems (OS)


     Introduction

     What's an Operating System?


     Computer/Operating System Overview
     Evolution of Operating Systems
     Functional/Protection Aspects
     Operating System Structures

    12/23/2020
    Course Outlines (2)
    8

     Concurrent Processes
     Process Models and Management
     Process Description and Control
     Task/Thread Description and Control
     Concurrency: Mutual Exclusion and
    Synchronization
     Concurrency: Deadlock and Starvation

    12/23/2020
    Course Outlines (3)
    9

     Memory Management
     Real Memory Management
     Motivation for Virtual Memory (VM)
     Paging and Segmentation
     Page Fetch, Placement and Replacement

    12/23/2020
    Course Outlines (4)
    10

     Uniprocessor Scheduling
     Levelsof CPU Scheduling
     Process Scheduling

     External Storage Management


     File Systems/Management
     Directories
     File Allocation
     Disk Scheduling
    12/23/2020
    Main Bibliography

    1. A. Silberschatz, P. B. Galvin, and G. Gagne,


    “Operating Systems Concepts (with Java)”,
    8th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2009.
    http://codex.cs.yale.edu/avi/os-book/os8/index.php
    Main Bibliography

    3. W. Stallings,
    “Operating Systems:
    Internals and Design
    Principles”,
    7th ed, Prentice Hall,
    2012.
    http://williamstallings.c
    om/OperatingSystems/
    Additional Bibliography
    4. A. S. Tanenbaum,
    “Modern Operating
    Systems”, 3rd Edition,
    Prentice-Hall Intl.,
    2008.
    http://www.pearsonhigh
    ered.com/educator/aca
    demic/product/0,,0136
    006639,00%2ben-
    USS_01DBC.html
    Additional Bibliography
    5. A. S. Tanenbaum and A.
    S. Woodhill, “Operating
    Systems: Design and
    Implementation”, 3rd
    Edition, Prentice-Hall Intl.,
    2006.
    http://www.pearsonhighered.
    com/educator/academic/pro
    duct/0,,0131429388,00%2b
    en-USS_01DBC.htm
    Computer Hardware Organization
    15

    12/23/2020
    Computer System Components
    16

    1. Hardware – provides basic computing resources


    (CPU, Memory, I/O devices, Communication).
    2. Operating System – controls and coordinates the
    use of the hardware among various application
    programs for various users.
    3. System & Application Programs – ways in which the
    system resources are used to solve computing
    problems of the users (Word processors, Compilers,
    Web browsers, Database systems, Video games).
    4. Users – (People, Machines, other computers).
    12/23/2020
    P6

    Hierarchical view of computer system


    17

    12/23/2020
    Slide 17

    P6 Can "User Files" changed to "Users" ?


    Pinchas, 02/22/2002
    Static View of System Components
    18

    12/23/2020
    Dynamic View of System Components
    19

    12/23/2020
    Layers of a Computer System
    20

    End
    User
    Programmer
    Application
    Programs
    Utilities Operating-
    System
    Operating-System Designer

    Computer Hardware

    12/23/2020
    Views of an Operating System
    21

     There are three classical views (in literature):


    1. Resource Manager – manages and allocates
    resources.
    2. Control program – controls the execution of user
    programs and operations of I/O devices.
    3. Command Executer – Provides an environment for
    running user commands.
     But one more modern view: the Operating System
    as a Virtual Machine.

    12/23/2020
    1. Resource Manager
    22

     Resource Manager:
     Manages and protects multiple computer resources: CPU,
    Processes, Internal/External memory, Tasks, Applications,
    Users, Communication channels, etc…
     Handles and allocates resources to multiple users or multiple
    programs running at the same time and space (e.g.,
    processor time, memory, I/O devices).
     Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair
    resource use (e.g., maximize throughput, minimize response
    time).
     Sort of a bottom-up view.
    12/23/2020
    OS as a Resource Manager
    23

    12/23/2020
    2. Control Program
    24

     Control Program:
     Manages all the components of a complex
    computer system in an integrated manner.
     Controls the execution of user programs and
    I/O devices to prevent errors and improper
    use of computer resources.
     Looks over and protects the computer:
    Monitor, Supervisor, Executive, Controller,
    Master, Coordinator ….
     Sort of a black box view.
    12/23/2020
    3. Command Executer
    25

     Command Executer:
     Interfaces between the users and machine.
     Supplies services/utilities to users.
     Provides the users with a convenient CLI
    (Command Language Interface), also called
    a Shell (in UNIX), for entering the user
    commands.
     Sort of a top-down view.
    12/23/2020
    Modern view: Virtual Machine (1)
    26

     Operating System as a Virtual Machine:


     An interface between the user and hardware that hides
    the details of the hardware (e.g., I/O).
     Constructs higher-level (virtual) resources out of lower-
    level (physical) resources (e.g., files).
     Definition: OS is a collection of software enhancements,
    executed on the bare hardware, culminating in a high-
    level virtual machine that serves as an advanced
    programming environment.
     virtual
    machine = software enhancement = extended machine
    = abstract machine = layer = level = ring.
    12/23/2020
    Modern view: Virtual Machine (2)
    27

    12/23/2020
    Definition of Operating System
    28

     There is no universally accepted definition.


     “Everything a vendor ships when you order an
    operating system” is good approximation but varies
    widely.
     “The one program running at all times on the
    computer” is the Kernel.
     Everything else is either a system program (ships
    with the operating system) or an application
    program.
    12/23/2020
    One Kernel Point of View
    29

    12/23/2020
    What is the OS/Kernel?
    30

     Is the Operating System just the Kernel (not the


    utilities and application programs)?!
     The Command Line Interface (CLI) (or command
    layer/interpreter or shell) allows direct command
    entry by the user.
     The shell used to be in the kernel but now is a (first
    between equals) utility outside of it:
     Easy to change/debug
     Many of them (sh, bsh, csh, ksh, tcsh, wsh, bash)
     Possible to switch between them (chsh)

    12/23/2020
    UNIX Shell and Utilities

    User

    Utilities Shell

    Kernel

    Hardware

    31 12/23/2020
    General UNIX Architecture (1)

    32 12/23/2020

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