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    Welcome: - Basics of Dns

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    csdhiman
    This document provides an overview of the Domain Name System (DNS) and how it works. DNS allows users to type domain names like "www.google.com" into web browsers and have computers automatically find the corresponding IP address on the internet. It works by having a hierarchy of DNS servers, with root servers at the top level that know which authoritative DNS servers handle each top-level domain like ".com". When a DNS request is made, the recursive DNS servers will query up the hierarchy until they receive the IP address associated with the requested domain name.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Welcome: - Basics of Dns

    Uploaded by

    csdhiman
    44 views21 pages
    This document provides an overview of the Domain Name System (DNS) and how it works. DNS allows users to type domain names like "www.google.com" into web browsers and have computers automatically find the corresponding IP address on the internet. It works by having a hierarchy of DNS servers, with root servers at the top level that know which authoritative DNS servers handle each top-level domain like ".com". When a DNS request is made, the recursive DNS servers will query up the hierarchy until they receive the IP address associated with the requested domain name.

    Original Title

    Basics of DNS

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    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

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    This document provides an overview of the Domain Name System (DNS) and how it works. DNS allows users to type domain names like "www.google.com" into web browsers and have computers automatically find the corresponding IP address on the internet. It works by having a hierarchy of DNS servers, with root servers at the top level that know which authoritative DNS servers handle each top-level domain like ".com". When a DNS request is made, the recursive DNS servers will query up the hierarchy until they receive the IP address associated with the requested domain name.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    44 views21 pages

    Welcome: - Basics of Dns

    Uploaded by

    csdhiman
    This document provides an overview of the Domain Name System (DNS) and how it works. DNS allows users to type domain names like "www.google.com" into web browsers and have computers automatically find the corresponding IP address on the internet. It works by having a hierarchy of DNS servers, with root servers at the top level that know which authoritative DNS servers handle each top-level domain like ".com". When a DNS request is made, the recursive DNS servers will query up the hierarchy until they receive the IP address associated with the requested domain name.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    Welcome

    • BASICS OF DNS
    The Domain Name System
    Overview

    •Introduction
    •DNS overview
    •How DNS helps us?
    •Summary
    What is a Name Sever?

    Server responsible for answering DNS queries


    • Exists at all levels of hierarchy
    • Authoritative name servers hold part of the DNS database
    • One name server can serve more then one zone
    • Many name servers “should” serve the same zone
    • Some name servers are authoritative for certain zones
    DNS Domains
    Everyone in the world has a first name and a last, or family, name. The same
    thing is true in the DNS world: A family of Web sites can be loosely described a
    domain

    The Domain Name System (DNS) is a standard technology for managing the
    names of Web sites and other Internet domains. DNS technology allows you to
    type names into your Web browser like www.ibm.com and your computer to
    automatically find that address on the Internet

    There are 13 root servers for IPv4 : Named A,B,C…. - M


    Ten of these servers reside in the United States, one in Japan, one in
    London and one in Sweden.

    These are not just a single computer but rather a server cluster consisting of
    many computers. This use of clustering increases the reliability of DNS

    DNS is an application layer protocol. The application layer of the OSI model is the
    layer closest to the user and provides network services to the applications of the
    user
    DNS Clients
    A DNS client doesn't store DNS information; it must always refer to a DNS server
    to get it. The only DNS configuration file for a DNS client is the /etc/resolv.conf
    file, which defines the IP address of the DNS server it should use

    BIND
    BIND is an acronym for the Berkeley Internet Name Domain project, which is a
    group that maintains the DNS-related software suite that runs under Linux. The
    most well known program in BIND is named, the daemon that responds to DNS
    queries from remote machines.

    How DNS Servers Find Out Your Site Information


    There are 13 root authoritative DNS servers (super duper authorities) that all
    DNS servers query first. These root servers know all the authoritative DNS
    servers for all the main domains - .com, .net, and the rest. This layer of servers
    keep track of all the DNS servers that Web site systems administrators have
    assigned for their sub domains.
    For example, when you register your domain my-site.com, you are actually
    inserting a record on the .com DNS servers that point to the authoritative DNS
    servers you assigned for your domain
    DNS Caching Name Server
    The most frequently requested information is then stored (or cached) to reduce the
    lookup overhead of subsequent queries. If you want to advertise your Web site
    www.my-site.com to the rest of the world, then a regular DNS server is what you
    require .

    Popular domain registrars include VeriSign, Register Free, and Yahoo.


    As you know, DNS resolution maps a fully qualified domain name (FQDN), such as
    www.ibm.com, to an IP address. This is also known as a forward lookup. The
    reverse is also true: By performing a reverse lookup, DNS can determining the fully
    qualified domain name associated with an IP address.
    Many different Web sites can map to a single IP address, but the reverse isn't true;
    an IP address can map to only one FQDN. This means that forward and reverse
    entries frequently don't match. The reverse DNS entries are usually the
    responsibility of the ISP hosting your site
    To perform a forward/reverse lookup use Host command in linux
    Host www.yahoo.com
    host 65.115.71.34
    Use nslookup also
    Package for Redhat bind-9.2.2.P3-9.i386.rpm.
    chkconfig named on
    service named start/stop/restart
    Important File Locations
    /etc/resolv.conf --- nameserver 192.168.1.100
    /etc/named.conf Tells names/location of the zone files to be used for each of your
    domain/etc/rndc.key,rndc.conf Files used in named authentication.
    /var/named : zone files : Links all the IP addresses in your domain to their
    corresponding server
    /var/named/named.ca : A list of the 13 root authoritative DNS servers.
    File: /etc/named.confoptions { listen-on port 53 { 127.0.0.1; };};

    Forward Zone File References in named.conf


    zone “my-web-site.org” {
    type master;
    notify no;
    allow-query { any; };
    file “my-site.zone”;
    };

    Reverse Zone File References in named.conf


    zone “1.168.192.in-addr.arpa” {
    type master;
    notify no;
    allow-query { any; };
    file “192-168-1.zone”;
    };
    Field Description

    Name The root name of the zone. The “@” sign is a shorthand reference to the current origin (zone) in the /etc/named.conf file
    for that particular database file.

    Class There are a number of different DNS classes. Home/SOHO will be limited to the IN or Internet class used when defining
    IP address mapping information for BIND. Other classes exist for non Internet protocols and functions but are very
    rarely used.

    Type The type of DNS resource record. In the example, this is an SOA resource record. Other types of records exist, which I’ll
    cover later.

    Name-server Fully qualified name of your primary name server. Must be followed by a period.

    Email- The e-mail address of the name server administrator. The regular @ in the e-mail address must be replaced with a period
    address instead. The e-mail address must also be followed by a period.

    Serial-no A serial number for the current configuration. You can use the date format YYYYMMDD with an incremented single
    digit number tagged to the end. This will allow you to do multiple edits each day with a serial number that both
    increments and reflects the date on which the change was made.

    Refresh Tells the slave DNS server how often it should check the master DNS server. Slaves aren’t usually used in home / SOHO
    environments.

    Retry The slave’s retry interval to connect the master in the event of a connection failure. Slaves aren’t usually used in home /
    SOHO environments.

    Expiry Total amount of time a slave should retry to contact the master before expiring the data it contains. Future references will
    be directed towards the root servers. Slaves aren’t usually used in home/SOHO environments.

    Minimum- There are times when remote clients will make queries for subdomains that don’t exist. Your DNS server will respond
    TTL with a no domain or NXDOMAIN response that the remote client caches. This value defines the caching duration your
    DNS includes in this response.
    The “A” Record
    The “Address” record
    One or more normally defines a host
    www A 203.18.56.31

    The “CNAME” Record


    A CNAME defines an alias
    search CNAME www.google.com

    The “MX” Record


    An MX record defines the mail servers for a particular domain
    :
    ausregistry.com.au MX 10 mail

    The “NS” Record


    An NS record defines the authoritative Name servers for the domain.

    internal NS ns1.hosting.com.au
    Accessing a web page
    •You type http://www.google.com into your web
    browser and hit enter.

    •What happens now?


    Step 1: Your PC sends a resolution
    request to its configured DNS
    Server, typically at your ISP.

    Your PC
    ISP “Recursive” DNS server

    Tell me the Address of


    “www.google.com”
    Step 2: Your ISPs name server
    starts by asking one of the root
    servers predefined in its “hints” file.
    Tell me the Address of
    “www.google.com”

    ISP “Recursive” DNS server


    Root Servers

    I don’t know the address but I


    know who’s authoritative for the
    ”com” domain ask them
    Step 3: Your ISPs name server
    then asks one of the “com” name
    servers as directed.
    Tell me the Address of
    “www.google.com”

    ISP “Recursive” DNS server


    “com” DNS servers

    I don’t know the address but I


    know who’s authoritative for the
    ”google.com” domain ask them
    Step 4: Your ISPs recursive name
    server then asks one of the
    “google.com” name servers as
    Tell me the Address of directed.
    “www.google.com”

    ISP “Recursive” DNS server google.com DNS server

    The Address of www.google.com


    is 216.239.53.99
    Step 5: ISP DNS server then send
    the answer back to your PC. The
    DNS server will “remember” the
    answer for a period of time.

    Your PC
    ISP “Recursive” DNS server

    The Address of www.google.com


    is 216.239.53.99
    Step 6: Your PC can then make the
    actual HTTP request to the web
    server.
    Send me the www.google.com.au
    web page

    Your PC
    www.google.com web server

    Here it is!
    Summary
    WEB (HTTP)
    Request

    “root” DNS servers

    google.com.au
    Web Server
    2
    6

    1
    3
    5
    Your PC
    ISP “Recursive” DNS server “com” DNS servers

    The actual
    web request DNS requests

    DNS

    google.com DNS server


    Summary

    •DNS is integral part in most protocols used on the


    internet
    •Makes the internet human friendly for us all
    •Is the world largest distributed database system
    •Fits the international model perfectly
    •In simple terms is a mapping between names and
    IP addresses
    Thank you

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