Practice Test B – Reading

Question 1- 10

With Robert Laurent and William Zorach, direct carving enters into the story of
modem sculpture in the United States. Direct carving – in which the sculptors
themselves carve stone or wood with mallet and chisel – must be recognized as
Line something more than just a technique. Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well:
(5) that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which
sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony. For example,
sometimes the shape or veining in a piece of stone or wood suggests, perhaps even
dictates, not only the ultimate form, but even the subject matter.
The technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteenth-century tradition in
(10) which the making of a clay model was considered the creative act and the work was
then turned over to studio assistants to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble.
Neoclassical sculptors seldom held a mallet or chisel in their own hands, readily
conceding that the assistants they employed were far better than they were at carving
the finished marble.
(15) With the turn-of-the-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional
sources of inspiration, such as wooden African figures and masks, there arose a new
urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium. Even
as early as the 1880's and 1890's, nonconformist European artists were attempting
direct carving. By the second decade of the twentieth century, Americans – Laurent
(20) and Zorach most notably - had adopted it as their primary means of working.
Born in France, Robert Laurent (1890-197Q) was a prodigy who received his
education in the United States. In 1905 he was sent to Paris as an apprentice to an art
dealer, and in the years that followed he witnessed the birth of Cubism, discovered
primitive art, and learned the techniques of woodcarving from a frame maker.
(25) Back in New York City by 1910, Laurent began carving pieces such as The
Priestess, which reveals his fascination with African, pre-Columbian, and South
Pacific art. Taking a walnut plank, the sculptor carved the expressive, stylized design.
It is one of the earliest examples of direct carving in American sculpture. The plank's
form dictated the rigidly frontal view and the low relief. Even its irregular shape must
(30) have appealed to Laurent as a break with a long-standing tradition that required a
sculptor to work within a perfect rectangle or square.

1. The word "medium" in line 5 could 2. What is one of the fundamental

be used to refer to principles of direct carving?

(A) stone or wood (A) A sculptor must work with

(B) mallet and chisel talented assistants.
(C) technique (B) The subject of a sculpture
(D) principle should be derived from classical
stories.
(C) The material is an important
element in a sculpture.
(D) Designing a sculpture is a more
creative activity than carving it.
3. The word "dictates" in line 8 is 6. Where did Robert Laurent learn to
closest in meaning to carve?

(A) reads aloud (A) New York

(B) determines (B) Africa
(C) includes (C) The South Pacific
(D) records (D) Paris

4. How does direct carving differ from 7. The phrase "a break with" in line 30
the nineteenth-century tradition of is closest in meaning to
sculpture?
(A) a destruction of
(A) Sculptors are personally (B) a departure from
involved in the carving of a (C) a collapse of
piece. (D) a solution to
(B) Sculptors find their inspiration in
neoclassical sources.
(C) Sculptors have replaced the 8. The piece titled The Priestess has all
mallet and chisel with other of the following characteristics
tools. EXCEPT:
(D) Sculptors receive more formal
training. (A) The design is stylized.
(B) It is made of marble.
(C) The carving is not deep.
5. The word "witnessed" in line 23 is (D) It depicts the front of a person.
closest in meaning to

(A) influenced
(B) studied
(C) validated
(D) observed
 Question 9 – 19

Birds that feed in flocks commonly retire together into roosts. The reasons for roosting
communally are not always obvious, but there are some likely benefits. In winter
especially, it is important for birds to keep warm at night and conserve precious food
Line reserves. One way to do this is to find a sheltered roost. Solitary roosters shelter in
(5) dense vegetation or enter a cavity – horned larks dig holes in the ground and
ptarmigan burrow into snow banks – but the effect of sheltering is magnified by
several birds huddling together in the roosts, as wrens, swifts, brown creepers,
bluebirds, and anis do. Body contact reduces the surface area exposed to the cold air,
so the birds keep each other warm. Two kinglets huddling together were found to
(10) reduce their heat losses by a quarter, and three together saved a third of their heat.
The second possible benefit of communal roosts is that they act as "information
centers." During the day, parties of birds will have spread out to forage over a very
large area. When they return in the evening some will have fed well, but others may
have found little to eat. Some investigators have observed that when the birds set out
(15) again next morning, those birds that did not feed well on the previous day appear to
follow those that did. The behavior of common and lesser kestrels may illustrate
different feeding behaviors of similar birds with different roosting habits. The common
kestrel hunts vertebrate animals in a small, familiar hunting ground, whereas the very
similar lesser kestrel feeds on insects over a large area. The common kestrel roosts and
(20) hunts alone, but the lesser kestrel roosts and hunts in flocks, possibly so one bird can
learn from others where to find insect swarms.
Finally, there is safety in numbers at communal roosts since there will always be a
few birds awake at any given moment to give the alarm. But this increased protection is
partially counteracted by the fact that mass roosts attract predators and are especially
(25) vulnerable if they are on the ground. Even those in trees can be attacked by birds of
prey. The birds on the edge are at greatest risk since predators find it easier to catch
small birds perching at the margins of the roost.

9. What does the passage mainly 11. Ptarmigan keep warm in the winter
discuss? by

(A) How birds find and store food (A) huddling together on the ground
(B) How birds maintain body heat in with other birds
the winter (B) building nests in trees
(C) Why birds need to establish (C) burrowing into dense patches of
territory vegetation
(D) Why some species of birds nest (D) digging tunnels into the snow
together

10. The word "conserve" in line 3 is

closest in meaning to

(A) retain
(B) watch
(C) locate
(D) share
12. The word "magnified" in line 6 is 16. The word "counteracted" in line 24 is
closest in meaning to closest in meaning to

(A) caused (A) suggested

(B) modified (B) negated
(C) intensified (C) measured
(D) combined (D) shielded

13. The author mentions kinglets in line 17. Which of the following is NOT
9 as an example of birds that mentioned in the passage as an
advantage derived by birds that
(A) protect themselves by nesting in huddle together while sleeping?
holes
(B) nest with other species of birds (A) Some members of the flock
(C) nest together for warmth warn others of impending
(D) usually feed and nest in pairs dangers.
(B) Staying together provides a
greater amount of heat for the
14. The word "forage" in line 12 is whole flock.
closest in meaning to (C) Some birds in the flock function
as information centers for others
(A) fly who are looking for food.
(B) assemble (D) Several members of the flock
(C) feed care for the young.
(D) rest

18. Which of the following is a

15. Which of the following statements disadvantage of communal roosts
about lesser and common kestrels is that is mentioned in the passage?
true?
(A) Diseases easily spread among
(A) The lesser kestrel and the the birds.
common kestrel have similar (B) Groups are more attractive to
diets. predators than individual birds
(B) The lesser kestrel feeds are.
sociably but the common kestrel (C) Food supplies are quickly
does not. depleted.
(C) The common kestrel nests in (D) Some birds in the group will
larger flocks than does the attack the others.
lesser kestrel.
(D) The common kestrel nests in
trees; the lesser kestrel nests 19. The word "they" in line 25 refers to
on the ground.
(A) a few birds
(B) mass roosts
(C) predators
(D) trees
 Question 20 – 30

Before the mid-nineteenth century, people in the United States ate most foods only
in season. Drying, smoking, and salting could preserve meat for a short time, but the
availability of fresh meat, like that of fresh milk, was very limited; there was no way to
Line prevent spoilage. But in 1810 a French inventor named Nicolas Appert developed the
(5) cooking-and-sealing process of canning. And in the 1850's an American named Gail
Borden developed a means of condensing and preserving milk. Canned goods and
condensed milk became more common during the 1860's, but supplies remained low
because cans had to be made by hand. By 1880, however, inventors had fashioned
stamping and soldering machines that mass-produced cans from tinplate. Suddenly all
(10) kinds of food could be preserved and bought at all times of the year.
Other trends and inventions had also helped make it possible for Americans to vary
their daily diets. Growing urban populations created demand that encouraged fruit and
vegetable farmers to raise more produce. Railroad refrigerator cars enabled growers
and meat packers to ship perishables great distances and to preserve them for longer
(15) periods. Thus, by the 1890's, northern city dwellers could enjoy southern and western
strawberries, grapes, and tomatoes, previously available for a month at most, for up to
six months of the year. In addition, increased use of iceboxes enabled families to store
perishables. An easy means of producing ice commercially had been invented in the
1870's, and by 1900 the nation had more than two thousand commercial ice plants,
(20) most of which made home deliveries. The icebox became a fixture in most homes and
remained so until the mechanized refrigerator replaced it in the 1920's and 1930's.
Almost everyone now had a more diversified diet. Some people continued to eat
mainly foods that were heavy in starches or carbohydrates, and not everyone could
afford meat. Nevertheless, many families could take advantage of previously
unavailable fruits, vegetables, and dairy products to achieve more varied fare.

20. What does the passage mainly 21. The phrase "in season" in line 2
discuss? refers to

(A) Causes of food spoilage (A) a kind of weather

(B) Commercial production of ice (B) a particular time of year
(C) Inventions that led to changes in (C) an official schedule
the American diet (D) a method of flavoring food
(D) Population movements in the
nineteenth century
22. The word "prevent" in line 4 is 27. The author implies that in the 1920's
closest in meaning to and 1930's home deliveries of ice

(A) estimate (A) decreased in number

(B) avoid (B) were on an irregular schedule
(C) correct (C) increased in cost
(D) confine (D) occurred only in the summer

23. During the 1860's, canned food 28. The word "nevertheless" in line 24 is
products were closest in meaning to

(A) unavailable in rural areas (A) therefore

(B) shipped in refrigerator cars (B) because
(C) available in limited quantities (C) occasionally
(D) a staple part of the American (D) however
diet

29. Which of the following types of food

24. It can be inferred that railroad preservation was NOT mentioned in
refrigerator cars came into use the passage?

(A) before 1860 (A) Drying

(B) before 1890 (B) Canning
(C) after 1900 (C) Cold storage
(D) after 1920 (D) Chemical additives

25. The word "them" in line 14 refers to 30. Which of the following statements is
supported by the passage?
(A) refrigerator cars
(B) perishables (A) Tin cans and iceboxes helped to
(C) growers make many foods more widely
(D) distances available.
(B) Commercial ice factories were
developed by railroad owners.
26. The word "fixture" in line 20 is (C) Most farmers in the United
closest in meaning to States raised only fruits and
vegetables.
(A) luxury item (D) People who lived in cities
(B) substance demanded home delivery of foods.
(C) commonplace object
(D) mechanical device