M2.

LECTURE 1: NEW MEDIA AS EMERGING SOURCES OF INFORMATION

HISTORY OF MEDIA The Americans were astounded as they stood and stared at the
images of the dead that Brady took at the Battle of Antietam. The
Around 40,000 years ago, paintings were discovered in the caves of New York Times
Sulawesi Island in Indonesia showing stencils of what were believed
to be human ancestors’ hands, as well as other markings. claimed that Brady brought home the reality of war through his
photographs.
Cave paintings in Spain and France were then located and dated to
a couple of thousand years later. Initially, experts failed to identify the From here, new technology arose, allowing newspapers to print
purpose of the artworks, but there were suggestions that they might photographs in the 19th century.
be the first examples of communication through a medium. During this
time, the audience for such a medium is limited and small. In 1895, the first moving pictures were demonstrated by the
Lumière brothers in Paris. It was reported that there were audience
From that time on, mass media emerged, but only after new members who were frightened by it.
technologies were invented.
Telegraphic Contact
Paper In 1835, Samuel Morse invented his code --- a series of dots and
Paper was invented in 100 B.C.E. in China, and communication still dashes that could be sent through a telegraph wire and received at
had to be written by hand during this time. the other end. In an almost instantaneous speed, messages could be
sent. Until then, 55km/h was the fastest speed when information
Printing Press travels.
One thousand and five hundred years after the invention of paper,
Johannes Guttenberg built the very first printing press. With his Fact: The last telegraph use was recorded in India in July 2013.
invention, books could now be produced in massive amounts.
Telephone
The first newspapers appeared in the 17th century. However, there Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. This made
was a limited readership during this time, as few people were literate. instant, two-way voice communication possible.
The reach of mass media only grew when more people learned how
to read and write. Radio
The Italian inventor, Guglielmo Marconi, was the first to receive a
High circulation of newspapers like The Times of London developed radio signal in December of 1901 as he tried to raise a radio antenna
during the 18th century with an increase in readership in society. attached to a kite on Signal Hill, St. John’s, Newfoundland. The signal
From the first printing press to high-speed rotary printing presses, that he received was from Cornwall, England, which was 3,400km
large volumes of prints were produced, as was the development of away. This became the first recorded communication without wires or
railways that were intended for the wide distribution of newspapers. cables.

Photography After five years, Reginald Fessenden invented the radio and
The arrival of photography changed the media scene. Matthew transmitted speech across the Atlantic.
Brady, who was one of the earliest and most famous photographers
in American history, held a photo exhibition in 1862 showing the The First Radio Stations
photographs he took during the U.S. Civil War. The radio station called KDKA made its first commercial broadcast on
November 2, 1920. Through radio, they reported the presidential
election results of that year. After eight years, the sound from the radio
was incorporated with pictures.
Televisions Through the passing of the years and the brilliant minds of those who
W3XK, the first television station to broadcast to the general public invented the early forms of media, people are now able to
and operated by Charles Jenkins, aired "radio movies" from July 2, communicate with one another despite the distance and form. In
1928, to 1934. The installation of television sets became widespread addition, sources of information have become rampant and available
only in the late 1940s, and technology kept improving in the years in the most convenient ways with just one click. With the plethora of
after that. resources, it is vital to know what should or should not be relied upon.

Television Technology Timeline

• 1948: First cable delivery system

• 1952: Canada got its first TV service
• 1953: First color broadcast but nobody had a color receiver
• 1962: First satellite broadcast
• 1965: Color technology improvements encourage widespread
use
• 1976: Beta home video recorders introduced
• 1983: High-definition television demonstrated
• 1998: First digital broadcasts
• 2005: Flat screens
• 2010: Three-dimensional television
• 2017: Organic Light Emitting Diode TVs as thin as credit cards

The Internet
Not anyone knew, but 1965 was the jolt of media. Two computers
successfully communicated with one another inside a laboratory at
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
The process that happened involved breaking down a message into
smaller packages, which were then reassembled at the receiving
computer.

The Google search engine was born in 1998, and this caused the
internet to change rapidly. In 2004, Facebook went online, and the
phenomenon of social networking began.

There were more than 1.7 billion websites online as of January 2020,
and about 140,000 are created daily.

A glimpse of what happens in 60 seconds on the internet, according

to SmartInsights, is as follows:
• 500 hours of YouTube videos are uploaded;
• 149,513 emails have been sent.
• 3 million Facebook posts have been made.
• 8 million Google searches have been started, and
• 448,800 tweets are sent on Twitter.
M2. LECTURE 1 (PT. 2): NEW MEDIA

More often than not, people of today would rely on the internet for 1. Providing up-to-date, high-quality information. Search
information. It actually is a classified under the general term ‘new engines are similar to web filters. They assist you in locating
media’. They are sources of and avenues for sharing information that: pertinent data without having to sift through unnecessary web
• involve two-way communication, pages. Google's database contains over 8 billion pages. The
• allow consumers to become producers, and Internet would be an immense swamp of information and shrill
• involve the digitization of communication. messages if search engines did not exist.

NEW MEDIA 2. Ensuring that your website is visible to users. Organic

search is so powerful that it accounts for an important part of
New media is a terminology that encloses the evolution of media that the performance of the majority of educational websites. Users
were already existing used for delivery systems and the development find researches and other services in this manner. It also
of new digital communication technologies. improves visibility and rates of click-through.

According to Logan (2010), the term “new media” will in general 3. Improving your website’s performance. Search engines are
refer to those digital media that are interactive, incorporate two-way the gateways to the world. They are necessary for the
communication, and involve some form of computing as opposed to completion of an individual’s learning, no matter the field.
“old media” such as telephone, radio, and TV. Many businesses also use websites for advertising, and this
There is a radical shift of New Media through the process of creating, way, they are able to be recognized and exposed. thus making
sharing, and accessing information. The continued existence of their products known as well.
conventional modes of communication in print, radio, and television
does not stop digital technology from developing and raising new 4. Search engines provide the information users are looking
media platforms. for. For example, when a consumer searches for a product,
they may go to the official website of the brand. But, in the
TYPES OF NEW MEDIA United States, the vast majority of searches are for non-brand
key phrases. In education, search engines are essential for
Websites learning as they give concrete, precise, and correct
Through websites, a collection of files that can be accessed through information about a certain topic. With the right way of
a web address that covers specific themes or subjects and is searching for information, they impart more knowledge to
controlled by a particular person or organization, gathering information learners, which is helpful in making them take action or make
and communication with other people became direct. a decision.

These sites serve various purposes that include business Blogs

transactions, advertisements, entertainment, and more. A website is When different websites rose, blogs boomed fast. This term refers to
accessible to the public and is interlinked with the Web, which shares the personal websites where people write about their thoughts about
a single domain. All publicly accessible websites are called the World various topics and their own lives.
Wide Web.
This gives the writers a global reach to gather audiences for their
Website Searching writing. Throughout the years, there were several trending blogs, such
Website search or site search allows a user to find specific subjects, as "mommy blogs" and "travel blogs," that gained a huge number of
keywords or any topics in a particular website. Various ways can be followers.
done to search sites for content but tactics to apply will depend on the
reason for searching.
Searching websites can help students by: Some search engines designed to find blogs that you want to read:
 • Google Blog Search 2. Get your blog online. To make your blogs legitimate and
In 2005, Google launched a search engine dedicated to blogs advertised, register them online and start hosting or operating
called Google Blog Search. This search engine is a specialized your own blog site.
Google service that allows users to search for blogs only. Bloggers 3. Customize your blog. Make your site visually pleasing by
can have their websites listed there so that other bloggers can find adding a design template relevant to your theme or topic.
them via search requests. 4. Write and publish your first post. It is important to establish
a reputation first hand. Be creative and share your thoughts
• Technorati with the world.
Technorati Media was founded in 2008 and is a leading Internet 5. Promote your blog. With proper marketing, get more people
media company that specializes in social media technology, online to visit and read your blogs.
advertising, and especially blog-based journalism.
• Mobile Apps
• Blogspot Blog Search A mobile application is a software application developed specifically
Blogspot is free for bloggers all over the world who use it to publish for use on small, wireless computing devices rather than desktop or
millions of blogs in all languages. This Blogspot search engine is used laptop computers. Mobile apps are created to provide users with
to find and discover Blogger blogs. It is also a tool for bloggers to services similar to those accessed on PCs.
connect with other bloggers and grow their audience.
• Social Media Networks
How to Find Blogs These websites and applications allow users and organizations to
1. Entering a search term and adding “blog” will give you tons communication, share information, connect, and form relationships.
of results. The simplest way to find blogs that interest you is to This can happen within the same area, within families, friends, and
use your preferred search engine. Include a keyword or two those with shared interests.
related to the topic of interest, as well as the word "blog" at the
end. For example, if you're looking for blogs about being a • Streaming Services
mother, you could look up "motherhood blog." A streaming service allows playing of films and TV programs in
phones, televisions, or computers from the internet, without the need
2. To find what you're looking of downloading them. It is reported that television networks have an
for, use the search function on blog sites. increased pressure from the ranging of streaming services.
You can also use a standard search engine and add the hosting s
ite in quotation marks at the end of your search term to get results • Virtual and Augmented reality
for whatever you're looking for.
Virtual Reality (VR) provides almost real and/or believable
3. Directories are kind of like encyclopedias for blogs. Some of experiences in virtual or synthetic ways. On the other hand,
them may require you to sign up for a free account in order to use Augmented Reality (AR) is the overlapped use of computer-
them, but they make it much easier to find and access content. generated information to enhance real-world settings.
Most of them have a search function, but they all allow you to sort The distinctions between VR and AR are based on the devices require
and scan results by category. Some of them even track your d and the experience itself:
searches in order to tailor the content you see to your • AR uses a real-world setting while VR is completely virtual
preferences. • AR users can control their presence in the real world; VR
users are controlled by the system
How to Start Blogging • VR requires a headset device, but AR can be accessed with a
1. Pick a blog name. The title or name of your blogging site smartphone
should be descriptive so it will be easy for the readers to find • AR enhances both the virtual and real world while VR only
it. enhances a fictional reality
M2. LECTURE 2: Challenges in Using New Media as an Emerging Source of Information

LEC PT.1: DEFINITION OF MISINFORMATION, DISINFORMATION, AND University, 2023). A local counterpart of which is the rumor that
MALINLFORMATION AND THEIR PREVALENCE IN PUBLIC MEDIA AND Rizal is the father of the Nazi leader Adolf Hitler (Ocampo,
EFFECTS ON THE PROFESSIONS 2022), just to fool people into believing that the national hero
was not only a genius and legend himself but was also able to
FAKE NEWS AND ITS CLASSIFICATIONS sire another person of legendary status.
With the advent of technology and more and more people having
access to information virtually anywhere as a result, many of these 3. Malinformation occurs when what is shared is true but it
users of technology/ new media also become possible targets of what is done so at the wrong time/ situation or out of context to
is publicly known as “fake news” which refers to a body or bodies of cause harm to others (Iona University, 2023).
information that are factually incorrect, not confirmable using existing
data, or misleading due to data omission or manipulation. Such as when interviews showing certain statements of
political candidates about certain topics/ issues are cut then
Fake news is said to not only be economically damaging on a global shared to make them look bad or when formerly resolved
scale but may also be a cause of serious concern. It may come in issues related to them are shared anew to discredit them in
different classifications (Canadian Centre for Cyber Security, 2022): time for elections.
1. Misinformation – these are wrong pieces of information that
are not intended to cause harm. M2. Lecture 2 Continuation:

2. Disinformation – these are wrong pieces of information that PREVALENCE OF FAKE NEWS IN PUBLIC MEDIA
are intended to influence people, cause damage to them, or A study by Ognyanova, Lazer, Robertson, and Wilson (2020) from
lead them in the wrong direction. Harvard Kennedy School found that due to exposure to fake news,
many individuals (n=227) would become distrusting towards
3. Malinformation – these are not necessarily wrong pieces of mainstream media sources, even those that are legitimate.
information but are exaggerated, manipulated/ changed, or Conversely, this exposure yielded higher trust ratings in the politicians
used in the wrong way to cause possible harm. they believed in and were in power.

While fake news may be classified according to the falseness of the Locally, the same was proven to be a problem, with 86% of 1, 200
information contained and the ill intention behind their spread, they adult Filipino participants of a Pulse Asia survey acknowledging fake
may be better understood using the following example scenarios: news as a rampant problem (CNN Philippines, 2022). Participants
1. Misinformation occurs when due to personal error or lack even further stated that they encountered fake news a few times a
of awareness, a user shares information that is wrong such week (26%), a few times a month (25%), or at least once a day
as stating that 2+2 is actually 5 and not 4. Such act also does (21%).
not benefit anyone directly and is not meant for political use or
for the purpose of gaining money from others (Iona University, IMPACT OF FAKE NEWS ON THE PROFESSIONS
2023). Fake news not only affects the general public but also professionals.
In a systematic review study by Rocha et al. (2021) involving medical
2. Disinformation occurs when false information is professionals, they found that fake news/ information from internet
intentionally shared to gain money, politically influence sources about the pandemic, which they called “infodemic,” led to
others, or just plainly cause chaos among people. fear, uncertainty, panic, and attack towards the said professionals.

Such as the rumor that Lee Harvey Oswald assassinated Even would-be professionals already specializing in journalism and
former US President Kennedy for the Soviet Union to increase mass communication were found to be unsafe from fake news and its
the tension between the two nations at the time (Iona effects. Many of whom (90% of the 1,231 participants) were found to
gain information about almost anything from social networks and Fact Checking Sites
digital media (Curiel & Aldea, 2022) which are more often than not FactCheck.orgLinks to an external site. - Annenberg Public Policy
avenues where fake news is found and shared. Center’s nonpartisan, nonprofit “consumer advocate” for voters that
aims to reduce the level of deception and confusion in U.S. politics.
These participants were also found to admitting that despite their
professional training, only half of them read fully what they see from PolitifactLinks to an external site. - PolitiFact is a fact-checking
their sources, 35% of them only the headlines, and alarmingly, 29% website that rates the accuracy of claims by elected officials and
claimed to not being conscious when it comes to determining the others who speak up in American politics. PolitiFact is run by editors
validity of the information they read from their sources. and reporters from the Tampa Bay Times, an independent newspaper
in Florida.
With the average person and professionals alike being affected by
fake news, it is important to be equipped in recognizing it. SciCheckLinks to an external site. - Focuses exclusively on false and
misleading scientific claims that are made by partisans to influence
The University of Michigan Library (2023) provides the public policy.
following practices and characteristics to watch out for and observe
to better ascertain whether a source is fake news or not: All SidesLinks to an external site. - Provides multiple angles on the
same story.
1. Consider source to determine the mission of the source and
its contact information.
2. Read beyond exaggerated or poorly explained headlines
aimed at generating clicks, to gain a better understanding of Image Checking Sites
the whole story. Google Reverse Image SearchLinks to an external site. - Upload or
3. Check the author to determine if he/ she is a real person and use a URL image to check the content history or to see similar images
if he/ she has enough credibility to talk about the covered on the web.
topic.
4. Look into the supporting sources provided to tell whether TinEye Reverse Image SearchLinks to an external site. - Search by
they actually support the point/s being made and it they really image and find where that image appears online.
exist.
5. Determine the date as to when something was created so that FotoForensicsLinks to an external site. - Identify parts of an image
its relevance to current events and validity may be better that may have been modified or “photoshopped”.
ascertained.
6. Tell whether the source is satirical or is poking fun at Web History Checking Site
something/ someone, especially if what it says seems to be Wayback MachineLinks to an external site. - Web archive that
unbelievable. captures websites over time and can be used to verify content history
7. Consider own beliefs/ biases since they might affect your and edits.
judgment of the source.
8. Ask experts on the topic to gain sound understanding or use
a fact-checking site/ tool.

Iona University (2023) also shares the following tools that can be used
against fake news:
M2. LECTURE 3: CRITICAL READING Guide Question/s: Can Sentence 2 or 3 summarize the whole
paragraph? Don’t they both just illustrate further the point of Sentence
CRITICAL READING 1 with the help of historical events?
At this part of the lecture, a related skill crucial to combating fake
news will be revisited to enable the analysis and evaluation of the 2nd Paragraph: (1) Having a pet teaches children many values. (2)
usefulness and validity of printed information. Doing so is Children learn responsibility at once. (3) They also learn compassion
called critical reading and it prevents one from falling prey to while taking care of animals. (4) These young ones also learn respect
misleading information. and value life of creatures.

As a critical reader, one answers any or a number of the following Guide Question/s: Don’t sentences 2 to 4 just illustrate the many
questions while reading a material: values that children gain from having a pet? If so, aren’t they just
• What is the general message of the text? supporting details whereas Sentence 1 is the main idea?
• Is the text or its portion supporting or opposing an idea?
• Is the author presenting an objective or a subjective/ biased 3rd Paragraph: (1) The Kiwi, national bird of New Zealand, cannot fly.
information? Why? (2) It lives in a hole in the ground, is almost blind, and lays only one
• Are the pieces of information accurate and consistent with egg each year. (3) Despite these facts, it has survived for more than
other reliable sources? 70 million years. (4) Kiwi is indeed a unique bird.
• Are the pieces of information supported with logical and valid
details? Guide Question/s: Don’t sentences 1 to 3 just show the things the
Kiwi can do that make it a unique bird? If so, aren’t they just
The following are skills related to critical reading: supporting details whereas Sentence 4 is the main idea?

1. Getting the Main Idea and Identifying Supporting Details 1. Answering the Right Questions and Keeping Certain
Standards in Mind
The main idea refers to the topic or provides the summary of a given
paragraph. It may be implied/ not written or directly stated in the As a critical reader, there are questions that must be kept in mind and
paragraph. On other hand, supporting details just give additional/ eventually answered while or after reading a material before it could
clarifying information related to the main idea. be deemed believable or useful as well as to have deeper
understanding about its purpose or point. These questions are as
Consider the following paragraphs wherein the main ideas are follows:
highlighted while the rest of the other parts serve as mere supporting
details. Critical Question/s: Who is the source? Does s/he have the needed
credibility to write about the information presented?
After completely reading each paragraph, reflect on the given guide
questions that follow to aid yourself in understanding why each Suppose that the given text is:
paragraph has the highlighted part as its main idea and the rest as “The coming year will be plagued by numerous natural disasters such
mere supporting details: as earthquakes and tidal waves.”

1st Paragraph: (1) The phrase "raining cats and dogs" originated in Applying the Critical Question/s: Later on, as a result of answering
17th Century England. (2) During heavy downpours of rain, many of the above questions, it was found that the author/ source of the
these poor animals unfortunately drowned and their bodies would be information is a fortune teller/ Feng Shui expert.
seen floating in the rain torrents that raced through the streets. (3) The
situation gave the appearance that it had literally rained "cats and Knowing this invalidates or makes the text questionable and
dogs" and led to the current expression. something that must not be immediately believed since the author
lacks the actual ability, unlike seismologists, to tell if natural disasters
such as earthquakes and tidal waves are highly likely to occur.

Note: Checking on the author’s or source’s background information

as a result of the above questions helps in strengthening the veracity
of the details presented and prevents one from easily being fooled.

Critical Question/s: What is the text for? What is the aim of the
author for writing it?

Suppose that the given text is:

“Wattpad is a writing community in which users are able to post
articles, stories, and poems about anything online.”
Applying the Critical Question/s: As a result of answering the above
questions, the given text is thought to be for advertisement purposes
because it highlights the usefulness of Wattpad by saying that users
can use it to post about anything online. In addition, the text can also
be added with other texts that are positive about the usefulness of
Wattpad since they share the same positive idea about it.

Note: Answering the above questions will help make understanding

the nature of a given text easier and its connection to other texts and/
or situations quicker to identify.

Critical Question/s: Are details believable? Why or why not? Are

they consistent with other sources?

Suppose that the given text is:

“A terrifying ‘sniff and die’ bug that kills 89,000 people around the
world each year can travel from the nose to the brain and spinal cord
in just 24 hours, scientists have learned.”

Applying the Critical Question/s: By answering the above

questions, a reader can determine that the details in the given text are
possibly true because it has details such as numbers and a supposed
credible source identified to be “scientists”. However, by further
checking the consistency of the contained details with other sources,
a reader can ultimately verify if it is true or fake.

Note: Answering the above questions will prevent one from

immediately believing what already seems to be true information.
LECTURE PART 4: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, ITS CLASSIFICATIONS, 1. Reactive AI—a sub-classification of Narrow or Weak AI, it is a
USES, AND EFFECTS machine (hardware or software) capable of performing only a
single set of programmed tasks, incapable of performing
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE anything beyond its limitations (Biswal, 2023; Lateef, 2023).
Technology may be viewed from two lenses, one that is optimistic Examples include Siri, Alexa, self-driving cars/ driving
which shows it as a tool to enable society to achieve greater goals assistants, chess computers, Quillbot, Google Translate, etc.
and another that is pessimistic considering its possibility of going
beyond human control (Wolff, 2021). Simply put, these are machines capable of only taking inputs and
processing them limitedly and unvaryingly based on how these
From the optimistic viewpoint, technology has progressed to the point machines were programmed without any additional information.
of being pegged as “artificial intelligence (AI)” for its capacity to
simulate human intelligence to the point of being capable of 2. Generative AI—although a bit more advanced than Reactive
performing tasks such as decision-making and solving complex AI but still considered a sub-classification of Narrow or Weak
problems with greater speed, precision, and effectiveness (Biswal, AI thanks to its dependence on machine and deep learning
2023; Lateef, 2023). methods, this is a machine that “let[s] users enter prompts [for
them] to receive [in return relevant] humanlike images, texts,
However, this capacity of technology, as gleaned from the pessimistic or videos (Hetler, 2023).”
viewpoint, should not be allowed to go without any form of control or
regulation considering its susceptibility to negatively diverge away While it may seem more advanced than Reactive AI, what it does is
from the good uses it was envisioned to fulfill by its designers such as simply generate requested information/ task as lifted from a vast
when the internet was envisioned to be a medium to communicate collection of data fed into it or coming from its far and wide-
information and engage in commerce but then later became an reaching sources (Pupuweb.com, 2023), only that each
avenue for financial crimes and frauds (Wolff, 2021) as also proven by generated response is expressed in varying ways. Example
preceding discussions, showing it to be a haven for fake news. includes ChatGPT (Generative Pre-Trained Transformer), Bing, etc.
for their capacity to provide varying and elaborate responses from
Particularly, Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to machines that existing data.
underwent intelligence training (McCarthy, 1956 as cited in Lateef,
2023) through the use of vast volumes of data and as a result, are With them being advanced and having human-like capacities, AIs
capable of performing human-like tasks such as decision-making and have affected human life in the following ways, negative and
complex problem-solving (Lateef, 2023) with speed and precision positive, as outlined by Tai (2020):
(Biswal, 2023).
1. Lessened human socialization—with automation and
AIs, as introduced, undergo training and development. These may be digitization becoming more and more common, people no
done through any of the following: longer get to interact face to face as much as before.

Machine Learning and Deep Learning and Natural Language 2. Unemployment—with human labor being replaceable, fewer
Processing—refer to the branches or training techniques through and fewer people will be needed in the workplace to fulfill
which AIs are trained. certain tasks.

They simply mean collections of data from which patterns or 3. Wealth disparity—people who have the capacity to invest in
algorithms are developed or “learned” so that AIs may be enabled more machineries and advanced AIs which will lead to more
to perform requested tasks. earnings in the workforce, leaving those incapable of coping
with lesser earnings.
In terms of classifications, AIs may mainly be classified into two:
 4. Possibility of being uncontrollable—due to continuously dogs” (clear expected output, with specific description of the
being developed, AIs have the inevitable potential of becoming topic).
uncontrollable to humans in the future.
2. Assign roles and goals.
5. Potential for greater bias—with AIs being programmable to The command must make the generative AI take on a role
target or cater only to a select few, they may end up favoring addressing a certain audience, task, or situation/ context.
or disfavoring specific groups of people.
For example, it can be assigned to pretend to be “a blogger”
6. Efficient work and less labor—programmed to be efficient (role) who must “convince Generation Z viewers to try certain
and accurate, AIs have the ability to do work in less time and products” (task and audience).
effort-consuming fashion, with errors being few to none.
3. Set the tone and limitations.
7. Virtual presence and connection—through AIs, physical The command must set what to include or exclude—this is
distances no longer become a hindrance as humans are also known as positive and negative prompting.
enabled to do their work even at the comfort of their homes
and connect others despite being far and apart. Commands or prompts that encourage inclusion are positively
worded whereas those that promote exclusion are negatively
expressed such as, “Provide a list of top 10 tourist destinations
in the Philippines (positive). Do not include destinations with
M2. LECTURE 5: CHATGPT AND PROMPT ENGINEERING
beaches (negative).”
CHATGPT AND PROMPT ENGINEERING
One example AI of great interest and use nowadays is ChatGPT. As
previously established, it is a generative kind of AI capable of doing
almost anything it is asked to do. It may be asked or programmed to
do things through the process of prompt engineering.

Prompt engineering refers to the creation of prompts or commands

such as “Identify who the Philippine national hero is,” for ChatGPT to
give the best responses or outputs (Crabtree, 2023; Mayo, 2023).

Here are key principles of prompt engineering whenever dealing with

generative AI tools (Crabtree, 2023; Mayo, 2023):

1. Be specific but succinct.

The command must have all the needed details such as
the expected action and output from the generative
AI, without being overly wordy.

For example, instead of keying in the command, “Describe

dogs that are not wild and are locally found in the
neighborhood” (unclear/ too general of an output and wordy
description of the topic), it may be better if it were,
“Characterize the behavior and care needed by domestic
M2. LECTURE 6 (PART I): TRADITIONAL GRAPHIC AIDS (a) Organizational Charts—show position/ ranking and relation

TRADITIONAL GRAPHIC AIDS How to Read/ Interpret Organizational Charts:

A visual graphic, also known as a graphic aid, is any image that Describe. Positions held by different people, their duties and
helps you, as the reader, understand the text that is accompanied by responsibilities, and the other positions they work with must be
the visual aid. identified then described.

Readers frequently glance over graphs, diagrams, charts, and tables Sample sentence/s showing how an organizational chart such as
or completely ignore them, and this habit causes the reader to miss the given may be interpreted or read:
out on the tremendous help that these aids can provide. This type of The president occupies the highest position in the
reading is enhanced when you have strategies in place to aid company (position).
comprehension and retention of what you are reading.
He/ she evaluates and executes actions and suggestions from the
The methodical practice of incorporating graphs and visual aids into vice presidents who have their own duties and responsibilities and
your reading and studying is one strategy that can help with charges (other positions and their duties and responsibilities).
comprehension, especially for advanced or college-level books.
The vice president for marketing is in charge of leading managers and
Technology has been evolving with the passing of time, and with it their teams vested with the responsibility of promoting the company to
appear new forms of graphic aids. However, before these, there were both its existing and potential clients; the vice president for sales...
the traditional visual aids that were used for various purposes.
(b) Flow Charts—show sequence or steps that lead to results

Traditional Graphic Aids How to Read/ Interpret Flow Charts:

Traditionally, graphic aids, also referred to as visuals, illustrations, or Illustrate and Explain. Steps must be identified in succession until
figures, are classified into three categories, varying depending on the their outcome. After the identification of each step, explanations about
type of information they contain: what happens under/ during it must be given.

A. Charts Sample sentence/s showing how a flow chart such as the given
may be interpreted or read:
1. Components: (a) boxes, (b) lines, and (c) arrows—these are The flow chart presents the process of looking for a missing object
the graphic objects that can be commonly seen in charts and that begins with looking for it (first step). After initially searching, a
be used in distinguishing them from other kinds of graphic person may stop to tell if he/ she already found the object (second
aids. step explained). Depending on the answer to that question, the
search may continue on with telling whether or not the object is
2. Purposes/ Uses: (a) show rank and (b) show sequence— needed (third step explained). Ultimately, if the object is needed, the
charts are used for either showing order of importance/ value search must be continued (fourth step/ outcome).
or for illustrating a process from beginning to ending.
B. Tables
3. Types/ Varieties: (a) organizational and (b) flow—varieties
of charts depend on the purposes they serve. The former is 1. Components: (a) columns, (b) rows, and (c) numbers—
used for showing rank while the latter is used for showing these are the graphic objects that can be commonly seen in
sequence. tables and be used in distinguishing them from other kinds of
graphic aids.
4. Examples/ Given:
 2. Purposes/ Uses: (a) comparison and contrast and quantitative data between and among variables or groups;
(b) clarification of relationships—tables are used for showing developments over a period of time; or for concretely
showing numerical data that can be compared and contrasted showing how parts relate to their wholes.
for similarities or differences between and among groups or
over a period of time. 3. Types/ Varieties: (a) bar, (b) line, and (c) circle/ pie—
varieties of graphs depend on the purposes they serve. Bar
3. Example/ Given: and line graphs are generally used when there are numerical
data between and among groups/ variables that can be
Table 1. List of Colleges, Number of Deans, Academic Advisers, differentiated during certain time periods whereas circle/ pie
and Student- Respondents graphs are used when the concern is breaking down large
Number of Number of
groups/ quantities into smaller ones so that their relation may
Number of be seen/ illustrated.
Colleges Academic Student- Total
Deans
Advisers Respondents
4. Examples/ Given:
CED 1 2 152 155
(a) Bar Graphs—are graphs that use either vertical or horizontal bars
CAS 1 3 230 234 to represent data
CBA 1 4 455 460 (b) Line Graphs—are graphs that use rising and/ or falling (diagonal)
lines

How to Read/ Interpret Tables:

Describe then Compare and Contrast. After identifying the general M2. LECTURE 6 (PART II): NEW FORMS OF GRAPHIC AIDS
topic and what each column and/ or row represents, differences and/
or similarities between and among data are mentioned then NEW FORMS OF GRAPHIC AIDS
explained.
Digital Posters
Sample sentence/s showing how a table such as the given may A digital poster, like a printed poster, is a visual aid that can help you
be interpreted or read: share your technical work during a poster presentation. The main
Table 1 provides a breakdown of the colleges in terms of the number distinction is that a digital poster can include dynamic content.
of deans, academic advisers, and student-respondents they have
(description/ identification of general topic). All colleges have one You can, for example, embed multimedia files (GIF files, videos with
dean each but differ in terms of the number of academic advisers they audio, etc.) and control what information is displayed throughout your
have. Both CAS and CBA have more than two academic advisers and presentation (via zooms and transitions).
a total of more than 200 student-respondents (similarities and
differences). Tips for Making Digital Posters
1. Begin by planning and sketching. Even if you intend to use
C. Graphs digital tools to design your poster, starting with a pen or pencil on
1. Components: (a) bars, (b) lines and dots, and (c) circles— paper is a great way to brainstorm ideas and plan out your
these are the graphic objects that can be commonly seen in composition. Once you've decided on the message for your poster,
graphs and be used in distinguishing them from other kinds of you can start visualizing it by sketching out the elements you want to
graphic aids. include and making notes about what should go where. This is also an
2. Purposes/ Uses: (a) comparing amounts/ quantities; (b) excellent time to consider whether you want to include text and what it
showing data changes over period/s of time; and (c) should say.
illustrating relation of parts to the whole in percentage form
—graphs are used in either showing similarities/ differences in 2. Think about the size and format. Once you've created a rough
composition, decide on the size of your poster. What kind of poster do In general, your poster should include a primary, secondary, and
you want to design? You can make a physical printed poster in any accent color.
size, but you may also want to reach out to an online audience
through various media. 5. Make a contrast. Playing with contrast is a sure-fire way to stop
someone in their tracks and entice them to read your poster. Instead
3. Make it legible. Because the purpose of a poster is to quickly of using a monotone color palette, experiment with contrasting colors
translate an idea, any text you include should be easily legible even and shades. Layer saturated elements on top of a dark background,
from a distance. The key to accomplishing this is to create a text or dark motifs on top of a light background. You can also create eye-
hierarchy. catching contrast with gradients, two different font types, or interesting
juxtapositions with graphic elements.
Your design should include three distinct text layers:
6. Make a visual statement. One of the most difficult aspects of
Headline designing a poster is deciding on the visuals.
The headline is the poster's main and largest typography element.
The font you select should be legible, but don't be afraid to experiment Why not go big with a dominant image, such as an illustration or a
with artistic typefaces and playful compositions. The headline does photo, that has the potential to capture someone's attention and
not always have to be at the top of your design. It could be at the communicate a message? Using a single dramatic image will help
bottom, on the side, or even interact with the visuals. All that matters your poster stand out from the crowd and leave a lasting impression.
is that the headline immediately grabs the viewer's attention and
conveys what the poster is about. Consider your visuals carefully, but don't be afraid to be bold. To allow
beautiful typography to take center stage, use a close-up of
Details someone's face, a striking illustration, or experiment with unusual
Consider all of the details your audience requires when writing the letterforms.
second level of text.
7. Make space. Exaggerated space can do wonders for a poster
Where will the event be held if it is an event? When will this happen? design. The negative space between individual letterforms improves
What parties are involved? What can they expect to see or readability from a distance, whereas tight kerning can cause blurring.
experience? Leaving extra space around other design elements like illustrations
gives them more power by drawing the viewer in. Another way to use
The recommended font to use for digital posters is about half the size white space creatively is to add a white border around the entire
of the headline for the text that provides details. It is critical to deliver design. You can also experiment with bright colors to add interest to
information in this section in a clear and concise manner. Consider your design.
using a non-decorative, sans-serif font that is easy to read.
8. Embrace minimalist design. It's time to refine your poster design
The fine print. now that you've completed the first draft.
Fine print is commonly used in movie posters to provide additional
information or to credit those involved. This section isn't always Remember that the purpose of a poster is to quickly communicate an
necessary, depending on the message of your poster. However, if you idea, so a congested poster is very confusing to anyone reading it.
want to say more, keep your text small and out of the way of larger Take a step back from your work area and thoroughly examine
elements. everything you've included in the piece of work. Then, simply delete
any unnecessary components from your design.
4. Choose a Color Scheme. A color palette is a powerful tool for
conveying mood, so choose hues that will help you further convey
your message. A good rule of thumb is to stick to three to five colors.
Infographics possible between each statistic and as little text as possible.
An effective infographic delivers data and analysis in a way that helps To communicate your data, your infographic should primarily
the audience digest and understand information easily in a visually use graphics and visual elements.
pleasing format.
6. Graphics, graphics, and more graphics. There are
Tips for Making Effective Infographics thousands of icons for infographics available online. Simply
1. Create an outline. An outline can assist you in organizing the look for icons, symbols, cliparts, and any additional
components of the infographic. Determine which points are terms. When selecting graphics, make sure they appear to
critical to conveying your message. What are the key belong together. If possible, they should have the same style
components of the story you want to tell? Is that story divided and colors. This will result in a more appealing and cohesive
into a beginning, middle, and end? overall appearance.

2. Have a distinct title. Begin by adding a title that clearly 7. An easy-to-follow design. Ensure that your infographic flows
defines the topic of your infographic. There should be no doubt and tells a visual story. In Western cultures, there is a natural
about what story you are telling. Use a short, catchy title that is hierarchy in how people perceive images and text. The most
easy to understand and captures the attention of your target important information is displayed at the top and is typically
audience. read or viewed from left to right. Organize your data with this in
mind.
3. Choose the appropriate fonts. Limit yourself to two fonts for
the infographic: one for the title and header and another for the Creative Presentation
body. A creative presentation template can go a long way. Creative
Presentation means an oral and/or written presentation made without
You can use a more fun or decorative font for your title and limit in concepts and ideas of any kind relating to the topic or subject
header, but keep your body font simple so it's easy to read and at hand. Presentation skills are essential for success. Many people
doesn't overwhelm when skimmed quickly. Choose a font have succeeded in their respective fields because they know how to
combination that complements your infographic's topic. convey their ideas, get people’s attention, and lead them. Their skills
in creating presentations lead to effective communication within the
4. Choose the right colors. To keep your infographic easy to target audience through the translation of messages.
read and visually appealing, use no more than three to four
complementary colors. Furthermore, the level of stress is less as the tools used for
presentations make it easier for other people to understand a
You can use the colors from your library's branding or create a message or an idea. Therefore, it is important to have presentation
new color palette. LibraryAware templates use professionally skills that will allow you to exhibit your ideas in a comprehensible and
selected color palettes, but you can find free color palettes online effective way.
to help you choose your own.
Tips for Making Creative Presentations
Make sure the colors you choose convey your message. Choose 1. Keep it simple. Your slides should support and reflect your
vibrant and youthful colors when creating a storytime infographic. verbal message rather than detract from it with unnecessary
Choose colors that are more traditional and toned down for an visual distractions. The audience should be able to take in your
infographic aimed at job seekers. slides in a second or two and then focus on you.

5. Keep it simple and clean. Your goal is to convey a large 2. Limit bullet points and text. Keep in mind that your slides
amount of information in a simple, easy-to-understand manner. should not be used as your personal teleprompter. Your slides
Your infographic should not be so busy that the reader is are for the benefit of your audience. If your slides say almost
overwhelmed or confused. Use as much white space as
 everything you say, your audience will not know whether to
listen to you or focus on your slides. Circle/ Pie Graphs—are graphs that use the circle shape divided into
wedges/ sectors (informally called slices)
3. Use high-quality graphics. Although the clip art included with
PowerPoint is convenient (and more visually appealing than it How to Read/ Interpret Graphs:
used to be), there are online sources for free, with high- Describe then Compare and Contrast. Begin with first describing
resolution images that can have a much greater visual impact. what the graph is generally about (i.e., identify its topic) and what
For example, millions of photos are available in Flickr which is each part contains. Following that, proceed to stating the differences
under Creative Commons Licence. and similarities between and among all the groups or variables. In
some other cases, such as in the case of line graphs, changes over
4. Use appropriate charts. According to analytical designer certain points in time are identified in place of differences between
Edward Tufte, PowerPoint is not a good tool for sharing and among groups/ quantities.
complex infographics. If you have a complicated chart or
graphic to share with your audience, providing it as a handout Sample sentence/s showing how graphs such as the ones given
is often beneficial. Simpler, more elegant charts are frequently may be interpreted or read:
more effective in PowerPoint. Consider which type of chart The bar graph presents the number of people and their opinions about
(pie, vertical bar, horizontal bar, line, and so on) will best which fruit is the nicest (describing the topic). The fruits grape and
communicate the idea you want to share with your audience. banana were identified to be the least nice from respondents’
opinions, garnering 5 and 10 responses respectively; on the other
5. Choose your fonts well. On slides, Sans-serif fonts are often hand, the nicest ones according to the respondents were those that
easier to read than Serif fonts. gained more than 20 votes which are twice to thrice the number of
those who viewed grape and banana to be the nicest (comparison
Too many different fonts in a slide or presentation can be and contrast)…
distracting, so stick to one or two. Font size is also important.
Make sure your fonts are big enough to read from the back of the The line graph presents the earnings that the booth gained on its first
room. And, if you keep your slides simple and limit the amount of week of operation (describing the topic and the period of time
text you use, you can usually use very large fonts. covered). The graph shows a consistent upward trend in terms of
earnings with the exception of Wednesday that registered the lowest
A minimum font size of 24 points should be used on all slides. earnings for the week. From a profit of only 300php on Monday, the
Fonts such as Palatino, Georgia, Verdana, Tahoma, Arial, and booth gained 150php more came Tuesday for registering a total of
Helvetica are the recommended fonts to use for any presentation. 450php (showing of changes over certain periods of time)…
If color is used to emphasize the importance of selected text or to
convey other meaning, another method (such as bold text) should The pie graph presents the educational attainment of the faculty
be used as well. members in the university (describing the topic). The most common
type of degree among them is the baccalaureate with 55% of their
6. Spend time in the slide sorter. This is the PowerPoint view population having it as their current educational attainment. On the
that displays up to 20 or 30 of your slides at the same time. other hand, the least common type of degree is that of the doctorate
This view is more useful than the default one-slide-at-a-time with only 10% of the faculty attaining it. Meanwhile, a significant
view for structuring and organizing your content as you begin percentage among them have masters’ degrees, comprising the
to design your presentation. remaining 35% (identifying the smaller parts of the big whole in
percentage forms).
LECTURE 6 (PART III): GRAPHIC DESIGNING TOOLS Snappa
Snappa is a cloud-based graphic design tool that assists small
GRAPHIC DESIGNING TOOLS businesses in creating graphics for ads, blogs, social media,
To be able to achieve desired presentations of graphic aids, it is infographics, and emails based on the channel's specifications.
important know what tools are available for use and how to utilize Link: https://snappa.com
them for certain purposes.
Uses: Thousands of marketers, entrepreneurs, and non-designers
The following are graphic design websites / tools that can help with use Snappa to create graphics for social media, display ads, blog
different aspects and goals: posts, and more.
Canva VistaCreate
Canva, which was founded in 2013, is an online design and visual VistaCreate was designed for entrepreneurs, small businesses,
communication platform with the mission of enabling anyone in the marketing professionals, and bloggers who need to create content on
world to design anything and publish it anywhere. a daily basis but do not have a large budget.
Link: https://www.canva.com Link: https://create.vista.com

Uses: Canva makes it simple for anyone to create beautiful creative Uses: VistaCreate is an online graphic design platform that allows
resources. Canva is an invaluable tool for helping you level up your anyone to quickly and easily create unique and engaging
design skills, even if you're just getting started, with everything from content. Even if you have no design experience, you will find
social media images, videos, and gifs to posters, websites, booklets, VistaCreate to be very intuitive and simple to use for your projects,
multimedia presentations, and much more. whether they are for web, print, or social media.

Adobe Express Design Wizard

Adobe Express is an all-in-one design, photo, and video tool that Design Wizard is an online graphic design tool that allows users to
makes it simple to create content. It is a cloud-based media creation quickly create, share, and download images. All of Design Wizard's
app that allows anyone to easily create eye-catching social media features are free, and you can use them to create, share, or download
graphics, promotional videos, and single-page websites. One of its customized designs for social, business, or everyday use. You can
outstanding features is that it can be accessed from any device that also access a library of over a million copyright free images and
has internet access. thousands of templates.
Link: https://www.adobe.com Link: https://designwizard.comLinks to an external site.
Uses:
Adobe Express offers endless possibilities that include: Uses: Design Wizard makes it simple to create unique content in
• Drag-and-drop video clips, artwork, animations, and music to minutes. Every element in the template you've chosen is editable.
create videos. Backgrounds, images, videos, and colors can be changed or
• Complete tasks with a single click using Adobe Photo, Design, uploaded. Change the fonts or include a personalized caption.
Video, and PDF tools.
• Adobe Firefly generative AI can instantly generate
extraordinary text effects and images from a description.
• Thousands of professionally designed templates, Adobe Stock
photos, videos, music, and more help you complete designs
faster.
• Collaborate and comment on files with your team in real time.
• Access and add linked Photoshop and Illustrator assets that
are always in sync.