ENVIRONMENTAL

PROTECTION
Environment

• Chemical Factor
• Physical Factor
• Biological Factor

• Simply surrounding of any living organism

 The environment may broadly be
considered to comprise of the
following four segments or realms.
LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE HYDROSPHERE

ATMOSPHERE
 LITHOSPHERE

• The mantle of rocks

constituting
the earth’s crust is
called LATHOSPHERE.

•It is about from 8 Km

to 100 Km thick crust
on which we are living.
 ATMOSPHERE
The atmosphere comprises of a mixture of gases &
particulate materials
• N2 78%
• O2 21%
• CO2 1%
• CO
• Ar
• Ozone
• pollen
• smoke, dust and dirt water molecules etc.
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• It extends up to 500 km above the surface of
earth.
• The atmosphere surrounding the earth acts
as a gaseous blanket\ protecting the earth
from dangerous cosmic rays, screens the
ultra Violet rays and maintaining the heat
balance on the earth. It sustains life on the
earth.
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 BIOSPHERE
• This is the region of earth where life exists and includes
a global girdle extending from 10000 m below the sea to
6000 m above sea level.

• The biosphere is the biological component of earth

systems, which also include the lithosphere,
hydrosphere, atmosphere and other "spheres" (e.g.
cryosphere, anthrosphere, etc.).

• The biosphere includes all living organisms on earth,

together with the dead organic matter produced by
them.
Biosphere
 Pollution
• Unwanted and undesirable element that
have injurious / adverse effect / impact on
environment, living organism and
installations.
•
 POLLUTANT
• The toxic elements or unwanted factors
contaminated the environment (air, water
land and surrounding). Such as
• Smoke,
• Dust \
• Pollen,
• Hazardous chemicals,
• Noise
• Radiations.
• PRIMARY POLLUANTS

Emitted directly into environment such as COx,

SOx and NOx

• SECONDARY POLLUANTS

Produced through reactions of primary pollutants

such as acid rain and devastation of soil and rocks.
 PREVENTION OF POLLUTION
• Use of process, practices, materials or products
that avoid, reduce or control pollutions which
may include RECYCLING, TREATEMENT,
PROCESS CHANGE, CONTROL MECHNISM,
EFFICENT USE OF RESOURCES AND
MATERIALS SUBSTITUTIONS.
OR
• Any method used for elimination or reduction of
adverse environmental impact due to pollutant.
 RECYCLING
• It is the process of regenerating and
recovering the materials from the waste for
use again and again such as paper waste
and metal scrap ceramic waste. Recycling
may be the ultimate solution of pollution.
 Reuse
• Another way to reduce the amount of waste
of product is by reusing a product.

• Such as reuse of plastic bags. Reuse of water

in boilers.
 REDUCTION

• Use little quantity of materials for

processing and packaging. Such as
reduction of thickness of metal sheet use to
make cane of cold drink.
 PROCESS CHANGE

• Develop the process for production which are

less harm full for environment .

• Develop environment friendly process for

anthropology.
 PROCESS CHANGE

• Develop the technology which produce less

noise by making the design change in old
technology.

• As we can adopt natural method for killing

the harm full insects instead of using harm
full insecticides.
 MATERIAL SUBSTITUION

• Find and develop other material, which are

durable and environment friendly

• such as we can use steel or plastic furniture

instead of wood.
IMPARTING ENVIRONMENTAL
EDUACATION TO THE
POPULATION
It is obvious the environmental educated
nations and persons have better
understanding about environmental issues,
the reasons and the effects of the polluted
globe. Therefore, it is quite necessary to
familiarize the population. Thus they can
better feel their ethics responsibilities in this
regard.
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• It is not wise that pollution and waste

generated by a nation would be dumped
across the border and on the border of
neighboring countries.

• Some countries have poor/weak pollution

control law.
SEPRATION OF TOXIC AND NON
TOXIC WASTE

• If the toxic waste keep separate from non

toxic waste then it is easy and less costly to
treat and manage the waste
 TREATMENT OR CONTROL OF
POLLUTION
• If the waste generated, pollutants emitted in
air, contaminated water produced and noise
generated, it may be treated until it become
less harmful and toxic.

• A variety of methods have been developed to

treat the pollution according to the nature,
magnitude, toxicity and effect of pollutant so
that we can save our climate, our globe, our
future and our health.
 SOME ENVIRONMENTAL FACTS
& ISSUES
• GLOBAL WARMING:
Average temperature of our globe is rising due to
emission of green house gases like COX, SOX
and water vapours during anthropogenic
activities and natural activities like volcano
rupture, forest fire and evolution of gases from
marsh into atmosphere, so the magnitude can not
be treated in natural cycling, the equilibrium of
fraction of incident solar radiation that is
reflected and scattered back into the space altered
and disturbed. It is predicted that at the end of
this century the temperature will rise by 2C to
6C.
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• MELTING OF ICE AND
• THERMAL EXPANTION OF WATER
Sea level rise by 3 mm/ year.
• pH of sea water decreases and becomes more
acidic due to absorption of CO2
So coral rocks are being bleached. And
habituate YEAR pH
destruction. 1751 8.25
• The pH of sea water 1994 8.14
 SOME ENVIRONMENTAL FACTS
& ISSUES
OZONE LAYER AND HOLE IN IT

• A layer of gas called ozone sits up around 25-30

kms above the earth’s surface. Ozone is made up
of oxygen and is produced naturally in the
atmosphere. Ozone layer is important because it
prevents too many harmful ultra violet rays from
reaching earth. Ultra violet rays have the
capability to destroy plants and animals and can
cause skin cancer, cataracts to human beings. The
destruction of ozone layer is caused by one factor
only which is Cholorofluorocarbons.
• The main cause of the ozone hole was found to
be gases that contained Cholorofluorocarbons
(CFCs), Halons and Freons. Found commonly
in aerosol cans and released by many electronic
appliances, these were seen to decrease the
level of ozone in the stratosphere. All of these
gases contain chlorine, which is a major cause
behind the thinning of the ozone layer.
• The presence of chlorine within CFC’s break
down the ozone gases in ozone layer which
increases the chances of ozone depletion. Till
date, CFC’s have accounted for about 80% of
ozone depletion.
Ozone layer hole
 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUITION
EFFECTS & CONTROL

• Air pollution effects and control

• Water pollution effects and control

• Solid waste effects and control

• Noise pollution effects and control

• Radiation pollution effects and control

 AIR POLLUTION
• Any major disturbance in the atmospheric composition,
either by natural activities or anthropogenic activities,
may lead to the disastrous consequences and may even
endanger the very survival of life on earth.
• Air is composed of
• NITROGEN (N2) = 78%
• OXYGEN (O2) = 21%
• ARGON (Ar) = 1%
• CARBON DI OXIDE (CO2) = 0.3%
• CARBON MONO OXIDE (CO) = 0 .03%
• WATER VAPORS
• PARTICULATE MATERIALS
 SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION
• 1) NATURAL SOURCES

VOLCANO

FOREST FIRE MARSH

• 2) ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES
INDUSTRIAL SOURCES

MOBILE SOURCES STATIONARY SOURCES

 POLLUTANTS IN THE AIR &
EFFECTS

1) PARTICULATE MATERIALS

Produces during crushing of rocks, wind blow,

grain grinding, in dry season suspended due to
electrostatic charge, smoke and ash as result of
burning.
 a) Nature of particulate material
• Asbestos,
• Ore,
• Silica,
• Coal,
• Fiber,
• Pollen

b) Size of particulate material

• Smoke 1 µm,
• Dust ≤75 µm,
• Girt ≥75µm
 AIR EMISSION CONTROL
• (a) PARTICULATE MATERIAL CONTROL:
• According to the size and quantity, different
method are applied to control the particulate
emission ash, smoke dirt and girt. Such as
• GRAVITY SETTLING CHAMBERS,
• CYCLONE,
• CYCLONE SCRUBBEBER,
• WET SCRUBBER,
• GRAVITY SPRAY CHAMBER,
• ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
• FABRIC BAGS.
 Gravity Settling
Chambers
• Gravity Settling
Chambers
are used
to remove
particulate
materials
from flue gases.
 CYCLONE
• The more effective
way of isolating
particulate materials
from flue gases.
• Flue gas passes
through circular
path and due to
centrifugal force
particles separate.
WET CYCLONE SCURBER
WET VENTURI SCURBER
 WET SCRUBBER
• Wet Scrubbers
are used to
eliminate fine
particulate material
from flue gases.
WET SCRUBBER
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
FABRIC BAIG THE DUST
COLLECTOR
FABRIC FILTER
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EFFECTS
• Asthma,
• Pulmonary Disease,
• Fibrosis,
• Allergic reactions,
• cough
 POLLUTANTS IN THE AIR &
EFFECTS GASIOUS
• 2) GASES
• a) COX
• (produces due complete and incomplete
combustion of fuel).
• EFFECTS:
• Lethal for life,
• Green house effect,
• global warming.
• Coral bleach due to solvable in sea water and
decreases pH.
 CONTROL OF CO and CO2
• Complete burn the fuel with more oxygen to
produce Carbon di Oxide.

• And CO2 will consume in carbon cycle in

nature.
• b) NOX
(Produces due to combustion of fuel at
high temperature at 750 C in furnaces
Oxygen and Nitrogen in the air react)
EFFECTS:
•
• Lethal for life,
• Acidic rain.
 Control of NOX
• Techniques involving low-excess-air firing,

• Staged-combustion,

• Flue gas recirculation are effective in

controlling both fuel NOx and thermal NOx.
NOX CONTROL
• 2) GASES
• c) SOX
(Produces in the result of sulpher
containing fuel (mercuptain) and from
volcanos.
• EFFECTS:
• Acidic rains,
• Causes corrosion,
• Allergic reaction.
 SOX CONTROL
• SOX control before burning of sour fuel.

• SOX control after burning or sour fuel. Flue

gases are passed through Ca(OH)2 and Ca(OH)2
convert in CaSO4.
• Fludized bed combustion. CaCO3 react with SO2
and form CaSO4.
FLUDIZED BED COMBUSTION
• d) CHLOROFLOROCARBON (CFC)
• (by use of aerosol, reorient leakage)

• EFFECTS:
• Depletion of OZONE layer.
• 2) GASES
• e) HYDROCARBONS
• Methane Ethane…….Pentane.
• Methene Ethene…… pentene.
• Methyne Ethyne……. Pentyne.
• (in the result of leakage while fueling and decanting
transportation).
• Also result of rupture of cap rock.

• EFFECTS:
• Toxic,
• it have economical importance.
 Hydrogen Sulphide
2) GASES
f) H2S
(naturally produce from Marsh and
occurrence at coal handling plant)

EFFECTS:
• killer gas,
• Highly toxic,
• Not good for health.
 CHLORINE
g) Cl2
(During water cleaning process and
transportation it may leak in the air)

EFFECTS:
Allergic reaction and bed effect on
respiratory system.
 WATER POLUTION EFFECTS
AND TREATMENT
Water is an important resource used for
• Agriculture
• Industrial processing
• Washing
• Drinking by Humans and Animals
• Important for Aquatic life
• Mean of transportation and Food.
• Some peoples enjoy water Sports
 WATER QUALITY
• Water has no color and smell
 CONTAMINATION IN WATER
• Suspended Solids
Turbidity
Effects : Dam capacity reduced
• Dissolved Solids
Heavy water
Effects: Soap will not work
 CHEMICAL
• Chemical
Organic Fertilizer, Insecticide
Herbicide, Surfactant
Inorganic Heavy metals Hg, Cd, Cr
• Effect: Lethal for aquatic life
 BIOLOGICAL
• Bacteria Cholera, Dihorrihea
• Virus Polio, Typhoid, Hepatitis

Effect : Water born daises

 EFFULENT TREATMENT
• PHYSICALLY TREATER
• These types of effluent treaters use
physical property or method to reduce
or separate the pollutant from effluent,
Such as
• GRAVITATIONAL SEPARATION TANK

If effluent contain oil, grease, hydrocarbon

and suspended solids then
gravitational settling tanks are used to
eliminate the impurities from water.
Segregate according to their densities.
• 2 FILTRATION or USE OF SCREEN

Removal of gross solids is generally

accomplished by passing waste water
through mix or moving screen. Dirt and grit
removed from water.
• Finely divided suspended particles colloidal
particle cannot be removed efficiently.
• 3 MECHNICAL FLOCCULATION
•
• Waste water is passed through a tank
with detention time and strring with paddles
so that finely divided particle coalesce into
large particle and thus removed by above
mention method.
•
• 4 HEAT TREATERS
•
• higher temperature lower the fluid
viscosity and reduce interfacial tension
between phases allowing oil and water
separate faster.
•
• 5 ELECTRIC FIELD SEPARATION
•
• Oil and water emulsion is applied electric
field to separate the oil from water
 GAS FLOTATION
• 6 GAS FLOTATION
Gas bubbles are passed through emulsion of
oil and water. Oil drop lets are attached to
bubbles and carried up ward.
CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF EFFLUENT
• 1 COAGULATION
•
• Waste water is treated with some sort of
flocculent or coagulant to precipitate the
sediments. These chemical are ALUNM,
COPPERAS
• FERRIC CHLORIDFE, CHLORINATED COPPERAS
HYDRATED LIME.
•
• 2 NEUTRALIZATION
•
• Highly acidic and highly alkaline waste
should be properly neutralize before being
discharged. Acidic waste should be neutralized
by treatment with lime stone or caustic soda.
And alkaline waste may be treated with
sulphuric acid or CO2 of flue gas. If any plant
produces both type (acidic & alkaline) of
effluent then than neutralized with each other.
 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF
EFFLUENT
• 1 ANAEROBIC MICRO ORGANISM
•
• Micro organism utilize organic waste as
their food and convert into simpler
compounds such as CO2 ,water, nitrates and
sulphates which are non pollutant. This
processes use to remove organic materials
from effluent.
• 2 AEROBIC BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
TRICKLING

• A gelatinous film, comprising of bacteria

and aerobic micro organism known ZOOGLEA is
formed on surface of filter medium which thrive
on the nutrient supplied by sewage. The organic
impurities are adsorbed on the gelatinous film
and oxidize by bacteria.
 SOLID WASTE
• WOOD
• PLASTIC
• METAL
• CONCREATE
• SLAG
 CONTROL OF SOLID WASTE
MATERIALS
• Any unwanted or discarded materials from
agricultural industrial, residential,
commercial activities that can cause
environmental problem may term as solid
waste.
• WASTE : Waste is defined as those
materials which have been rejected for
further use.
• 1 COMPOSTING
• Composting is the aerobic and
thermophilic decomposition of organic
materials present in refused by micro
organism. The organic material is
transformed into a stable humus like
substance during process
•
• 2 LAND FILLlNG
• Land filling is the most popular and
common method of solid waste disposal in
low lying area away from residential area but
it can cause bad odours burning of waste,
blowing of papers, plastic and rat
• flies.
• 3 SANITARY LAND FILLING
• Now a days sanitary dumping is popular
because waste is buried.
•
• 4 THERMAL PROCESS
• Many solid waste are incinerated in furnaces
to reduce the volume of solid waste as ash and
generation of thermal energy and electricity.
•
• 5 RECYCLING
• Paper plastic glass and metal scrap can be
recycled. After industrial process the waste
material can be reformed into new or similar
product.
•
• 6 REDUCE THE USE
• Reduction in use of materials can be
effective in less production of solid waste.
•
• 7 MAKING THING DURAIBLE
• If the products are long lasting then it
can reduce the solid waste
 NOISE POULLATION CONTROL
• 1 CONTROL AT DESIGN STAGE
• Noise control is taken into account when
plant and machinery is in designed.
•
• 2 SILENCER
• Silencers are design to reduce the
noise pollution and commonly used in motor
vehicles
• 3 ACOUSTIC INSULLATION
• The material which can reduce the sound
velocity are wrapped on pipes to reduce the dB.
•
• 4 ACOUSTIC ENCLOUSRE
• Acoustic enclosures are the rooms and
cabins design,
• acoustically isolated/ shielded design to avoid
the noise.
• 5 NOISE BARRIERS
• Building, trees and some natural
obstructions play important role to reduce the
noise level.
•
• 6 DISTANCE
• Keep distance from noise generating
elements so that harm will reduce.
•
• 7 USE OF PPE’s (MUFFLER, EAR PLUG.
EAR MUFF AND HELMET
•
• “Noise level may fluctuate with wind
direction”