Year 10 Science Yearly 2022 Name:________________________ Class: _______

SYDNEY BOYS HIGH SCHOOL

Year 10 Yearly Science Exam

2022

Topics to be examined:

• Biotechnology and Evolution

• Universe

Time: 60 min.

PART A Knowledge MC 10 marks

PART B Process MC 10 marks

PART C Skills ER 20 marks

Total 40 marks

Write your name and class on all sections of this paper.

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Year 10 Science Yearly 2022 Name:________________________ Class: _______

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Year 10 Science Yearly 2022 Name:________________________ Class: _______

PART A: Knowledge Multiple Choice - 10 marks

Answer All Questions on the Multiple Choice Answer Sheet provided.

1. According to Lamarck’s ‘theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics’, what would

happen if a cat lost an eye in an accident as a kitten?
a) The cat would have kittens with one eye.
b) The cat would lose sight in the other eye
c) The cat’s eye will grow back.
d) The cat would have kittens with two eyes.

2. Which statement most correctly contrasts natural selection and artificial selection?
a) natural selection can occur in a short time while artificial selection takes many
generations
b) both processes can eventually result in the formation of new species
c) natural selection can occur without human involvement, while artificial
selection cannot
d) both processes require variation and competition within the species

3. The fossil record shows that Coelacanth organisms have survived almost unchanged
for millions of years. Based on Darwin’s theory of evolution, which statement
provides the best reason for the minimal change of Coelacanth organisms over time?
a) Environmental conditions for Coelacanths have not changed dramatically.
b) Humans protected the Coelacanths with conservation and breeding
programs.
c) Natural selection of predators has kept Coelacanths unchanged
d) The population of Coelacanths has always stayed small, due to a lack of food.

4. Which of the following provides the best evidence that present-day organisms
evolved from organisms in the past, through a process of gradual change?
a) Gorillas and humans have some similar behaviours.
b) The Galapagos Islands are inhabited by a large number of reptile species.
c) The limbs of many different vertebrate species have a common basic
structure.
d) Each continent has different animal and plant species.

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Year 10 Science Yearly 2022 Name:________________________ Class: _______

5. Which of the following statements is incorrect?

a) Mutations may give an individual an advantage in a population.
b) Natural selection does not change the frequency of neutral mutations in a
population.
c) Mutations always cause cancer.
d) Some mutations are lethal.

6. Which of the following statements concerning reproductive isolation and geographic

isolation of two populations is correct?
a) Reproductive isolation of two populations always occurs before their
geographic isolation.
b) Two populations that are geographically isolated must be two different
species.
c) Subspecies form when two populations are reproductively isolated.
d) Speciation occurs when two populations become reproductively isolated.

7. A super nova is:

a) a group of stars
b) an exploding star
c) a fixed pattern of stars
d) a cloud of dust and gas.

8. When a telescope is constructed using two biconvex lenses and an adjustable dark
tube, the image of the object viewed will be:
a) enlarged, inverted
b) reduced, upright
c) same size, inverted
d) same size, upright

9. Which statement about the Big Bang Theory is incorrect?

a) it is the concept that there was a moment when time and space were created
b) the universe was formed from a very small dense star which exploded
c) the conversion of energy into matter resulted in the formation of atomic
particles
d) the universe has continued to expand and cool since that event

10. How bright a star appears from the Earth is called:

a) electromagnetic radiation
b) apparent magnitude
c) absolute magnitude
d) stellar parallax

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Year 10 Science Yearly 2022 Name:________________________ Class: _______

PART B: Process Skills Multiple Choice - 10 marks

Answer All Questions on the Multiple Choice Answer Sheet provided.

11. Scientists are experimenting with ways to enable pigs to develop organs that are
suitable for transplant into humans. The procedure is shown below.

The diagram indicates the in order for the heart from a pig to be transplanted into a
human.

Select the correct statement:

a) the nucleus of a human cell must be put into a pig cell

b) the heart of a donor pig must grow until it is the same size as a human heart
c) marker protein needs be put into a fertilised pig cell
d) the donor pig must have a specific protein on the outside of its cell

12. The most primitive frogs in the world live in New Zealand.
Their feet do not have webbing between the toes.
The young frogs develop from eggs inside a thick jelly-like capsule.
They do not have a swimming tadpole stage.
From this information, the best conclusion is that these frogs:

a) are more advanced than most frogs

b) are not related to modern frogs
c) will soon become extinct
d) can live and breed away from water

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Year 10 Science Yearly 2022 Name:________________________ Class: _______

The Diagram below shows when different organisms lived on the Earth.

13. The fossil of a turtle was found in the same rock layer as a fossil of a snake.
Scientists could reasonably conclude that the rock layer was between:

a) 190 and 225 million years old

b) 0 and 190 million years old
c) 136 and 190 million years old
d) 65 and 225 million years old

14. A scientist believed that a rock layer was 225 million years old.
The presence of which types of fossils in this rock most strongly supports this belief?
a) trilobites and turtles
b) conifers and ferns
c) trilobites and crinoids
d) sponges and conifers

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Year 10 Science Yearly 2022 Name:________________________ Class: _______

15. Possible Development of Mammals

According to the above diagram:

a) seals are land carnivores

b) horses are more closely related to pangolins than to hyraxes
c) aardvarks are hooved insectivores
d) ancestors of rabbits once ate insects

16. The Darwin/Wallace theory of evolution proposes that organisms have evolved from
common ancestors. Closely related organisms have more DNA in common than
those less closely related.
The table shows the percentage similarity in the DNA of 5 species: P, Q, R, S and T.

P Q R S T

P – 69 93 86 91

Q 69 – 92 84 88

R 93 92 – 80 77

S 86 84 80 – 95

T 91 88 77 95 –

Which organism is most closely related to P?

a) Q
b) R
c) S
d) T

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Year 10 Science Yearly 2022 Name:________________________ Class: _______

17. White light is a mixture of light waves of different wavelengths. It can be separated to
form a spectrum of all the colours of light.

An absorption spectrum is produced when white light passes through a gas. Atoms of
each element in the gas absorb light of a unique set of wavelengths, forming dark
lines in the spectrum.

Which two elements are found in the star’s outer layers?

a) calcium and neon

b) calcium and sodium
c) magnesium and neon
d) magnesium and sodium

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Year 10 Science Yearly 2022 Name:________________________ Class: _______

18.

a) 17
b) 12
c) 5
d) 3

19.

a) 6
b) 40
c) 600
d) 5 850 000 000

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Year 10 Science Yearly 2022 Name:________________________ Class: _______

20.

a) mercury and mars

b) venus and saturn
c) venus and earth
d) saturn and uranus

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Year 10 Science Yearly 2022 Name:________________________ Class: _______

Part C – 20 marks
Question 1 (3 marks)
Antibiotic resistance is an increasingly problematic phenomenon due to the widespread
use of antibiotics in medicine and industry. An experiment was performed to model the
rise of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

A wild population of single celled bacteria is cultured in a petri dish (Petri Dish A)
containing nutrient agar to create visible colonies. An antibiotic is added to this petri dish
and allowed to incubate for 24hrs. Most colonies of bacteria are killed, with only a few
surviving.

Antibiotic
added
Petri
Dish A

The surviving colonies are cultured onto a new sterile petri dish (Petri Dish B) with
nutrient agar to create new colonies. The same antibiotic is added and allowed to
incubate again for 24hrs. The result is shown the diagram below.

Antibiotic
added
Petri
Dish B

(Question continues on next page)

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Year 10 Science Yearly 2022 Name:________________________ Class: _______

With reference to appropriate scientific theories and mechanisms, explain the result of 3
this experiment.

Question 2 (2 marks)
Genetic engineering is a technology that is increasingly being used today in agriculture,
industry, and medicine.

Explain the role of restriction enzymes and DNA Ligases in modifying the genetic
makeup of an organism 2

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Year 10 Science Yearly 2022 Name:________________________ Class: _______

Question 3 (5 marks)

A HR Diagram is used to classify the different types of stars observed in the universe.

a) By using the HR diagram, identify the type of star L and M are. 2

b) Qualitatively compare the surface temperature, luminosity, and nuclear 3

processes of stars L and M

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Year 10 Science Yearly 2022 Name:________________________ Class: _______

Question 4 (10 marks)

Cepheid variable stars are stars whose absolute luminosity oscillates with a regular
period. In 1912, astronomer Henrietta Leavitt discovered a relationship between the
period of these stars and their absolute luminosity (how bright they are).

A nearby star cluster was discovered to contain several Cepheid Variable stars.
Plot a graph of the data in the following table.

Average Absolute
Star Period (days)
Magnitude
A 1.84 4.79

B 2.13 5.45

C 2.81 6.63

D 3.80 3.43

E 3.10 3.28

F 4.64 4.43

G 5.67 1.19

H 6.64 -0.97

I 7.01 -0.41

J 8.64 -2.36

K 9.87 -3.85

L 9.66 -4.59

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Year 10 Science Yearly 2022 Name:________________________ Class: _______

a) Graph the data provided in the table on the grid below 5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

b) Showing all working, use your graph to calculate the gradient of the LOBF and 2
the y-intercept

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Year 10 Science Yearly 2022 Name:________________________ Class: _______

c) The periods of two distant stars X and Y are measured to be 6.25 days and 1.31 2
days respectively. From your graph, determine the average absolute magnitude
of these stars

d) As viewed from earth, stars X and Y have the same apparent brightness. From 1
the data above, determine which star is closer to the earth

END OF EXAM

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Year 10 Science Yearly 2022

SYDNEY BOYS HIGH SCHOOL

Year 10 Yearly Science Exam

2022
Marking Scheme (Criteria, Sample Answers and Markers Notes).

PART A Knowledge MC 10 marks

PART B Process Skills MC 10 marks
PART C Skills Extended Response 20 marks
Total 40 marks

PART A: Multiple Choice - 20 marks

Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A A C A C C D B A B B

Q 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A D D B A D B B C B C

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Year 10 Science Yearly 2022

Part B
Question 1 (3 marks)
Antibiotic resistance is an increasingly problematic phenomenon due to the widespread
use of antibiotics in medicine and industry. An experiment was performed to model the
rise of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

A wild population of single celled bacteria is cultured in a petri dish (Petri Dish A)
containing nutrient agar to create visible colonies. An antibiotic is added to this petri dish
and allowed to incubate for 24hrs. Most colonies of bacteria are killed, with only a few
surviving.

Antibiotic
added
Petri
Dish A

The surviving colonies are cultured onto a new sterile petri dish (Petri Dish B) with
nutrient agar to create new colonies. The same antibiotic is added and allowed to
incubate again for 24hrs. The result is shown the diagram below.

Antibiotic
added
Petri
Dish B

(Question continues on next page)

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Year 10 Science Yearly 2022

Q1. With reference to appropriate scientific theories, explain the result of this 3
experiment.

Criteria Marks
Thoroughly Explains the result by specifically referring to 3
the mechanisms of evolutionary processes including:
• Variation of traits within a population exists through
mutation which produces new alleles which are inherited.
• Antibiotic acts as a Selection Agent .
• Individuals with traits best suited for survival (fittest), survive
and reproduce more often, increasing allele frequency of
the favourable trait (antibiotic resistance).

Attempts to Explain the result by referring to some 2

aspects of mechanisms of evolution including:
• Variation of traits within a population exists through
mutation which produces new alleles which are inherited.
• Antibiotic acts as a Selection Agent .
• Individuals with traits best suited for survival (fittest), survive
and reproduce more often, increasing allele frequency of
the favourable trait (antibiotic resistance).

Describes some aspects of the mechanisms of evolution 1

Sample Answer:

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Year 10 Science Yearly 2022

Question 2 (2 marks)
Genetic engineering is a technology that is increasingly being used today in agriculture,
industry, and medicine.

Explain the role of restriction enzymes in modifying the genetic makeup of an organism 2

Criteria Marks
o Function of Restriction enzymes and ligases outlined 2
o Explains how they can modify DNA
o Function of Restriction enzymes and/or ligases outlined 1

Sample Answer:

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Year 10 Science Yearly 2022

Question 3 (5 marks)

A HR Diagram is used to classify the different types of stars observed in the universe.

a) By using the HR diagram, identify the type of star L and M. 2

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Year 10 Science Yearly 2022

Criteria Marks
L is a red giant (or red supergiant) AND M is a white dwarf 2
L is a red giant (or red supergiant) OR M is a white dwarf 1

b) Qualitatively compare the surface temperature, luminosity, and nuclear

processes of stars L and M.

Criteria Marks
• Nuclear processes: L is towards the end of the star’s life, fusing 3
heavier elements, M is at core remnant of a lighter star, no fusion is
occurring.
• Luminosity: L is much brighter than M.
• Surface temperature: The surface of M is cooler than L.

2 of the above 2
1 of the above 1

Sample Answer: 3

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Year 10 Science Yearly 2022

Question 4 (10 marks)

Graph the data provided in the table on the grid below 5
a)

One mark for each of the following:

- Points plotted correctly
- Correct line of best fit
- Axes labelled with units
- Correct linear scale.
- Title
Markers notes:
Graphing skills are very poor.
- Line of best fit should go close to 6 points.
- Period v average absolute magnitude is not a title
- Points should be crosses.
- Use a rule for the line, don’t draw freehand
- Line shouldn’t go beyond the last data point
- Y-axis scale, best practice is to show understanding of absolute magnitude and
numbers should increase up the y axis. Both were accepted as gradient still the
same.

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Year 10 Science Yearly 2022

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Year 10 Science Yearly 2022

b) Showing all working, use your graph to calculate the gradient of the LOBF and 2
the y-intercept

• 2 Marks –
o Use the LOBF to calculate the gradient, showing all working
(~-1.27,)
o Read off the graph the y intercept (~8.2)

Fractions were not accepted as final answers as not accepted in Science answers. Don’t
do the approximate sign in Science.
Data points for the gradient must be on your line of best fit and stated.
SHOW ALL working out.
Equations not accepted as a final answer. This is not a maths exam.
Y-intercept was determined by extrapolating off your graph. Many off your calculations
don’t make sense when looking at your graphs.
If you didn’t draw a line of best fit in part a, you couldn’t answer this question.

c) The periods of two distant stars X and Y are measured to be 6.25 days and 1.31 2
days respectively. From your graph, determine the average absolute magnitude
of these stars

Criteria Mark
o Star X = 0.1 2
o AND Star Y = 6.2
Either read off the graph or using the equation of the LOBF
o Star X = 0.1 1
o OR Star Y = 6.2
Either read off the graph or using the equation of the LOBF

Identified values MUST have been able to be obtained from the graph. In most
instances equation for LOBF did not reflect the drawn line on their graph. A lot of
calculations resulted in points that were not on the LOBF. Students should be double
checking their results with their graph. No marks were given if no LOBF was drawn.

A lot of students lost marks as their positioning when reading 0.25 and 0.31 off the
horizontal axis was the same. Given the intervals were 0.2, 6.25 should have been read
close to the 6.2 demarcation and 1.31 should have been read halfway between the 0.2
and 0.4 demarcations.

Students lost a mark if they reported the absolute magnitudes to ridiculous levels of
precision. The resolution of the graph was 0.2. Which means AT MOST measurements
within an uncertainty of 0.1 could be made. Reporting absolute magnitudes up to 3 or 4
decimal places is unrealistic to be read off the graph.

Students did not read the question and understand the data presented. A lot of students
found the mean of the “average absolute magnitude” of stars X and Y. The plotted graph
WAS of average absolute magnitude.

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Year 10 Science Yearly 2022

d) As viewed from earth, stars X and Y have the same apparent brightness. From 1
the data above, determine which star is closer to the earth

Criteria Mark
Star Y is closer to Earth. 1

An understanding of absolute vs apparent brightness is needed. Absolute magnitude is a

measurement taken as if both stars were the same distance from Earth. Apparent is how
they look in the sky. If they have the same apparent brightness but star Y is less bright
(larger absolute magnitude) this means that star Y must be closer to Earth.

Students should also start to appreciate the length of a response and the amount of marks.
This questions was worth 1 mark (identify) – it did not need a length response
(explain/describe/judge).