Draft version June 18, 2024

Typeset using LATEX twocolumn style in AASTeX631

Serendipitous Catch of a Giant Jellyfish: an Ionized Nebula around 3C 275.1 with 170 kpc Long Tails
Qinyuan Zhao,1 Junfeng Wang ,1 and Zhenzhen Li 2, 3

1 Department of Astronomy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China

2 Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan
Road, Shanghai 200030, China
3 Key Laboratory of Polar Science, MNR, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China
arXiv:2406.11433v1 [astro-ph.GA] 17 Jun 2024

ABSTRACT
3C 275.1 is a blue quasar at z = 0.55522, hosting powerful outflows and residing in a complex
environment. We present a serendipitously detected giant nebula surrounding 3C 275.1, which shows
morphological features resembling those of objects known as “jellyfish galaxy”, with extremely long
tails of ionized gas extending to 170 kpc in projection. We analyze its optical spectra taken by the
MUSE on the VLT. The brighter part of this giant nebula exceeds 100 kpc, whose rotation curve
does not flatten out, is very different from those of normal spiral galaxies. This system shares some
characteristics common to those formed via ram pressure stripping (RPS), yet its long narrow tails and
higher ionization are unusual compared to known tails in jellyfish galaxies, not fully consistent with a
simple RPS scenario. Our photoionization simulation and the inferred short recombination timescale
both suggest that besides the quasar 3C 275.1, an extra source of ionization is necessary to keep the
gas ionized at such distance from the nucleus, which could be related to RPS, tidal interaction or
AGN outflow, providing new evidence of active dynamical interaction of a galaxy with the intracluster
medium.

Keywords: Galaxy evolution (594); Intracluster medium (858); Galaxy clusters (584); Ram pressure
stripped tails (2126)

1. INTRODUCTION in cluster environments (Dressler 1980). When a galaxy

Environmental effects play a key role in galaxy evo- falls into a cluster through the intergalactic space filled
lution, specifically the transformation from late-type to with hot and diffuse gas, ram pressure from intra-cluster
early-type galaxies. Galaxies evolve primarily through medium (ICM) gas applies a force to the gas component
mergers (Toomre & Toomre 1972; Perry et al. 2023), in the galaxy that can potentially unbind its gas reser-
tidal interactions (Mayer et al. 2006; Chung et al. 2007), voir. This process, which results in disturbed galaxy
ram-pressure stripping (RPS; Gunn & Gott 1972; Luo morphologies and trailing tails of stripped gas, is re-
et al. 2023), viscous stripping (Nulsen 1982; Quilis et al. ferred to as RPS (see Boselli et al. 2022 for a review).
2000), galaxy harassment (Moore et al. 1996), and star- Bekki (2009) named these objects “jellyfish galaxies”
vation (Larson et al. 1980; Peng et al. 2015). These due to the morphologies of their tails. Observations and
interactions can remove the gas to rapidly quench star simulations both demonstrate important effects of RPS
formation (Roberts et al. 2019; Ciocan et al. 2020) or on galaxy evolution such as disk truncation, star for-
increase interstellar medium (ISM) density to enhance mation quenching, central bulge build-up, formation of
star formation (Roberts & Parker 2020; Cramer et al. flocculent arms, the transformation of dwarf galaxies,
2021). and long filamentary structures (Okamoto & Nagashima
Among these mechanisms, RPS has been known as the 2003; Tonnesen & Bryan 2012; Ruszkowski et al. 2014;
most efficient mechanism of gas removal from galaxies Kenney et al. 2014).
In the past several years, more signatures of RPS have
been observed in molecular gas (e.g. Sivanandam et al.
Corresponding author: Junfeng Wang 2010, 2014; Moretti et al. 2018, 2020), and ionized gas
[email protected] in the optical (e.g. Fumagalli et al. 2014; Fossati et al.
2

2016; Bellhouse et al. 2019; Cramer et al. 2019; Azevedo and medium spectral resolution of R = 3500. The see-
et al. 2023) and X-ray bands (e.g. Sun et al. 2006, 2010; ing varied during the observations from 0.65 arcsec to
Poggianti et al. 2019). JO201 with 94 kpc long tails 1.2 arcsec, and the full width at half maximum (FWHM)
which is falling into Abell 85, undergoes both RPS and of the point-spread function (PSF) in the averaged data
AGN feedback at low redshift (Bellhouse et al. 2019; set was 0.9′′ . The total on-source integration time is 4
George et al. 2019). Boselli et al. (2019) detected two × 562 s.
massive star forming galaxies with tails that extend to After removing cosmic rays from the raw data using
100 kpc at z = 0.7. Recent studies further reveal that the L.A. Cosmic procedure (van Dokkum 2001), we re-
RPS can also help compressing the gas (e.g., Roberts & duce the raw data using the ESO-MUSE pipeline. The
Parker 2020; Troncoso-Iribarren et al. 2020), which may final data cubes have a spatial scale of 0.2′′ × 0.2′′ . The
briefly enhance star formation during the early stages, estimated angular resolution is ∼ 0.9′′ based on the
and eventually remove the full ISM from the galaxy, FWHM of the PSF map, which roughly corresponds to
leading to the quenching of star formation (Vollmer et al. 5.8 kpc at the redshift of z = 0.55522. We estimated
2001; Tonnesen et al. 2007). the PSF for this observation using surface brightness
It is critical to observe jellyfish galaxies at high physi- profiles of broad emission lines (BELs), i.e., using a 2D
cal resolution to better understand star formation activ- Gaussian to fit the BELs map.
ities at small-scale. Integral field spectroscopy (IFS) ob-
servations provide both spatial and spectral information, 3. THE QUASAR 3C 275.1 AND ITS
therefore it is very advantageous to investigate various ENVIRONMENT
physical properties of jellyfish galaxies with IFS obser- 3.1. Properties of 3C 275.1
vations. However, most IFS studies have been limited to
3C 275.1 with a central black hole of 108.3 M⊙
the local universe, whereas jellyfish galaxies in massive
(McLure et al. 2006) at z = 0.55522±0.00004 (Adelman-
clusters are mostly at intermediate redshift (e.g. Kalita
McCarthy et al. 2008) is a FR II radio quasar. The radio
& Ebeling 2019). Hence case study of their local ana-
morphology of 3C 275.1 is a dogleg structure, and the
logues can provide more insights.
two sides display an asymmetry in the Faraday depolar-
In this paper, we present VLT/MUSE IFS observa-
ization (Garrington & Conway 1991). Several authors
tions of quasar 3C 275.1 at z ∼ 0.55 and discovery
have argued that the source lies in a rich cluster which
of a giant nebula surrounding it, aiming to character-
could account for its distorted shape (Stocke et al. 1985;
ize its intergalactic environment and ISM. This system
Ellingson et al. 1991; Hardcastle & Worrall 1999; Craw-
was serendipitouly identified during our study on galaxy
ford & Fabian 2003), Liu & Pooley (1990) note that
scale quasar outflow using IFS archival data (Zhao &
there is a galaxy near the southern component which
Wang 2023). We carry out emission line analysis of the
may be interacting with the southern lobe.
ionized gas in this newly identified jellyfish galaxy, which
3C 275.1 is hosted by an elliptical galaxy although
includes [O ii], Hβ and [O iii]. This paper is structured
the colors are somewhat bluer than normal (Hintzen &
as follows: we describe observations and data reduction
Romanishin 1986), and is surrounded by a number of
in Section 2. In Sections 3 and 4, we measure the group
faint galaxies (Hintzen et al. 1981). Ellingson & Yee
environment and the nebula. In Section 5, we discuss
(1994) measured 35 of these galaxies and only found
the possible origin of the nebula. We conclude with a
five to be within about 300 km s−1 of the quasar red-
summary in Section 6. Throughout this paper, we adopt
shift. Previous work suggests that 3C 275.1 is located
a cosmology with H0 =70 km s−1 Mpc−1 , Ωm = 0.3,
at the centre of the gravitational potential well of the
ΩΛ = 0.7.
group (Krempec-Krygier et al. 1998). An extremely
large elliptical nebula whose major axis roughly perpen-
2. OBSERVATION AND DATA REDUCTION dicular to the radio axis (e.g. Stocke et al. 1985) and
3C 275.1 was observed by VLT/MUSE in 2021 Febru- exceeding 100 kpc (14′′ ) underlying 3C 275.1 (Hintzen
ary under ESO program ID 106.2142.001, i.e., 0106.B- et al. 1983), shows a “solid-body rotation curve” extend-
0564(A) (PI: Balmaverde). Results on the optical spec- ing 40 kpc from the quasar nucleus (Hintzen & Stocke
tral properties of the nuclei of some radio-loud AGNs 1986). The nebula may be relic from multiple tidal in-
have been published (Capetti et al. 2023). The spectra teractions with cluster/group members, or it may be
were taken in the optical band (wavelength coverage λ ∼ the cooling flow centered on the quasar. In the latter
4750 Å - 9350 Å in the observer’s frame), covering 3054 case, the quasar was considered to be a possible “proto-
Å to 6012 Å in the rest frame for 3C 275.1 at z ∼ 0.555. cD” galaxy (Hintzen & Stocke 1986). In this IFS ob-
The field of view (FOV) covers an average of 1′ × 1′ , servation, we also identified a large nebula around 3C
 3

275.1, confirming the results of Hintzen et al. (1983) 100 kpc

and Hintzen & Stocke (1986). Moreover, the nebula we 16 2301500 G1 G3
detected is much larger than previous results, extending G2
to ∼170 kpc. Crawford & Fabian (2003) reported on the G4 G7
G5 G6 G11
spatially extended soft X-ray emission surrounding 3C
0000 G15G10 G13
G8 G9

Dec (J2000)
275.1. The X-ray emission is most likely thermal emis-
G14 G19 G12 G21
sion from the ICM of a cluster, or possibly associated G16 G18 G20
with the radio plasma (Crawford & Fabian 2003; Belsole G17 G22
et al. 2006). We overlays the X-ray, radio, and optical 2204500 G23
nebula contours (Figure 2e) and find that the extended G24
X-ray emission is preferentially aligned along the radio G26 G25
30 G29
jet direction, while the optical filamentary nebula is lo- G30
00

cated between radio/x-ray jet hotspots and is roughly G28

perpendicular to jet axis.
G27
12h44m00s 59s 43m58s 57s 56s
3.2. Group Membership RA (J2000)
In order to determine which galaxies belong to
Figure 1. MUSE white-light image in linear scale over the
the “group” and which are foreground or background
full field of view of the observations. The five group mem-
sources, we have estimated spectroscopic redshifts of bers that are unambiguously identified are marked with blue
the sources in the region covered by the ionized gas us- rectangles, while the foreground or background sources are
ing their emission or absorption spectral features. Us- marked with white rectangles, and sources with no identified
ing available MUSE data (Figure 1). Thirty continuum redshifts are marked with red rectangles. The yellow star
sources are identified, and five group members are un- marks the position of the quasar 3C 275.1. The morphology
ambiguously spectroscopically identified with redshifts of [O iii] is marked with green contours. The physical scale
at the redshift of the group is indicated at the top left.
between 0.5535 ≤ z ≤ 0.5595 in the FOV. Figure 1
shows an image from the MUSE observations of the field
where we mark the quasar and surrounding galaxies with 4.1. Non-parametric Measurements
their IDs, together with the morphology of nebula. Blue, We performed non-parametric measurements of the
white and red rectangles represent that the galaxy is a emission line profiles following the method described in
group member, a foreground or background source, and Liu et al. (2013), and obtained three maps:
uncertain source, respectively. The IDs, galaxy coordi- (i) intensity map of the [O iii] λ5007 Å line.
nates, photometric redshifts from SDSS Data Release 12 (ii) vmed , median velocity map.
(Alam et al. 2015), spectroscopic redshifts and ∆v with (iii) W80 , line width map. This is defined as the differ-
3C 275.1 are reported in Table 1. There could be some ence between the velocities at 10 and 90 per cent of the
dwarf galaxies with weak continuum that have not been cumulative flux: W80 = v90 −v10 . For a purely Gaussian
identified. The velocity range of these 5 group members velocity profile, W80 = 2.563σ.
is ∼ 1200 km s−1 . The 4 closest galaxies have a veloc- These non-parametric measurements were obtained
ity range of only 650 km s−1 , possibly consistent with using the best-fit profiles. Figure 2 shows an overview of
being members of a group. Such complex environment the flux distribution and kinematical properties of the
could result in galaxy interactions that contribute to re- ionized gas, as obtained from the fit of the [O iii] λ5007
distribution of gas to large scales (e.g. Johnson et al. line. The maps were obtained by selecting only those
2024). spatial pixels with a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) equal to
or higher than 1.5.
4. KINEMATIC MAPS OF THE GIANT NEBULA
The resulting morphology and kinematics of the neb-
In order to understand the the main properties of ula are complex. The flux distribution (Figure 2a) shows
this giant ionized nebula, we fit the most prominent multiple clumps around the quasar, as well as filamen-
gas emission lines by minimizing χ2 using the Python tary structures in the west regions. Based on the mor-
package MPFIT. After extracting the spectrum in each phology, kinematics and locations relative to the quasar,
spaxel, subtracting the continuum and removing the we initially refer to different parts of the nebula as the
broad emission line, we fit the [O ii], Hβ and [O iii] lines Host nebula (“A-G”), the Half-ring nebula (“H-K”), the
with a combination of Gaussian profiles, so that all fit- West filaments (“L-Q”), and the faint nebula (ellipse
ted lines share the same central velocity and velocity region). The Host nebula surrounds the quasar and
dispersion.
 4

Table 1. Summary of Galaxies in the Field of 3C 275.1. except that the “M” and “K” regions are redshifted and
ID RA Dec photo z spec z ∆v blue-shifted, respectively. The velocity of “K” is differ-
G1 12:43:58.31 +16:23:10.27 0.409 ± 0.1071 0.2367 ent with that of other nearby regions, likely representing
G2 12:43:57.55 +16:23:09.78 0.511 ± 0.0626 an independent system.
G3 12:43:57.65 +16:23:13.38 - 0.4909 The map of W80 (Figure 2c) shows elevated velocity
G4 12:43:58.71 +16:23:01.87 0.241 ± 0.1293 0.1974 dispersion in the central (“A”) region, and the value of
G5 12:43:58.56 +16:23:01.46 - 0.9489 W80 reaches 1000 km s−1 , which is comparable to that
G6 12:43:57.89 +16:23:01.70 - 0.8162 of known quasar outflows (e.g. Zakamska et al. 2016),
G7 12:43:56.20 +16:23:06.20 - indicating possible association with an AGN outflow.
G8 12:43:58.82 +16:22:57.36 - The other regions have a lower velocity dispersion of ∼
G9 12:43:58.45 +16:22:57.12 -
150-400 km s−1 at the tail.
G10 12:43:57.27 +16:22:57.82 0.286 ± 0.0890 0.2395
G11 12:43:56.42 +16:23:00.71 - 0.8877
G12 12:43:56.48 +16:22:58.21 - 0.5586 650 4.2. The Host Nebula
G13 12:43:55.99 +16:22:59.96 0.031 ± 0.1285 0.8888 The kinematics of the Host nebula are more complex
G14 12:43:58.32 +16:22:53.00 0.624 ± 0.0390 0.6942
than the canonical velocity map expected for rotating
G15 12:43:57.76 +16:22:58.88 - 0.5580 535
disks. We modeled the Host nebula kinematics using a
G16 12:43:59.36 +16:22:49.21 0.466 ± 0.0562
tilted-ring model, and fit with the BBarolo (Di Teodoro
G17 12:43:58.46 +16:22:50.61 -
G18 12:43:57.84 +16:22:48.03 0.553 ± 0.0361 0.5570 342
& Fraternali 2015) tool, to test whether the Host neb-
G19 12:43:57.31 +16:22:55.04 - ula kinematics are compatible with a rotation-supported
G20 12:43:57.23 +16:22:51.42 - system. This fit has some limitations. Since the Host
G21 12:43:56.13 +16:22:54.02 0.658 ± 0.2108 0.0956 nebula has more extension in the northeast, and the disk
G22 12:43:56.24 +16:22:46.73 0.571 ± 0.0412 0.5595 823 model is symmetric, it cannot be further extended to
G23 12:43:57.40 +16:22:42.94 0.113 ± 0.0730 cover the entire nebula. The best-fit plots for a rotating
G24 12:43:58.15 +16:22:37.84 0.126 ± 0.0423 0.1663 disk are shown in Figure 3. Based on these, we infer an
G25 12:43:57.89 +16:22:35.82 - 0.5039 inclination i = 55◦ , PA = 61◦ , and vrot ∼ 240 km s−1 .
G26 12:43:59.00 +16:22:33.73 - The best-fit velocity maps still show significant residu-
G27 12:43:58.78 +16:22:22.42 -
als at northeast of the nucleus with ∆v ∼ 200 km s−1 ,
G28 12:43:57.54 +16:22:24.81 0.470 ± 0.1262 0.5535 -332
and ∆v ∼ −100 km s−1 at nucleus, east and northwest
G29 12:43:56.58 +16:22:28.29 0.457 ± 0.0232 0.4651
G30 12:43:59.47 +16:22:26.28 0.540 ± 0.0942 0.4936
of the nucleus. These features might be associated with
a companion (G15) and quasar outflows. We produced
position-velocity (PV) diagram, as shown in Figure 4.
extends to a projected radii of about 50 kpc from the In the PV diagram, the range of detected velocities well
quasar with [O iii] surface brightness levels ranging from exceed the projected maximum rotational disk velocity
0.1 to 9 × 10−17 erg s−1 cm−2 arcsec−2 , with velocities given by the BBarolo model. In addition, the velocity
ranging from -300 to 400 km s−1 , and distinct rotating amplitude of the Host nebula (∼350 km s−1 ) is higher
disk-like structure (see § 5.2). It is attached with two than that of the normal spiral galaxies (∼200 km s−1 ,
long tails over 100 kpc to the west with [O iii] surface Vulcani et al. 2018), even the massive spiral galaxies
brightness levels ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 × 10−17 erg (∼250 km s−1 ), and the size of these nebula is larger
s−1 cm−2 arcsec−2 . The flux for the faint nebula in the than that of normal galaxy disks. Although PV dia-
southwest (in ellipse) is obtained from the data-cube for gram shows solid body rotation, as reported by Hintzen
[O iii] in velocity ranges of ∼ 300 - 800 km s−1 rather & Stocke (1986), the overall kinematics are more com-
than fitting [O iii] due to the weak signal. Therefore, the plex than this, and the pattern of large velocity residuals
velocity and line width maps do not show this nebula. in Figure 3 is unlikely to be explained by any simple disk
The large scale velocity structure is rather complex. model. It is likely to be a 3D gas distribution with some
The velocity distribution (Figure 2b) of Host nebula is complex motions. It implies that additional factors may
remarkably well organized. One part of the nebula is be causing its kinematics to deviate from a normal ro-
redshifted, while the other is blueshifted. The velocity tating disk, such as inflow, outflow, and the interaction
map shows evidence for a velocity gradient along the with the companion galaxies.
northeast-southwest direction, with velocity ranging be- To examine if the nebula has any relationship with
tween ∼ +400 km s−1 and −300 km s−1 , possibly associ- galaxies in the quasar environment, we show [O ii] and
ated with a rotating disk. The velocity of the Half-ring [O iii] emission contours over the HST optical image in
nebula relative to the systemic is approximately zero, Figure 2d. The northeast region (“F”) is close to galaxy
 5

10 9 10
8 20 kpc Flux 8 20 kpc Vmed 300
6 Q 6

2
0.9

erg s 1 cm 2 arcsec
N 150
4 F M 4
Dec (arcsec)

Dec (arcsec)
2 E 2 0
B C

1
L 0.09

km s
0 D A O 0
G 150
-2 -2

17
-4 K P -4 300
H I I II III

10
-6 J faint nebula -6

-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
RA (arcsec) RA (arcsec)

(a) (b)

10 1000
8 20 kpc W80
6 800
4
Dec (arcsec)

2 600

1
km s
0
-2 400
-4
-6 200

-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
RA (arcsec)

(c)

16°23'10" 16°23'10"

00" 00"
Dec (J2000)

Dec (J2000)

22'50" 22'50"

40" 40"

12h43m58s 57s 56s 12h43m58s 57s 56s

RA (J2000) RA (J2000)
(d) (e)

Figure 2. Non-parametric measurements of [O iii] nebula. The maps are (a) flux intensity of [O iii] (erg s−1 cm−2 arcsec−2 );
(b) median velocity (km s−1 ); (c) line width (W80 , km s−1 ); (d) [O iii] surface brightness contours overlaid on the HST
WFPC2/F675W image of the field marking surface brightness levels of 5, 150, 1500, and 4000 × 10−20 erg s−1 cm−2 arcsec−2 ; (e)
[O iii] (red) surface brightness contours and 2.99 GHz radio (green) contours observed by VLASS overlaid on the Chandra/ACIS-
S image. The maps were obtained by selecting only those spaxels with a S/N of [O iii] λ5007 line equal to or higher than 1.5.
The red cross marks the position of the quasar 3C 275.1. The PSF (0.9 ′′ ) of MUSE data is depicted by the open circle in
the lower left of the panels. Note that, because of the weak signal, the faint nebula image in the ellipse is generated from the
data-cube for [O iii] in velocity ranges of ∼ 300 - 800 km s−1 in panel (a). Therefore, the velocity and line width maps (b and
c) do not show the nebula in the ellipse.
6

G15, while the eastern (“D”) region is close to G9 and from the ISM of the dwarf or young stellar populations
G17. There appears to be weak continuum emission in in the tidal tail.
“D” region (Figure 2d). The line width in “F” region The velocity distribution of “K” shows that it is likely
is narrower than that from nearby parts of the gas, in- an independent velocity system, more blueshifted than
dicating that the emission line likely arises in its ISM. other regions. The morphology of “K” is somewhat elon-
The wider line width at “D” region is probably the re- gated in an east-west direction. As “K” is spatially adja-
sult of the interaction between the companion galaxies cent to the galaxy G20, the emission line could be asso-
and 3C 275.1. However, the continuum and the emis- ciated with G20. This nebula could also arise from RPS
sion lines of G9 and G17 are too faint to obtain spec- of the ISM of a faint dwarf galaxy as it moves through
troscopic redshifts. There may be more dwarf galaxies the hot halo of the quasar host group (e.g., Chen et al.
around the quasar 3C 275.1 with weak continuum, but 2019). We do not rule out the possibility that “K”, like
current imaging data cannot indicate if there are any “M” and “L”, is associated with the filament to the east
interaction between these galaxies and the quasar. and west.

4.4. The West Filaments

4.3. The Half-ring Nebula Together, the flux distribution and velocity maps all
3C 275.1 is surrounded by multiple clumps (“H- suggest that “M” -“N”, “L”-“O”-“P”/“Q”, and the faint
M”), these clumps are ∼ 30-40 kpc away from the nebula in the ellipse can be regarded as a whole diffuse
quasar. Clumps “L” and “M” are more continuously structure. “M” and “L” are probably the footpoints of
connected to the West filaments and are discussed to- the long filaments. “K” may belong here as well. Hence
gether next. “H” region is spatially coincident with we define these as the West filaments.
companion galaxy G18, and the plus marks the posi- These filamentary structures are long and narrow with
tion of G18 (Figure 2). The surface brightness con- a width of ∼ 1.5′′ (10 kpc). They exhibit a line width
tours of clump “H” is somewhat elongated in the south- of W80 ∼ 200 - 400 km s−1 . The “M”-“N” filament
east–northwest direction, exhibiting an offset (0.5 ′′ ) be- extends to ∼ 100 kpc west of the quasar and intersects
tween its position of surface brightness peak and posi- with the Host nebula at r ∼20 kpc. The velocity at “M”
tion of the G18 (Figure 2d). Together, the morphology is consistent with the velocity at the Host nebula it con-
and spatial coincidence with G18 suggest that this elon- nects to, and the velocity at “N” is close to 0 km s−1 .
gated clump likely arises from tidal stripping of the ISM The velocity of this filamentary structure (“M” -“N”) in-
of G18 (e.g. Decarli et al. 2019). G18 is tidally stretched creases as it gets closer to the quasar. The morphology
along its course, thus leading to the spatial extent be- and kinematics of this filament can be explained by the
tween the southeast and northwest wings of the G18. gases arising from ongoing RPS of ISM (e.g. Azevedo
The other half-ring of clumps might be consistent with et al. 2023) or cool, filamentary accretion (e.g. Johnson
a stream of tidal debris. et al. 2022). However, this velocity gradient does not
The majority of the entire nebula is dominated by seem to apply to the “L”-“O”-“Q” filament, which has
[O iii] emission, but the “I” region has greater [O ii] an irregular velocity gradient that is inconsistent with
emission (Figure 6 and 7). “I” also shows a spatial trend a simple case of RPS or filamentary accretion. In addi-
in the ionization-state-sensitive O32 and [O iii]/Hβ line tion, the “L”-“O”-“P” structure shows regular velocity
ratio maps (Figure 7), which implies the ionization de- gradient, but the morphology of this structure is neither
gree is lower in the south and higher near the quasar. In like accretion inflow nor like ram pressure stripped tails.
addition, [O iii] line profile is different from Hβ which is The faint nebula is redshifted with velocity ranging
wider (Figure 6). This may be related to the presence from 300 to 800 km s−1 , and the velocity increases with
of jet, because the projection of the radio lobe is in the distance (Figure 5). Such one-sided tail is a signpost
“I” region (Figure 2e). However, the southward radio RPS feature, and the known jellyfish galaxies with such
jet is expected to be moving away from observer(Liu & feature are often observed in galaxy clusters and groups
Pooley 1990), while the gas in “I” region is slightly red- (e.g. Bekki 2009). There is no clear velocity gradient
shifted or at the systemic velocity. The line width of along the filaments, as expected for a typical RPS case.
“I” is also narrower than that of other nearby clumps. Given the complexities in the western filaments, we sug-
Weak continuum emission can be detected after stack- gest that this system is inconsistent with a simple RPS
ing the spectra, but its surface brightness peak is not scenario. It remains plausible that this system is experi-
coincident with any continuum sources in the HST im- encing RPS with some complicating factors that are not
age. It is plausible that the emission line of “I” arises yet understood given the current data.
 7

10 300 10 300 10 300

8 20 kpc Data 8 20 kpc Model 8 20 kpc Residual
6 150 6 150 6 150
4 4 4
Dec (arcsec)

Dec (arcsec)

Dec (arcsec)
2 2 2

1
0 0 0

km s

km s

km s
0 0 0
-2 -2 -2
-4 150 -4 150 -4 150
-6 -6 -6
300 300 300
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
RA (arcsec) RA (arcsec) RA (arcsec)
(a) (b) (c)

Figure 3. The observed kinematics, the best-fit model using a rotating disk, and the corresponding residual velocity of the
Host nebula. Note that the northeast region of the nuclear region is not fitted. The red cross identifies the position of the quasar
3C 275.1.

400
data (Host nebula)
model
1.0
I
0.5
300
0.0
200
II
Normalized flux
1.0
V [km s 1]

100
0.5
0
0.0
100 1.0
III
200 0.5

300 0.0
40 20 0 20 40 500 250 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500
Distance [kpc] Velocity [km s 1]
Figure 4. Position-velocity diagram of the model (red)
Figure 5. Spectra (black) and best-fit spectral (red) for
and the observed (blue) taken along the disk major axis (PA
three regions in faint nebula. Locations of these regions are
= 61◦ ).
labelled by their IDs in Figure 2).

5. DISCUSSION
which are ionization state-sensitive strong and weak line
5.1. Physical Conditions of the Giant Nebula ratios . These line ratio measurements and electron den-
AGN, shocks and young stellar populations all may sity are reported in Table 2, and O32, [O iii]/Hβ maps
contribute to ionize the nebula at such a large scale shown in Figure 7. We use Python package Pyneb, and
(e.g. Liu et al. 2013; Epinat et al. 2018; Chen et al. assume an electron temperature of 10000K, to estimate
2019). To better explore the properties of the nebula, the electron density. The Host nebula where the [O ii]
we selected several representative regions and extracted doublet is resolved, are in the high density state except
their spectra to infer physical conditions and the origin for “C” and “D”, while the other nebulas are in a low
of the ionized gas. density limit except for “H”, “I”, “P” and “Q”.
We measure the the electron density using [O ii] The inferred electron density in the Host nebula range
doublet , and quantify the degree of ionization us- from ∼ 200 to 300 cm−3 , which is consistent with the
[O iii]λ5007+[O iii]λ4959 electron density of radio galaxies at a few 100 cm−3
ing [O iii]/Hβ and O32 (O32= )
[O ii]λ3727+[O ii]λ3726
8

(Nesvadba et al. 2006, 2008). The mean value of elec- (“L-Q”) except “Q”, which may be related to electron
tron density is ne ≃ 100cm−3 measured on the inte- density and shocks.
grated spectrum of the tail, which is comparable to the To better understand its origin, we performed a pho-
mean value of electron density in the tail of the jelly- toionization simulation assuming that the nebula is illu-
fish galaxy (Boselli et al. 2019). However, this value is minated by a central ionizing source with a typical SED
a light-weighted mean, and is thus probably biased to- of AGN defined by Mathews & Ferland (1987) (here-
wards the brightest and highest density regions. This after MF87). Using the observed quasar continuum at
gas density matches that observed in star forming re- 5100Å, we have an estimated bolometric luminosity of
gions of galaxies at z ≃ 2 (Sanders et al. 2016). we the ionization source, Lbol ≈ 1046 erg s−1 . For simplic-
can also estimate the typical recombination time of the ity, we assume that the nebula has a slab shape, and
ionized gas, a metallicity of solar abundance. The electron density
of the nebula is roughly fixed to ne = 100 cm−3 , as a
1
τrec = (1) typical estimate of the electron density (see Table 2).
ne × αA
The total column density is fixed to a large value of
NH = 1022 cm−2 , assuming that the nebula is thick
where αA is the total recombination coefficient (αA =
enough. The simulation is executed using the CLOUDY
4.2 × 10−13 cm3 s−1 , Osterbrock & Ferland 2006).
C17.01 photoionization code (Ferland et al. 2017). We
τrec ∼ 103 yr, which is much shorter than the typical
export the model-predicted [O iii]/Hβ line ratio for each
dynamical timescale of the tail (τ ∼ 108 yr, e.g. Smith
nebula region, and compare them with observed line ra-
et al. 2022). This very short recombination time sug-
tio (Figure 8). It can be seen that the observed line ratio
gests that, as in local galaxies, a source of gas excitation
in the whole nebula is higher than its model-predicted
within the tail must be present. This off-nuclear ionizing
values, especially in the tail, possibly because this neb-
source could be young stellar population, which is simi-
ula have additional ionized source besides the quasar,
lar to the observed jellyfish galaxies with extended tails
such as young stellar populations or contribution from
of star forming regions (e.g. Poggianti et al. 2017), or
shocks.
it could be shocks or collisional ionization (e.g. Fossati
et al. 2016), also in line with theoretical expectations
(Tonnesen et al. 2007). 5.2. Origin of the Ionized Gas
The nebula also shows a spatial trend in [O iii]/Hβ and Due to the complex dynamics, morphology and pres-
O32 line ratio. The distributions of the [O iii]/Hβ ratio ence of some faint galaxies surrounding 3C 275.1, it is
diagnostics are almost constant across the whole nebula reasonable to expect that this giant nebula is related
(∼ 10), except for the “H-J” (∼ 5) and “Q” (∼ 2) region to its group environment, possibly explained by CGM,
(see Table 2 and Figure 7). These values ([O iii]/Hβ IGM or ICM in the presence of interactions.
∼ 10) indicate that the nebula has a higher degree of Firstly, RPS can readily produce the large scale ion-
ionization than other jellyfish galaxies ([O iii]/Hβ < 3, ized gas seen here, shaping the morphology that resem-
e.g. Poggianti et al. 2017; Boselli et al. 2019; Bellhouse bles a jellyfish galaxy with the striking westwards tails.
et al. 2019). We note that the degree of ionization of “C” The tails, which have a cometary shape with a typical
and “D” are lower than that of regions “F” -“E” -“B” surface brightness of a few times 10−19 erg s−1 cm−2
-“G”, which forms an arc-like structure. In addition to arcsec−2 , extend up to ≃ 170 kpc from the nucleus. A
AGN photoionization, such an arc-like structure could natural initial interpretation given its one-sided, linear
be heated by shock waves associated with motion in the tail is the result of RPS, and there is at least one re-
group, therefore they show higher degree of ionization. ported RPS feature that is nearly as long (∼ 100 kpc;
The level of ionization is lower in “I” and “Q” region, e.g. Yagi et al. 2007).
indicating the gas in these region may be ionized by In addition, the host nebula exhibit arc-like structure
young stellar populations. (“F” -“E” -“B” -“G”). This observed feature is simi-
Spatial trend of O32 is similar to [O iii]/Hβ, the higher lar to that of the jellyfish galaxies (e.g. Bellhouse et al.
[O iii]/Hβ, the larger O32. The arc-like structure has an 2017), in which an arc-like structure is bent into the
O32 of around 5, “A” has a higher O32, which is related same direction of their stripped gas trails, possibly sug-
to AGN, and “C” and “D” has a lower O32 (see Table 2). gesting the ram pressure compressed this side of the
The majority of the nebula is [O iii] dominated but the disk. Therefore, this arc-like structure would be ion-
“I” region has greater [O ii] emission. Both [O iii]/Hβ ized by shocks, which is consistent with the [O iii]/Hβ
and O32 indicate that the Half-ring nebula (“H-K”) has line ratio of our CLOUDY simulation lower than that of
lower ionization degree than that of the West filaments the observation(Figure 8). If 3C 275.1 falls to the clus-
 9
1.0 A [OII] H [OIII] J [OII] H [OIII]
0.5
0.0
1.0 B K
0.5
0.0
1.0 C L
0.5
0.0
1.0 D M
Normalized flux

0.5
0.0
E
1.0 3720 3740 N
0.5
0.0
F
1.0 3720 3740 O
0.5
0.0
G
1.0 3720 3740 P
0.5
0.0
1.0 H Q
3720 3740
0.5
0.0
1.0 I 3720 3740 4850 4900 4950 5000 5050
0.5
0.0
3720 3740 4850 4900 4950 5000 5050
Wavelength [Å]
Figure 6. Examples of nebular spectra (stronger lines) and best-fit spectral models for multiple regions, including central
(“A”-“G”), and outer regions (“H” - “Q”). The median and zero velocity is marked by green dotted and grey dashed lines,
respectively. Locations of these regions are labelled by their IDs in Figure 2. The extracted spectrum is shown as solid black
lines and the best-fit models are shown as red solid lines.

10 10 16
8 20 kpc [OIII]/H 8 20 kpc O32 8
Q 10
6 6 Q
4
4 F M N 4 F M N
2
Dec (arcsec)

Dec (arcsec)

2 E 2 E
B C L 7 B C L 1
0 D A O 0 D A O
G G 0.5
-2 -2
P 4 P
-4 K -4 K
H I H I
-6 J -6 J
1
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
RA (arcsec) RA (arcsec)

Figure 7. The intensity ratio of [O iii] 5007 to the narrow component of Hβ image and the line ratio O32
(O32=[O iii]λλ5007+4959/[O ii]λλ3727+3726 image). The ratio persists at a constant level (∼10) in the whole field of view,
except for the “I” and “Q” where the ratio persists ∼ 3. Due to the SNR of the emission line in the outer region, we bin each
of the clumps in the outer region (“N-Q”) of [O iii]/Hβ map while we bin the region between “O” and “Q” in O32 map, and
give the average values of these regions.

ter center with high velocity, it would undergo extreme there are other cluster-specific processes that also lead to
RPS (e.g. Poggianti et al. 2016; Azevedo et al. 2023). disturbed morphologies, for example tidal effects and/or
Krempec-Krygier et al. (1998) found that 3C 275.1 is harassment (e.g. Mayer et al. 2006; Chung et al. 2007).
located at the center of the group. Based on the group The elongated morphology could well be the result of
members that have been identified, 3C 275.1 is likely tidal interaction as the group members and surrounding
to suffer from the ram pressure, as redshift of 3C 275.1 gas fall toward the quasar host. The current data is still
differs significantly from the average redshift of these not sufficient to determine whether 3C 275.1 is located
group members, indicating that there is a large velocity at the center of the group, and future observations in-
difference between 3C 275.1 and its group members. cluding X-rays will be needed. It is also possible that
It is difficult to conclude if a galaxy is undergoing RPS surrounding galaxies are falling into 3C 275.1, nebula
based solely on its optical morphology, especially since arises from RPS of their ISM as they move through the
10

Table 2. Summary of emission-line flux, electron density and line ratio measurements for extracted regions in the nebula
Region Distance ne [O iii]/Hβ O32 ([O iii]/[O ii]) Flux[O iii]λ5007 Flux[O ii]doublet
(arcsec/kpc) (cm−3 ) (10−17 erg s−1 cm−2 arcsec−2 ) (10−18 erg s−1 cm−2 arcsec−2 )
A 0 213 ± 237 12.67 ± 0.02 11.8 ± 0.12 148.14 ± 1.21 167.32 ± 20.68
B 2.16/13.94 198 ± 15 9.83 ± 0.01 5.25 ± 0.12 46.64 ± 0.06 118.41 ± 14.32
C 2.01/12.95 26 ± 13 7.97 ± 0.06 2.92 ± 0.06 17.83 ± 0.14 81.53 ± 4.69
D 3.4/21.90 <5 6.87 ± 0.03 2.33 ± 0.05 18.11 ± 0.10 103.53 ± 4.70
E 3.56/22.94 400 ± 21 10.89 ± 0.02 3.94 ± 0.07 27.19 ± 1.75 91.99 ± 0.001
F 4.69/30.19 325 ± 26 11.01 ± 0.02 4.98 ± 0.01 26.69 ± 0.22 71.42 ± 0.93
G 2.55/16.40 339 ± 33 9.60 ± 0.03 3.90 ± 0.22 19.55 ± 2.27 66.86 ± 13.30
H 5.13/33.02 165 ± 51 4.99 ± 0.09 1.15 ± 0.27 4.58 ± 1.14 52.96 ± 9.4
I 4.82/31.02 91 ± 20 4.83 ± 0.04 0.50 ± 0.09 4.71 ± 0.12 124.55 ± 11.23
J 6.28/40.43 - 5.78 ± 0.22 1.48 ± 0.18 5.24 ± 0.36 47.21 ± 7.89
K 6.93/44.67 < 24 7.54 ± 0.12 2.32 ± 0.32 3.11 ± 0.19 17.87 ± 5.6
L 5.46/35.16 - 8.13 ± 0.11 1.60 ± 0.22 3.60 ± 0.06 30.06 ± 6.60
M 5.23/33.72 < 127 7.97 ± 0.12 2.21 ± 0.03 4.27 ± 0.07 25.72 ± 0.85
N 13.61/87.62 - 20.56 ± 0.73 6.29 ± 0.56 1.33 ± 0.06 2.82 ± 1.58
O 10.20/65.72 - 10.46 ± 0.23 10.6 ± 0.22 1.57 ± 0.04 1.95 ± 0.44
P 11.64/74.97 182 ± 142 8.89 ± 0.23 5.25 ± 0.14 1.35 ± 0.04 3.44 ± 0.49
Q 26.88/173.14 219 ± 185 1.97 ± 0.15 1.04 ± 0.09 0.65 ± 0.05 8.30 ± 0.56

In principle, the ionized gas may also arise from stel-

lar feedback. The interaction between galaxies could
increase their star formation and supernova rate in situ,
such as in gas rich RPS tails. However, most regions
except for “A” exhibit low velocity dispersion, which is
inconsistent with high velocity dispersion expected from
stellar feedback (Rupke et al. 2019). While “C-D”, “H-
M” and “Q” regions exhibit lower [O iii]/Hβ ratio, line
ratio ∼ 10 in most regions, implying a high-ionization
state in general (Baldwin et al. 1981).
The kinematics and morphology of the nebula are
complex, with rotating structure and striking long tails.
We suggest that more processes besides RPS are respon-
sible for the nebula, which may experience tidal strip-
ping and AGN outflow.

Figure 8. Comparison between the model-predicted 6. SUMMARY

[O iii]/Hβ line ratio and the spectrum-observed line ratio in In this paper, we present discovery of a giant nebula
different regions. The dashed line represents a 1:1 relation- around a radio quasar 3C 275.1 at redshift z = 0.55522
ship. using VLT/MUSE observation. The flux distribution
shows multiple clumps and the kinematic of the neb-
hot halo of the quasar host group (e.g. Boselli et al. ula are complex. Based on morphology of the nebula,
2019). we separate the large nebula into three substructures
Moreover, part of the ionized gas can be attributed including a Host nebula, the Half-ring nebula, and the
to AGN outflow. There is presence of an outflow in the West filaments. We summarise our results below:
nucleus (“A”), which is indicated by the high velocity (1) A giant nebula around 3C 275.1 is identified, ex-
dispersion of gas and the blueshifted line asymmetry. tending a projected distance up to 170 kpc from the nu-
However, except for the nuclear region, the velocity dis- cleus and resembling a jellyfish galaxy formed via RPS.
persion is not high (W80 ≲ 400 km s−1 ), which is incon- The nebula emits strongly in [O ii], Hβ, and [O iii], en-
sistent with the AGN-driven outflow with wide opening abling a good estimation of density and ionization state.
angles (e.g. Liu et al. 2013). (2) Through spectroscopic measurements, we confirm
that 3C 275.1 is located in a dense environment with
 11

identified group members. The southeastern region and for suggestions on fitting the disk with BBarolo. J.W.
the westernmost region are spatially coincident with at acknowledges the National Key R&D Program of China
least four group member galaxies. (Grant No. 2023YFA1607904). We acknowledge the
(3) The kinematics and morphology of the nebula are NSFC grants 12033004, 12333002, 12221003 and the sci-
more complex than a simple RPS case. In contrast to ence research grants from CMS-CSST-2021-A06. This
other jellyfish galaxies, the nebula of this galaxy has a work is supported by the Fund (KP202105) from the
larger size and higher ionization. The rotation curve of Key Laboratory of Polar Science, MNR, Polar Re-
the Host nebula does not flatten in the outer, which is search Institute of China. Q.Z. acknowledges the sup-
different from those of normal spiral galaxies. It also port from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
exhibits an arc-like structure which might be a possible (2023M732955). This research has made use of the
sign of RPS with a higher degree of ionization. This is services of the ESO Science Archive Facility. Based
consistent with our CLOUDY simulation, indicating that on observations collected at the ESO under program
the arc-like structure needs additional ionizing source 0106.B0564(A). This research used observations made
besides AGN. Overall, there are various possibilities for with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, and ob-
the origin of the ionized gas in addition to RPS, such as tained from the Hubble Legacy Archive, which is a col-
outflow and tidal stripping during galaxy interactions. laboration between the Space Telescope Science Insti-
tute (STScI/NASA), the Space Telescope European Co-
7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ordinating Facility (ST-ECF/ESA) and the Canadian
We sincerely thank the anonymous referee for thor- Astronomy Data Centre (CADC/NRC/CSA).
ough and helpful comments that significantly improved Facilities: VLT (MUSE), HST (WFPC2)
the clarity of our work. We thank Dr. Chong Ge for
helpful discussion. We thank Dr. Enrico Di Teodoro Software: astropy (Collaboration et al. 2013, 2018)

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