Cebu Normal University

College of Teacher Education

A Lesson Design in Science 9

John Michael C. Riopa

Aaron Lendsey S. Santillan
Geraldine M. Tan
Blaire Frances Tejano
Hannah Kristin R. Zabate February 2, 2024
Student Intern Date of Teaching

Dr. Blanca A. Alejandro Grade 9 ILS Students; 1:00-03:00 P.M.

Mentor Section; Time

I. Intended Learning Outcomes

Through an inquiry-based discussion, the Grade 9 students with at least 75% proficiency
are expected to:
a. describe volcanic eruptions;
b. explain the theories of volcanic eruptions;
c. identify the factors that affect the strength of volcanic eruptions;
d. describe the effects of volcanic eruptions; and
e. differentiate the volcanic hazards during eruption through an experiment.

II. Learning Resources

Topic: Nature of Volcanic Eruptions
Concepts:
(1) Volcanoes are essentially vents on Earth’s surface through which volcanic
materials such as lava, pyroclastic materials, tephra, lahar, and volcanic gases
(volatiles) from Earth’s interior are emitted.
(2) Lava flow is a mass of lava or molten rocks flowing downslope from the vent.
They are named after the rock types they form—andesitic, rhyolitic, and basaltic.
(3) Pyroclastic materials are pulverized rocks, volcanic blocks, basaltic bombs, lava,
ash, glass fragments, and gasses that volcanoes eject from the vent.
(4) Tephra flows may consist of volcanic rocks and crystals with particle sizes of less
than 2 mm in diameter for ash, 2 mm to 64 mm for lapilli, and over 64 mm for
blocks or bombs.
(5) Lahar is a type of mudflow that consists of water, volcanic ash, pyroclastic
materials, and debris.
(6) Volcanic gases comprise water vapor, carbon dioxide, and small amounts of
sulfur, chlorine, and fluorine, which are emitted as the magma rises toward the
surface due to a decrease in pressure.
 (7) Scientists have proposed theories to explain volcanic eruptions. The first
attributes eruptions to the buoyancy and pressure of gases deep within Earth, the
second links them to the solubility of dissolved gases in magma, and the third
associates them with injecting new magma into an already full chamber.
(8) The factors that primarily affect the explosions of volcanoes include temperature,
the composition of magma, and the amount of dissolved gases.
(9) Volcanic eruptions pose hazards to organisms, harm the environment, and can
induce significant climate changes. However, they also offer advantages in
industrial and chemical applications.
Skills to be developed: critical thinking, collaboration, time-management
Values to be integrated: curiosity, knowledge, appreciation, empathy
Instructional Materials: cartolina, Powerpoint presentation, pictures, videos,
References:
(1) Calamlam, A., Calamlam, J. I., Calamlam, J., Florido, A., Gerona, Z.,
Lansangan, R., Nueva España, R., Sinugbuhan, R., & Espino, M. F. (2020).
Science and Technology (2nd ed.). Abiva Publishing House
(2) Department of Education. (2014). Quarter 3 Module 1: Volcanoes
Electronic Sources:
(1) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=96IStmZNKSY
(2) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6TRzbO6j1FM
(3) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5x5tZAHEoRU&t
(4) https://www.nytimes.com/video/world/americas/100000008918032/volcano-mexi
co-popocatepetl.html
(5) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aoylW8oU340

III. Learning Experiences

A. Review
The students will be asked the following questions:
1. How are volcanoes classified based on their characteristic forms?
Shield volcanoes, cinder cones, and composite volcanoes.
2. What is a shield volcano?
A type of volcano that has a broad summit area that resembles a warrior’s shield.
3. What is a composite volcano?
A tall, conical volcano built by several layers of eruptive materials.
4. What is a cinder cone volcano?
A steep, conical hill of volcanic debris deposited around a volcanic vent.
5. How are volcanoes classified based on their eruptive patterns?
Phreatic, phreatomagmatic, hawaiian, strombolian, vulcanian, and plinian.

B. Elicit
The students will be asked:
1. What volcano is interesting to you?
Answers may vary.

C. Engage
 1. The students will be given a sticky note. They will be asked to write one to two
words they can associate with this picture:

2. To those who will receive the green sticky note, they will have to write what or
how they feel about the picture. To those who will receive the pink one, they will
write any of its characteristics.
3. Afterward, they will have to paste their sticky notes on the whiteboard, which the
teacher will read one by one.
4. They will then be asked:
a. Why do you think volcanoes erupt?
Answers may vary.
b. What do you see when a volcano erupts?
Answers may vary.
5. The topic “Nature of Volcanic Eruptions” will be presented to the students,
followed by the presentation of the learning objectives. The following questions
will then be raised to the class:
a. Do volcanoes release the same types of volcanic materials during
eruptions?
Answers may vary.
b. Have you seen the volcanic materials expelled during eruptions?
Answers may vary.
c. How will you describe these volcanic materials?
Answers may vary.

D. Explore
The class will be grouped into five. Each group will be given the materials needed to
perform the activity below. Subsequently, process questions will be raised.
Activity No. 4
Nature of Volcanic Eruptions

I. Objectives
At the end of the activity, the students will be able to:
● demonstrate the nature of volcanic eruptions; and
● describe the nature of volcanic eruptions.

II. Materials
Plastic bottles (heads) Vinegar Water
Glue Beads Incense stick
Red food coloring Rocks Match
Baking soda Dirt Liquid dish soap
III. Procedures
1. Prepare all the materials needed and place them on the table.
2. Mix the glue and red food coloring. Pour the mixture at the tip of bottle
A, and observe.
3. Pour the baking soda inside bottle B, put the liquid dish soap and
vinegar afterward, and observe.
4. Mix the beads and rocks and place them around bottle C.
5. Mix the dirt and water and pour the mixture at the tip of bottle D.
Observe.
6. Light the incense sticks inside bottle E, and observe.

IV. Results and Discussion

Observations Volcanic Material Represented

Bottle A

Bottle B

Bottle C

Bottle D

Bottle E

Guide Questions:
1. What does the mixture in bottle A represent?
The mixture in bottle A represents lava flow.
2. What does the reaction after mixing baking soda, liquid dish soap, and
vinegar represent?
The bubbles formed represent a pyroclastic flow.
3. What do the materials around bottle C represent?
The materials represent a tephra flow, which consists of volcanic rocks
and crystals.
4. What does the mixture in bottle D represent?
The mixture in bottle D represents lahar flow.
5. What do the incense sticks represent?
The incense sticks represent the volcanic gases.
 6. What can you say about the nature of volcanic eruptions?
Answers may vary.
7. What is the importance of understanding the nature of volcanic
eruptions?
To mitigate potential hazards and create precautionary measures.

V. Conclusion

The students will be asked to submit their activity sheets. They will then be asked the
following information questions:
1. What have you learned from the activity?
Answers may vary.
2. What are the different volcanic materials ejected after a volcanic eruption?
Lava, pyroclastic materials, tephra, lahar, and volcanic gases
3. What can you conclude from the activity?
Answers may vary.

E. Explain
1. To begin the discussion, the students will be introduced to the concepts related to
the nature of volcanic eruptions.

Nature of Volcanic Eruptions

A. Lava Flow
1. The students will be shown a picture of a lava flow.

2. They will be asked the following questions:

a. What is lava flow?
Lava flow is a mass of lava or molten rocks flowing downslope from the
vent.
b. How are the different types of lava flows named?
They are named after the rock types that they form—andesitic (for the
rock andesite), rhyolitic (for the rock rhyolite), and basaltic (for the rock
basalt).
3. A picture of the different types of lava flows will be shown to the students.
● Andesitic Lava Flow

c. What is andesitic lava flow?

Andesitic lava flow is characterized by its high silica content, resulting in
lava with high viscosity. This type of lava commonly erupts from
stratovolcanoes, where they form small-volume flows that typically
advance only short distances down the flanks of a volcano.

● Rhyolitic Lava Flow

d. What is rhyolitic lava flow?

Rhyolitic lava flows are usually short and thick and often travel down a
very steep side slope. They are also associated with high silica content,
leading to very viscous lava.

● Basaltic Lava Flow

e. What is basaltic lava flow?

Basaltic lava flow generally flows in thin, broadsheets. They are
characterized by their low silica content, resulting in lava with low
viscosity. The low viscosity typically allows volcanic gases to escape
without generating enormous eruption columns.
f. What are the two types of basaltic lava flows?
Aa flows and Pahoehoe flows

4. A picture of the two types of basaltic lava flows will be shown to the students.
 ○ Aa flows

g. What are aa flows?

Aa flows have surfaces of rough, jagged blocks with dangerously sharp
edges and spiny projections.

○ Pahoehoe flows

h. What are pahoehoe flows?

Pahoehoe flows exhibit smooth surfaces that often resemble the twisted
braids of ropes.

5. The students will be shown a video of an actual lava flow.

B. Pyroclastic Flow
1. The students will be shown a picture of a pyroclastic flow.

2. They will be asked the following questions:

a. What makes up pyroclastic materials?
Pyroclastic materials are pulverized rocks, volcanic blocks, basaltic
bombs, lava, ash, glass fragments, and gases that volcanoes eject from the
vent.
b. What is pyroclastic flow?
Pyroclastic flow is a flow of hot, dry mass of gases and fragments moving
rapidly down the slopes of a volcano. This includes pumice flow, glowing
avalanche, and ash flow.
c. What is pyroclastic surge?
A pyroclastic surge is a high-velocity current of rocks, gases, or water. It is
similar to a pyroclastic flow but it has a lower density or contains a much
 higher ratio of gas to rock, making it more turbulent and allowing it to rise
over ridges and hills.
3. The students will be shown a video of an actual pyroclastic flow. (Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=96IStmZNKSY)

C. Tephra Flow
1. The students will be shown a picture of a tephra flow.

2. They will be asked the following questions:

a. What is tephra?
Tephra refers to fragmented volcanic materials ejected into the air during a
volcanic eruption.
b. What materials comprise tephra flows?
Tephra flows may consist of volcanic rocks and crystals with particle sizes
of less than 2 mm in diameter for ash, 2 mm to 64 mm in diameter for
lapilli, and over 64 mm in diameter for blocks or bombs.
3. The students will be shown a video of an actual tephra flow. (Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6TRzbO6j1FM)

D. Lahar Flow
1. The students will be shown a picture of a lahar flow.

2. They will be asked the following questions:

a. What is lahar flow?
Lahar flow is a type of mudflow that consists of water, volcanic ash,
pyroclastic materials, and debris.
3. The students will be shown a video of an actual lahar flow. (Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5x5tZAHEoRU&t=262s)

E. Volcanic Gases
1. The students will be shown a picture of a volcano spewing volcanic gases.
 2. They will be asked the following questions:
a. What dissolved gases do magmas contain?
Water vapor, carbon dioxide, and small amounts of sulfur, chlorine, and
fluorine gases.
b. What happens to these gases as the magma rises toward the surface?
Due to a decrease in pressure, these gases are released from the melt
(liquid portion of the magma).
3. The students will be shown an actual video of a volcano spewing ash and volcanic
gases.
(Link:
https://www.nytimes.com/video/world/americas/100000008918032/volcano-mexi
co-popocatepetl.html)

Theories on Volcanic Eruptions

1. The students will be shown an actual video of a volcanic eruption. (Link:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aoylW8oU340)
2. The following questions will be raised to the class:
a. What are the three theories that aim to explain the cause of volcanic
eruptions?
Buoyancy and pressure of gases, solubility of dissolved gases, and
injection of new magma.
3. Each theory will be discussed individually with the students.

A. Buoyancy and Pressure of Gases

1. The students will be shown the picture below and will be asked:

a. How does buoyancy and pressure of gases contribute to volcanic

eruptions?
Inside the Earth, there are pockets of magma that are lighter and less dense
than the surrounding rocks. This lighter magma, because it is less dense,
rises due to the pressure difference between the magma chamber and the
surface. As it moves upward, it gets squished by the heavy rocks above,
 creating pressure between the dissolved gases—which, when too much,
fractures the surrounding rocks—allowing magma to shoot out and cause a
volcanic explosion.

B. Solubility of Dissolved Gases

1. The students will be shown the picture below and will be asked:

b. What gases are involved in volcanic eruptions?

Sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide
c. How do the solubility of these gases cause the volcano to erupt?
The solubility of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide increases as the
pressure increases. When the amount of these gases in magma reaches a
peak point, magma disintegrates into pyroclasts, and the volcano erupts
explosively.

C. Injection of New Magma

1. The students will be shown the picture below and will be asked:

d. What is injected magma?

Injected magma refers to molten rock that has moved from a magma
chamber beneath the Earth’s surface into surrounding rock layers.
e. Why do volcanoes erupt when new magma is injected?
When new magma is injected into a chamber that is already brimming
with magma, eruption occurs when magma rises because of the additional
push exerted by the injected magma.

Strength of Volcanic Eruptions

A. Temperature
1. The students will be given a scenario and will be asked questions afterward.
a. You have a block of cheese. When you heat it at a low temperature, what
do you think will happen?
The consistency of the cheese is sticky.
b. When you heat it at a high temperature, what will happen?
 The consistency of the cheese is watery.
2. The students will be shown a video, and the teacher will discuss the relationship
between viscosity and temperature. (Link: lv_0_20240131204518.mp4 )

c. What have you noticed in the video?

The first video shows that the flow of the magma is faster than the second
video.
d. What makes the magma flow slower or faster?
Temperature
e. What will happen to the flow of magma when the temperature is high?
When the temperature is high, the viscosity of the magma is eventually
low, and the flow of the magma is faster.
f. What will happen to the flow of magma when the temperature is low?
When the temperature is low, the viscosity of the magma is eventually
high and the flow of the magma is slow.

B. Composition of Magma
1. The students will be shown pictures of three different types of rocks.

2. They will be asked the following questions:

a. Where do granite, basalt and rhyolite rocks come from?
They come from magma.
b. What affects the viscosity of magma?
The amount of silica.
Additional information: Basaltic magmas contain about 50% silica,
whereas granitic magmas contain about 70% silica. Rhyolitic magmas
have higher silica content than granitic and basaltic magmas.
c. How does silica in magma affect the viscosity and the violent explosion of
volcanoes?
The higher the amount of silica in the magma, the higher the viscosity.
The high silica content in magma increases its viscosity, making it more
difficult for the magma to flow freely and allowing pressure and gas to
accumulate within the volcanic system. This ultimately leads to explosive
eruptions with the ejection of volcanic materials.
C. Dissolved Gases
1. The students will be shown a short video. (Link: lv_0_20240130233301.mp4 )

2. They will then be asked:

a. Why did the balloon explode?
The balloon exploded because of the pressure given to the unreleased
gasses.
b. What do you think the video and volcanic eruption have in common?
Answers may vary.
c. Why do dissolved gasses cannot escape easily from vicious magma?
Dissolved gasses in magma have a more difficult time escaping from
viscous magma due to their high resistance to flow.
d. How does the amount of dissolved gasses affect the violent explosions of
volcanoes?
Since dissolved gasses cannot escape easily from viscous magma, the
accumulation of dissolved gasses and the increase in pressure eventually
make the eruption more violent.

Effects of Volcanic Eruptions

1. The students will be shown a video. (Link:

10000000_7579968918680824_2775821815350489091_n.mp4 )
2. They will then be asked:
a. What are your takeaways from the video?
The explosion of the volcano that affects the climate.
b. What are the immediate effects of volcanic eruptions on the atmosphere?
Volcanic eruptions release ash and gases into the atmosphere, influencing
air quality and sunlight penetration.
c. How does volcanic eruption substantially change the Earth’s climate?
It can decrease the global temperature due to volcanic particles ejected
into the atmosphere blocking sunlight from reaching the Earth’s surface
and producing acid rain—sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen
fluoride reacting with water vapor in the atmosphere—which negatively
affects the health of organisms, degrade soil and bodies of water, and
corrode infrastructures.
3. The students will be shown a video. (Link:
10000000_6934128850031259_8239711706460054401_n.mp4 )
4. They will then be asked:.
a. What are the positive effects mentioned in the video?
 Land formation, fertile soil, raw materials, tourism
b. How does volcanic eruption change agriculture?
Volcanic ash contains minerals that can enhance soil fertility. Over time,
these minerals break down, releasing nutrients like potassium, phosphorus,
and sulfur, benefiting plant growth.
c. How does volcanic eruption impact the land formation?
Volcanic eruptions lead to the formation of various volcanic landforms.
Mountains, islands, and sea floors are formed because of volcanic
activities.
d. What raw materials are brought to the surface after a volcanic eruption?
Sulfur, gold, aluminum, nickel, copper and diamonds, igneous rocks,
volcanic ash turning to bricks
e. What makes volcanic eruptions a tourism spot for tourists?
Volcanic landscapes and geothermal features may attract
adventure-seeking tourists and those interested in witnessing the
geological effects of such events.

F. Elaborate
1. The class will be involved in a quiz bowl activity and will be divided into five
groups, ensuring an equitable distribution of members across each group.
2. The quiz bowl has three difficulty levels, namely: easy, average, and difficult. The
easy level will have a corresponding point of one, three for average, and finally,
five for the difficult level.
3. The easy level will have a multiple-choice question format, and both average and
difficult levels will have an identification question format.
4. The question will be picked by the moderator or the educator himself or herself.
After each question is read, the learners will be given ten seconds to collaborate
and come up with an answer. After the given timeframe, the learners will be asked
to raise their tag boards which are provided by the educator. A signal will be
introduced in raising their tag boards.
5. The educator will also be appointed as the quizmaster, to read questions, maintain
order, and enforce the rules consistently. The learners will be encouraged to
demonstrate sportsmanship and respect for their fellow learners throughout the
quiz bowl.
6. A tally scoring system will be utilized and displayed on the blackboard to ensure
accuracy and transparency.
7. The group with the highest accumulated points will be declared the winner and
will be given a prize. In case of a tie, both groups will be declared the winner, and
they will share the prize.
8. The quiz bowl will conclude with a review session, during which key takeaways
will be discussed.

Questions

Easy
1. A mass of lava or molten rocks flowing downslope from the vent.
 a. Volcanic eruption
b. Lava flow
c. Volcanic ash
d. Sharkboy and Lava Girl

2. A type of mudflow that consists of water, volcanic ash, pyroclastic materials, and
debris.
a. Basaltic lava flow
b. Igneous rocks
c. Lahar flow
d. Andesitic flow

3. This consists of volcanic rocks and crystals with particle sizes of less than 2 mm in
diameter.
a. Tephra flow
b. Lava flow
c. Igneous rocks
d. Volcanic ashes

4. What are the two types of lava flows that trap gases and build pressure because of their
high viscosity?
a. Igneous and metamorphic
b. Tephra and lahar
c. Andesitic and igneous rocks
d. Andesitic and rhyolitic

Medium
5. Give at least two dissolved gases that magmas contain.
Water vapor, carbon dioxide, and small amounts of sulfur, chlorine, and fluorine gases
6. This is similar to a pyroclastic flow but has a lower density or contains a much higher
ratio of gas to rock.
Pyroclastic surge
7. What are the two types of basaltic lava flow?
Aa flow and Pahoehoe flow
8. What are the three types of lava flow?
Andesitic, rhyolitic, and basaltic lava flow

Difficult
9. Give at least one cause of volcanic eruption proposed by scientists and explain briefly.
(Answers may vary)
10. Enumerate the three primary factors that affect the violent explosions of volcanoes.
Temperature, the composition of magma, and the amount of dissolved gases

Scoring Board

Group Easy (1) Average (3) Difficult (5) Total

 1

Generalization
1. What is a volcanic eruption?
A volcanic eruption is the expulsion of gases, rock fragments, and molten lava
from within the Earth through a volcano.
2. What are the ejected volcanic materials during volcanic eruptions?
Lava, pyroclastic materials, tephra, lahar, volcanic gases
3. What are the theories that explain the cause of volcanic eruptions?
Buoyancy and pressure of gasses, solubility of dissolved gasses in magma,
injection of new magma
4. What are the factors that affect the violent explosions of volcanoes?
Temperature, the composition of magma, and the amount of dissolved gasses
5. What are the effects of volcanic eruptions on humans and the environment?
Volcanic eruptions can cause substantial changes in Earth’s climate but can
also be good sources of natural glass, metals, and semi-precious and precious
stones. Volcanic ashes can also be utilized as soil fertilizers because they
contain useful minerals. (Answers may vary)

G. Evaluate
Name: ____________________ Date: ____________________
Grade & Section: ____________________

Assessment in Science 9
Nature of Volcanic Eruptions

I. Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter that best describes each question.
1. It may consist of volcanic rocks and crystals with particle sizes of less than 02 mm
in diameter for ash, 02 mm to 64 mm in diameter for lapilli, and over 64 mm in
diameter for blocks or bombs.
a. Tephra flow
b. Pahoehoe flow
c. Pyroclastic flow
d. Basaltic lava flow
2. This generally flows in thin, broad sheets because of its low viscosity.
a. Tephra flow
b. Pahoehoe flow
 c. Pyroclastic flow
d. Basaltic lava flow
3. It is a flow of hot, dry mass of gases and fragments moving rapidly down the
slopes of a volcano.
a. Tephra flow
b. Pahoehoe flow
c. Pyroclastic flow
d. Basaltic lava flow
4. This exhibits smooth surfaces that often resemble the twisted braids of ropes.
a. Tephra flow
b. Pahoehoe flow
c. Pyroclastic flow
d. Basaltic lava flow
5. It is a type of mudflow that consists of water, volcanic ash, pyroclastic materials,
and debris.
a. Lahar flow
b. Andesitic lava flow
c. Pyroclastic surge
d. Tephra flow

II. True or False. Read each statement carefully. Write T if the statement is true and F
if the statement is false.
_______1. Volcanic eruptions are generally hazardous to organisms and damaging to
the environment. (Answer:T)
_______2. Basaltic magmas contain about 50% silica, whereas granitic magmas
contain about 70% silica. (Answer: T)
_______3. The third theory states that a volcano erupts when old magma is injected
into a chamber that is already brimming with magma of an identical or a different
composition. (Answer: F)
_______4. Magmas that have a high silica content have a low viscosity. (Answer: F)
_______5. The second theory suggests that the solubility of dissolved gases in magma,
such as sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide, decreases as the pressure increases.
(Answer: F)

III. Essay. Answer the following questions.

1. Describe volcanic eruptions.
2. Give at least two hazards of volcanic eruptions and give its effects.

H. Extend
In a one-half crosswise sheet of intermediate paper, answer the question given below:

List five proactive measures communities and individuals can take to mitigate the risks
associated with volcanic eruptions and briefly describe each. (10 points)

Deadline: Next Meeting