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    Lecture 2 DNS Fall22

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    Lecture 2 DNS Fall22

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    2 views18 pages

    Lecture 2 DNS Fall22

    Uploaded by

    woyecex875

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 18

    Domain Name System (DNS)

    Domain Name System (DNS)


    ➢Each computer in Internet is known using an
    IP address
    ➢People can remember words better than
    number
    ➢Each server’s IP has its equivalent hostname
    ➢What if the IP of a server is changed?
    Application Layer Protocol: DNS
    • Domain Name Service (DNS):
    1. DNS provides a core Internet function, translating hostnames to
    their underlying IP addresses, for user applications and other
    software in the Internet. The DNS protocol defines an automated
    service that matches resource names with the required numeric
    network address
    ▪ DNS uses a large number of name servers, organized in a
    hierarchical fashion and distributed around the world. No one
    name server has all of the mappings for all of the hosts in the
    internet. Instead, the mappings are distributed across the name
    servers. There are three types of name servers:
    1. Local name server* (Local DNS server)
    2. Root name servers
    3. Top-level name server
    4. Authoritative name servers

    *Name server and DNS server mean the same thing


    DNS Hierarchy
    DNS cont.
    1. Root name servers: A root server contains information about the root
    and top-level domains, When a local name server cannot immediately
    satisfy a query from a host (because it does not have a record for the
    hostname being requested), the local name server behaves as a DNS
    client and queries one of the root name servers.
    2. Local name server: Each ISP - such as a university, an academic
    department, an employee's company or a residential ISP - has a local
    name server (also called a default name server or local DNS server).
    When a host issues a DNS query message, the message is first sent to the
    host's local name server. The IP address of the local name server is
    typically configured by hand in a host.
    3. Authoritative name servers: Every website is registered with an
    authoritative name server. Typically, the authoritative name server for a
    website is a name server in the website's local ISP. Authoritative DNS
    nameservers are responsible for providing answers to recursive DNS
    nameservers about where specific websites can be found. These answers
    contain important information for each domain, like IP addresses.
    Internet Domain Names
    ➢ As an example, consider a namespace with
    names of the form:
    – local. site
    • where site is the site name authorized by the
    central authority, local is the part of a name
    controlled by the site, and (".") is a delimiter used
    to separate them.
    ➢ adding a group subdivision to names already
    partitioned by site produces the following name
    syntax:
    • local. group. site
    Internet Domain Names
    • Example: cs .aiub . edu
    • contains three labels: cs, aiub, and edu. Any suffix of a
    label in a domain name is also called a domain. In the
    above example the lowest level domain is cs . aiub. edu,
    (the domain name for the Computer Science
    Department at AIUB), the second level domain is aiub.
    edu (the domain name for AIUB University), and the top-
    level domain is edu (the domain name for educational
    institutions). As the example shows, domain names are
    written with the local label first and the top domain last.
    Hierarchy of name servers
    Top-level domain

    Second-level domain(organization name)

    A central body determines


    Upto second level-domain
    Recursive Resolution

    Iterative Resolution
    Recursive Resolution

    Iterative Resolution
    Different types of DNS queries

    • DNS queries can be classified according the manner in which a


    complete request is processed. Generally queries can be classified
    as follows.
    1. Recursive query: A recursive query is a kind of query, in which the
    DNS server, who received the sender’s query will do all the job of
    fetching the answer, and giving it back to the sender. During this
    process, the DNS server might also query other DNS server's in the
    internet of the sender’s behalf, for the answer. It is done from host
    to local DNS server
    2. Iterative query OR Nonrecursive query: In an iterative query, the
    name server, will not go and fetch the complete answer for the
    sender’s query, but will give back a referral to other DNS server's,
    which might have the answer. It is done between Local DNS
    servers to other DNS servers (such as Root server, TLD,
    authoritative DNS servers..)

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