Light

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Chapter-ii block 3

Light IGCSE-GCSE-GCE 23
Dr Ahmed Raza Altaf DIMC 28
Light rays
The rays of light travel in 3 forms

Parallel converging diverging

When the source is at distant the rays are parallel like sun rays

Converging rays means all the rays coming towards to meet at the particular point

Diverging rays all the rays going away from the point

Luminous objects are those that produce their own light and falls into our eyes

Non luminous objects are those that donot produce their own light and are visible due
to luminous light falling on it
Causes of Reflection of light
Every object reflects light except black when there is nothing or all light is
absorbed that object appears black,light reflects due to smooth surface
How the light reflects and their principles we have studied in the previous chapter
general properties of waves
Mirrors have so smooth surface that before and after reflection angles remain
unchanged,by the virtue of smooth surfaces you can also see the reflection of
other objects in the mirror
In the rough surfaces the reflection of other objects cannot be seen because
The incident rays do not reflect back into same directions due to roughness of
surface
Light is electromagnetic wave lies in visible spectrum
Reflection
The incident angle is the angle between the normal and incident ray
The reflected angle is the angle b/w normal and reflected ray
Law of reflection says the angle of incident says the angle of incidence is equal to
angle of reflection
Reference line is the normal
There is no change in wavelength frequency and velocity after reflection
For drawing normal take 90 from the surface
For incident angle put the protactor on normal line and
then read the inner angle
How to draw a ray diagram
First of all assume you are looking at the person standing right to you in the mirror

Locate the image first

the distance between the image and you(observer)is same as your distance with
the person standing right to you

Draw a ray from the image towards the eye this is the reflected ray

Incident ray will be drawn from object to the point of intersection of mirror

Ray of light from the object (incident),reflects to your eye(reflected ray)

No reflected ray exist behind the mirror take it as dotted


Evaluation q/s ray digram
Characteristics of image formed by reflection plane mirror
Image is virtual in plane mirror

Virtual is not real image the rays donot actually meet where the image is formed

The rays do meet where the image is been formed it is real image
Applications of reflection of light
1)You are under submarine for locating ship on top of surface you need a periscope

Rays always travel from object to observer eyes

Light rays travel the plane mirror at 45 degrees from where the light is reflected to
second mirror and then to observer eyes

2)In eye clinic the eyes place mirror on front of patient

On back of patient use eye chart to increase distance for observer

You are capable of seeing the light reflects from eye chart to mirror then to eyes

Image will be formed at the back of mirror 5m same distance


Applications continued
Tablet is placed on 3 the light falls on mirror and then to eye of person

Red arrow is direction of camera

Person can read the news as like the tablet is in front but tablet is placed
horizontally below the camera (arrow 6)

Curved mirrors at blind corners


Refraction

The light will move straight when moving from water to air due to angle of incidence
formed is zero when normal is drawn the wave is overlapping the normal

When wave is perpendicular to the surface then it doesnt change direction

Slowing down or fastening of wave may occur but its not everytime the light bends

Light travels fastest in air and vaccum comparatively to water and other mediums

The incident ray moves from water to the air,the refracted ray is the second

Refractive index decides the magnitude of bending of light in the medium and it
depends on the speed of light
Refractive index and snells law
Higher the refractive index lesser will be the velocity of light in that medium

The speed of light is constant in that medium;higher will be the refraction

Sin r is directly proportional to sin i:

R is not directly proportional to i

Constant in snell's law is refractive index

The refractive index of air is 1 so in formula of snells law the value of n is the another medium

When light travels away from normal angle of refraction is greater

When light ray travels towards the normal the angle of incidence is greater use formulas accordingly

Larger angle will always be on numerator

When the value of numerator is greater value is greater than 1

Gradient of graph =n that is refractive index in snells law


Critical angle
It is the value of angle of incidence or angle of refraction?

It is the value of incidence at which refraction angle becomes 90

Every medium or material has its own critical angle it is the property of material

For example

1)diamond has n=1.8(refr.index) its c=34(critical angle)

2)glass has n=1.5(refr.index) its c=42(critical angle)

Higher the refractive index lower the critical angle

If the angle of incidence is 38 in which of them the critical angle is achieved

(Refer diagram on next slide)


Total internal reflection
Total internal reflection is only possible when light travels from slower speed to
faster speed in a medium

Total internal reflection is only possible when light travels from denser medium to
rarer medium (speed of light is slower in denser medium)

Total internal reflection is only possible from higher refractive index to lower
refractive index
Solve this example of total internal reflection
Why pencil is shown bent in water
Light is refracted and travels away from normal as light passes from water to the air and
then travel to your eyes brain doesnt perceive the bending of light so the image is observed
bent because brain observes light has traveled in the straight line
Pencil is observed at y while it is at position x
2)Why the depth of object is seemingly less than original when placed in water?
Your eyes perceive at any point to the straight line the image is formed
If you shoot at that point from gun it wont touch that object
Thats the reason firing is not advised while catching fishes in water
How rainbow is formed
Light is refracted when passed from denser to rare medium forms a rainbow when
prism is placed in between

Light incidents on water droplets during rain or the moisture droplets in air act as a
prism and refract light and disperses white from sunlight into seven colours
Applications of total internal reflection
How is data transferred in optic cable
Infrared rays are entered in to the cable,pulses of light carries the information
The refractive index of cable is too high so its critical angle will be least
So incident angle is always greater than critical angle light shows internal reflection
Copper cables the information was transmitted in the form of electrical signals
Dont write faster when asked why is optic better than copper ? Because light is
travelling at same speed in both
1)In optic cable more data can be transmitted per second in optic cables
2)Optical cables are secure while information were tapped in copper cables
3)Optical fibres are usually made of plastic thus they are light weight and cheaper
Lenses
When light passes from lenses they change their direction they undergo refract
The lenses are of two types converging and diverging
Parallel rays of light enter the converging lens they donot come closer or go away from
each other
Converging lens are those when parallel rays are passed through them they meet at
single point or converge at F that is principal focus
What is principal axis
The x axis drawn horizontally to the lenses is principal axis
For diverging lens the principal focus is behind the lens as rays would never meet
after diverging
The rays diverging draw imaginary line and draw a focus back of lens is principal
focus
Essentials
The distance between the focus and lens centre is focal length
Camera uses lenses,even your eyes work as lenses we use glasses in case of
compromised vision,magnifying glass uses lenses,microscope,telescope uses
lenses
Basic rays for converging lens
1)Draw a line without refracting when passing through lens
2)light passing parallel to F must be passed through point F
3)light passing through F must be passed parallel to F
Lenses ray diagram
First draw object according to object distance and draw arrow according to height of
object,draw rays from object head
Take focus on both sides by observing the focal length
First draw straight line passing the origin
Take second one parallel from head and pass through focus straight from ruler
Mark image at the intersecting or converging point
If object head is above the axis the image is down the axis
Depict image height and distance of image
Linear magnification
It tells about how big or small the size of image is comparatively to object

Image Height / object height=linear magnification

Imagesize=object size linear magnification is 1

Imagesize is greater than obj.when linear magnification greater than 1(up value numerator big more value)

Imagesize is smaller than obj when linear mag.less than 1

Real,inverted,magnified

How to check image formed is real?

If object is one left and image is on right,image formed is virtual


If the rays are not converging
Then take back the previous point of rays if they are diverging their focus is at the
back of lens

Dotted lines will converge at the backside of the lens

Image is virtual,magnified,upright

This phenomenon is used in magnifying glass in which object distance is


less (u in diagram)
What if object is placed at point f
The rays will neither be converging nor diverging

If object is at slight distance the magnified image will diverge at infinity this
phenomenon used in telescopes

In these cases object distance(u)equals focal length


If object is between f and 2f
Case-1 and 5 not important

Case -1 states light coming from distant object comes parallel


If object is at point 2f
If object is at greater than 2f
Point F and right the image is virtual

Point F left is real


Working of camera
Case -ii image is real inverted and diminished (smaller)

Object distance is more than 2f

If the rays are not touching the film

Rays must meet at the film if meet before image is blur,if they meet behind lens
image is blur

Lens should be moved back and forth for adjustment


Human lens working
On the back of the eye we have retina
Image is formed at the back of eye that is retina from where impulses are transmitted to the
brain
In the normal eye the converging lens of eye converges all the rays and forms the image on
the retina
If the rays formed are before or after the retina the vision is improper
Near sighted vision
If the rays are converged before the retina the person is near sighted
Near sighted person can see the images that are near to him but cannot see objects far
away from him,distant objects are blur
How to fix it
Diverge the rays by placing diverging lens before passing through converging lens of eye so
that rays can converge at the retina
Far righted vision
Far sighted vision is clear but nearest vision is blur due to image is formed after
the retina
Now place converging lens before the rays pass through converging lens of eye
So that image can be formed at retina

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