Notes: Introduction To Light - Reflection & Refraction
Notes: Introduction To Light - Reflection & Refraction
Notes: Introduction To Light - Reflection & Refraction
CBSE Class 10 Science Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction Notes: Download PDF
Light: Definition
Light is a form of energy that enables us to see things. Light starts from a source and bounces off objects which are
perceived by our eyes and our brain processes this signal, which eventually enables us to see.
3,72,400
Nature of Light
Light behaves as a:
Laws of Reflection
Laws of Reflection
The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal all lie in the same plane. Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
[∠i=∠r]
For More Information On Laws of Reflection, Watch The Below Video:
2,63,186
To know more about Law of Reflection, visit here.
Propagation of light
Rectilinear propagation of light: Light travels in a straight line between any two points.
Fermat’s Theorem
The principle of least time: Light always takes the quickest path between any two points (which may not be the
shortest path).
Rectilinear propagation of light and the law of reflection [∠i=∠r] can be validated by Fermat’s principle of least
time.
Students can refer to the short notes and MCQ questions along with separate solutions based on this chapter for quick
revision from the links below:
Plane mirror
Any flat and polished surface that has almost no irregularities on its surface that reflect light is called as a plane mirror.
Characteristics of images
Images can be real or virtual, erect or inverted, magnified or diminished. A real image is formed by the actual
convergence of light rays. A virtual image is the apparent convergence of diverging light rays.
If an image formed is upside down then it is called inverted or else it is an erect image. If the image formed is
bigger than the object, then it is called magnified. If the image formed is smaller than the object, then it is
diminished.
Spherical mirror
Consider a hollow sphere with a very smooth and polished inside surface and an outer surface with a coating of mercury
so that no light can come out. Then if we cut a thin slice out of the shell, we get a curved mirror, which is called a spherical
mirror.
Curved Mirror
A mirror (or any polished, reflective surface) with a curvature is known as a curved mirror.
15,01,954
To know more about Spherical Mirrors, visit here.
A ray passing through the centre of curvature hits the concave spherical mirror and retraces its path.
Rays parallel to the principal axis passes through the focal point or focus.
Image formation by spherical mirrors
For objects at various positions, the image formed can be found using the ray diagrams for the special two rays. The
following table is for a concave mirror.
1/v + 1/u = 1/f where ‘u’ is object distance, ‘v’ is the image distance and ‘f’ is the focal length of spherical mirror,
which is found by similarity of triangles.
The magnification produced by a spherical mirror is the ratio of the height of the image to the height of the
object. It is usually represented as ‘m’.
To know more about Mirror Formula, visit here.
For More Information On Mirror Formula and Magnification, Watch The Below Video:
4,21,688
Refraction
The shortest path need not be the quickest path. Since light is always in a hurry, it bends when it enters a different
medium as it is still following the quickest path. This phenomenon of light bending in a different medium is called
refraction.
Laws of Refraction
The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface of two transparent media at the point of
incidence, all lie in the same plane.
The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a constant, for the light of a
given colour and for the given pair of media. This law is also known as Snell’s law of refraction.
To know more about Refraction and Law of Refraction, visit here.
Light bends towards the normal when moving from rarer to denser medium at the surface of the two media.
Light bends away from the normal when moving from denser to rarer medium at the surface of contact of the two
media.
Refractive Index
The extent to which light bends when moving from one medium to another is called refractive index. This depends on the
ratio of the speeds in the two media. The greater the ratio, more the bending. It is also the ratio of the sine of the angle of
incidence and the sine of the angle of refraction, which is a constant for any given pair of media. It is denoted by:
n = sin∠i/sin∠r = speed of light in medium 1/speed of light in medium2.
To know more about Refractive Index Formula, visit here.
When the light goes from a denser to a rarer medium it bends away from the normal. The angle at which
the incident ray causes the refracted ray to go along the surface of the two media parallelly is called
critical angle.
When the incident angle is greater than the critical angle, it reflects inside the denser medium instead of
refracting. This phenomenon is known as Total Internal Reflection.
E.g mirages, optical fibres.
Spherical Lens
Spherical lenses
Spherical lenses are the lenses formed by binding two spherical transparent surfaces together. Spherical lenses formed
by binding two spherical surfaces bulging outward are known as convex lenses while the spherical lenses formed by
binding two spherical surfaces such that they are curved inward are known as concave lenses.
2,46,788
To know more about Spherical Lenses, visit here.
Pole (P): The midpoint or the symmetric centre of a spherical lens is known as its Optical Centre. It is also called
as the pole.
Principal Axis: The line passing through the optical centre and the centre of curvature.
Paraxial Ray: A ray close to principal axis and also parallel to it.
Centre of curvature (C): The centres of the spheres that the spherical lens was a part of. A spherical lens has two
centres of curvatures.
Focus (F): It is the point on the axis of a lens to which parallel rays of light converge or from which they appear to
diverge after refraction.
Focal length: Distance between optical centre and focus.
Concave lens: Diverging lens
Convex lens: Converging lens
A ray of light parallel to principal axis passes/appears to pass through the focus.
A ray passing through the optical centre undergoes zero deviation.
For More Information On Lens Formula, Magnification and Power, Watch The Below Video:
3,07,601
To know more about Lens formula and magnification, .
Uses of spherical lens
Applications such as visual aids: spectacles, binoculars, magnifying lens, telescopes.
7,82,892
Power of a Lens
Power of a lens is the reciprocal of its focal length i.e 1/f (in metre). The SI unit of power of a lens is dioptre (D).
To know more about Power of a Lens, visit here.
A 3 cm high object is placed at a distance of 80 cm from a concave lens of focal length 20 cm. Find the
size of the image formed.
Height of the image is 0.6 cm.