UNIT 3

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND MANAGEMENT

 ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION

• Environmental pollution is the release of chemical waste that

causes various effects on the environment.
• Environmental pollution is often divided into pollution of:
• WATER
• AIR
• SOIL
• NUCLEAR
• THERMAL
 CAUSES OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION

• Deforestation

• Rapid Industrialization

• Emission from Transportation

• Wars

• The population explosion

• Volcanic Eruptions

• Forest Fires

• Use of Pesticides

• Trading activities like packaging

• Construction of Buildings
EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION

1. Human Health
2. Animal health
3. Plants
4. Ecosystem
5. Its leads to infertile land
• Air pollution is the contamination of the indoor and outdoor
environment by any chemical, physical or biological content agent.

• Air pollution occurs when harmful or excessive quantities of

substances including gases, particulates, and biological molecules are
introduced into Earth's atmosphere.
 CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION

NATURAL CAUSES MAN-MADE CAUSES

• Volcanoes • Factories
• Wildfires • Automobiles
• Tornados • Household Combustion
Devices
 EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION

• Breathlessness, • The green house effect

Respiratory infections
• Global warming
• Lung diseases • Thinning of upper
• Skin allergies ozone layer
• Irritation in eyes • Acid rain
• Asthma • Indoor air pollution
• Allergy
 MEASURES TO CONTROL
AIR POLLUTION

o Maintain healthy distance between

residential and industrial areas
o Chimneys should be constructed tall in size
so that emissions are above the desired
levels
o The coal fuel should be replaced with the
gas fuels
o The wastes must be removed and recycled
o Sulphur must be removed after burning
o Car pool can be a good initiative
o Sulphur must be removed after burning
o Avoid smoking
o Minimize air freshener
o Use Carbon Monoxide Detectors
WATER POLLUTION

➢ Water pollution is the

contamination of water bodies,
usually as a result of human
activities. Water bodies include for
example lakes, rivers,
oceans, aquifers and groundwater.
➢ For example, releasing inadequately
treated wastewater into natural
water bodies can lead
to degradation of aquatic
ecosystems.
 CONTAMINANTS AND THEIR
SOURCES
Pathogens: Disease-causing micro-organisms are referred to as pathogens.

Organic Contaminants: substances that come from animal or plant

sources. Organic substances always contain carbon
Inorganic Contaminants: material such as sand, salt, iron, calcium salts and other
mineral materials. Inorganic substances are of mineral origin caused by human
activities or industrial accidents
Macroscopic Contaminants: visible items in waterways or bodies of water e.g.
plastic waste
 TYPES OF WATER POLLUTION

SURFACE WATER POLLUTION includes pollution of

rivers, lakes and oceans.
MARINE POLLUTION
GROUNDWATER POLLUTION includes sewage,
fertilizers, pesticides, industrial leaks etc
 CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION

• Dumping solid wastes and littering by humans in rivers, lakes and oceans.
• Burning fossil fuels into the air causes the formation of acidic particles in the
atmosphere. When these particles mix with water vapor, the result is acid rain.
• Chemical fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture gets dissolved with rain
water which flows into ponds, canals, rivers and seas.
• Sewage from domestic households, factories and commercial buildings
• Oil Pollution caused by oil spills from tankers and oil from ship travel.
EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION

• Harming growth of aquatic plants.

• Suffocating aquatic creatures.
• Spoiling Natural beauty.
• Destroys ecosystems
• Disrupts food chain
• Diseases
MEASURES TO CONTROL WATER
POLLUTION
• Municipal Wastewater Treatment
• Industrial Wastewater Treatment
• Green Agricultural Practices
• Proper Sewage Treatment
• Anti-Pollution Laws and Policies
• Efforts and Educative Campaigns
• Removal of Pollutants using Technologies
• Recycle and Reuse of Water
 NOISE POLLUTION

 Sound that is unwanted or disrupts one’s quality

of life is called as noise. When there is lot of noise
in the environment, it is termed as noise pollution.
 Sound becomes undesirable when it disturbs the
normal activities such as working, sleeping, and
during conversations.
 It is an underrated environmental problem
because of the fact that we can’t see, smell, or
taste it.
 World Health Organization stated that “Noise must
be recognized as a major threat to human well-
being”
 CAUSES OF NOISE POLLUTION
• Transportation Systems
• Construction of buildings, highways, and streets
• Industrial noise
• Household Sources: plumbing, boilers, generators, air conditioners, fans,
and vacuum cleaners
• Social Events: Loud speakers
 EFFECTS OF NOISE
POLLUTION

• Noise pollution can damage

physiological and psychological
health.
• High blood pressure, stress related
illness, sleep disruption, hearing
loss, and productivity loss are the
problems related to noise
pollution.
• It can also cause memory loss,
severe depression, and panic
attacks.
• Cardiovascular diseases
• High Blood Pressures
 MEASURES TO CONTROL NOISE
POLLUTION
• Planting bushes and trees in and around sound generating sources
• Regular servicing and tuning of automobiles and machinery
• Factories and industries should be located far from the residential areas.
• Buildings can be designed with suitable noise absorbing material for the
walls, windows, and ceilings.
• Workers should be provided with equipments such as ear plugs and earmuffs
for hearing protection.
• Strengthening laws and governmental efforts to reduce noise pollution
• Raising public awareness regarding noise pollution
SOIL
POLLUTION
• The contamination of
soil with solid waste,
acid rain excess of
fertilizers,
insecticides and
herbicides is called
soil pollution
CAUSES OF SOIL POLLUTION

• Deforestation and soil erosion

• Industrial waste
• Fuel Leakage
• Bad soil Management
• Disposal of coal ash
• Electronic waste
• Acid rain
• Accidental spills
• Drainage of contaminated surface water
• Landfills (wastages that cannot be recycled)
 EFFECTS OF SOIL POLLUTION

• Leads to the loss of ecosystem

• Decrease in soil fertility
• Toxic dust
• It directly or indirectly affects the climate pattern
• Contamination of underground and surface drinking water
• Toxic chemicals reach our body through the foods and vegetables
• City looses its attraction as tourist destination due to landfills; It leads to loss of
revenue for the state government
• Water logging conditions closes the passage of air to the soil and stops the growth
of soil and makes the soil barren
MEASURES TO CONTROL SOIL POLLUTION

• Reduce: use of pesticides

• Recycle: plastic and other materials
• Reuse: materials
• Proper disposal of industrial wastes
• Usage of spill-proof containers
• Use less plastic
THERMAL
POLLUTION
• Thermal pollution is the
degradation of water
quality by any process
that changes ambient
water temperature
• It refers to addition of
excess of undesirable
heat to water that makes
harmful to man, animal
and aquatic life.
CAUSES OF THERMAL POLLUTION

Discharge of heated water from

• Nuclear Power Plants
• Industrial Effluents
• Domestic Sewage
• Hydro-electric power
• Coal fired Power Plants
• Deforestation
• Soil erosion
EFFECTS OF THERMAL POLLUTION

• Thermal shock- aquatic life adopted to a certain water temperature

can go into shock when the temperature is changed even 1 or 2
degrees.
• Oxygen dissolved in water decreases.
• Increases the rate of photosynthesis, which increases the amount of
plant growth.
• Increases the metabolic rate of fish, which increases their need for
oxygen.
• Destructs the aquatic life
• Interference with reproduction
 MEASURES TO CONTROL THERMAL
POLLUTION
• Less use of nuclear reactors
• End shoreline deforestation
• Prevent soil erosion
• Cooling ponds, man-made bodies designed for cooling
• Cooling towers, which transfer waste heat to the atmosphere
• Cogeneration, a process where waste heat is recycled for domestic and/or
industrial heating purposes.
NUCLEAR
POLLUTION
CAUSES OF
NUCLEAR
POLLUTION
EFFECTS OF
NUCLEAR
POLLUTION
MEASURES
TO
CONTROL
NUCLEAR
POLLUTION
 DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
DISASTER AND DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
❑Any event that causes a lot of harm or damage to a
functioning community or society is called a disaster.

❑Disaster management can be defined as the organization and

management of resources and responsibilities for dealing
with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular
preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the
impact of disasters.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A DISASTER
• Predictability
• Controllability
• Speed of onset
• Length of forewarning
• Duration of impact
• Scope and intensity of impact
 TYPES OF DISASTERS

NATURAL DISASTERS MAN-MADE DISASTERS

• Droughts • fires,
• floods, • explosions,
• snow storms, • dam failures,
• Volcanoes • nuclear reactor accidents,
• tsunamis, • the release of toxic chemicals,
• famines, and • Wars
• earthquake. • Workplace voilence
 GOALS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT

• Proactive plans to mitigate various business risks

• Minimizing loss via more effective preparedness and response
• Creating more effective and durable recovery
PHASES OF A DISASTER
MANAGEMENT.
• Mitigation
• Preparedness
• Response
• Recovery
DISASTER EFFECTS

• Loss of life
• Disability
• Increase in communicable disease
• Psychological problems
• Food shortage
• Socio-economic losses
• Shortage of drugs and medical supplies.
• Environmental disruption, pollution
• Damage to ecosystems
INTERNATIONAL
ORGANISATIONS.
1. International Emergency Management Society
It is a non-profit NGO work as a global forum for training, certification, education,
and policy in the disaster management. This organization is registered in Belgium.
2. Baptist Global Response
The BGR works for the people around the world for the important needs. It doesn’t
matter, it caused from the acute crises or chronic conditions. It is a well-known
disaster relief organization that has its main offices in Canada and USA.
3. International Association of Emergency Managers
The main mission of this non-profit educational organization is to promote
the goals of property protection and save people’s life during the disasters..
 FLOOD
Water water everywhere but not a
drop to drink. That is ofcourse until
this lovely ship sinks.
 DEFINITION OF FLOOD

• An overflow of a large amount of water beyond its normal

limits, over what is normally dry land
 CAUSES OF FLOODS

NATURAL CAUSES MAN MADE CAUSES

➢ Heavy rains ➢ Bank erosion

➢ Melting of ice ➢ Breach of
dam/barrage/embankment
➢ Undersea earthquake
➢ Landslides
 EFFECTS OF FLOOD

• Agricultural lands are destroyed due to crops being submerged in water. This
causes a lot of economic loss to farmers.
• They wreck houses, particularly kuccha houses in the villages.
• There is a shortage of drinking water.
• They harm human, animals and plants life.
• They causes disruption of all transport and communication.
• They cause a rise in epidemies because of water logging. Malaria and diarrhoea
are common diseases during floods
MEASURES THAT MUST BE TAKEN
TO PREVENT FLOODING
• Introducing better flood warning system.
• Constructing building above flood levels .
• Increase spending on flood defences.
• Tackle climate change.
• Introduce water storage area.
• Putting up more flood barriers.
• Strengthen drainage system.
 DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF
FLOODS IN INDIA
• Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Orissa are some of the states who have
been severely prone to floods.
• Our country receives an annual rainfall of 1200mm, 85% of which is
concentrated in 3-4 months i.e June to September.
• Due to intense and periodic rain ,most of the rivers of the country are fed
with huge quantity of water, much beyond their carrying capacity.
• Floods occur in almost all the river basins of the country.
• The vulnerability atlas of India shows the areas liable to floods.
• Around 12 per cent (40 million hectare) of land in India is prone to floods
 CYCLONES
• A cyclone is a system of winds rotating
counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere around
a low pressure center. The swirling air rises and
cools, creating clouds and precipitation.
 TYPES OF CYCLONES
• Tropical cyclones- Tropical cyclones are what most people are familiar
with because these are cyclones that occur over tropical ocean regions.

• Polar cyclones- Polar cyclones are cyclones that occur in polar regions
like Greenland, Siberia and Antarctica.

• MesoCyclone- Mesocyclone is when part of a thunderstorm cloud starts

to spin, which may eventually lead to a TORNADO.
 WHAT CAUSES A CYCLONE?
• A cyclone is formed when a warm temperature of the sea
reaches a threshold level and the wind structure is rising. In
other words, Tropical Cyclones derive their energy from the
warm tropical oceans and do not form unless the sea-surface
temperature is above 26.5°C. However, once formed they can
persist at lower temperatures and dissipate over land or colder
oceans.
DEADLIEST IN WORLD & INDIA
• The 1999 Orissa cyclone is the strongest storm to hit the
Indian coast, as well as the strongest in the basin till date, with
a minimum central pressure of 912 mbar (26.93 inHg)
and Cyclone Nargis is the costliest cyclone with damages
almost $ 12.1 billion.
• The 1970 Bhola Cyclone is the deadliest cyclone with almost
500000 people killed.
• Typhoon Tip, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Warling,
was the largest and most intense tropical cyclone ever
recorded.
EARTH QUAKES
• An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor)
is the shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the
sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that
creates seismic waves.
• Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so weak
that they cannot be felt to those violent enough to toss
people around and destroy whole cities.
 EARTHQUAKES

• Earthquakes are the result of slow-moving processes that operate within

the earth.
• Earth quakes are measured on Ritcher Scale.
• Earth quakes can destroy settlements and kill many people.
• Damage to property and life due to earthquake can be prevented by:
• Constructing earthquake resistant buildings
• Reinforcement of structures to avoid earthquake vibrations
• Pads or floats placed beneath the building on which it can shiftf harmlessly during
ground motion.
 LANDSLIDES
• The term landslide or less frequently, landslip, refers to several forms of mass wasting
that include a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, deep-seated slope
failures, mudflows.
• A landslide is any geologic process in which gravity causes rock, soil, artificial fill or a
combination of the three to move down a slope.
CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES

NATURAL CAUSES MAN-MADE CAUSES

• Climate • Mining
• Earthquakes • Clear cutting
• Rock deterioration
• Volcanoes
• Forest fires
EFFECTS OF LANDSLIDES

• Lead to economic decline

• Decimation of infrastructure
• Loss of life
• Affects beauty of landscapes
• Impacts river ecosystems
WHERE DO LANDSLIDES USUALLY OCCUR?

• Landslides are associated with hilly or mountainous

landscapes.
• They are also common along coastlines and river valleys.
• Landslides occur most frequently in regions where
climate, soil conditions, and slopes are susceptible to failure.
PREVENTION OF LANDSLIDES

• Reinforcement of floor slabs and external walls in existing

buildings.
• Installation of drainage pipes for rainwater, slope drainage.
• Planting of slopes that are vulnerable to landslides with
deep-rooted trees and shrubs.
THANK YOU!!