Entomology Short Notes

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Entomology Short Notes by Agriguru
Entomology
Topic Details
Definition of - Derived from Greek words:

Entomology 'Entomon' (insect) and 'logos' (study)
- 'Insect' derived from Latin 'insectum'

meaning 'cut into'
Importance of - Exist for 480 million years (Man: 1

Insects million years)
- 17 lakh living species: 9.5 lakh

insects, 2.5 lakh plants, 0.45 lakh
vertebrates
- Harmful: pests of crops, animals,

stored products, carriers of diseases,
pests of household/industrial items
- Helpful: producers of honey, lac, silk,

dyes, pollinators, natural enemies of
crop pests, link in food-web
Introduction
- 1-2 million species of animals; >70%
to Phyllum
insects
Arthropoda
- Assigned to 29 phyla; 9 major

familiar phyla
Entomology Short Notes By Agriguru For Agri exam. All Copyright

reserved by agriguru
Topic Details
Position of
Insects in - Invertebrates in Phylum Arthropoda,
Animal Subphylum Uniramia
Kingdom
Characteristics
of Phylum 1. Segmented body
Arthropoda
2. Segments grouped into 2 or 3

regions (tagma) known as Tagmosis
3. Renewable chitinous exoskeleton
4. Grow by molting
5. Bilateral symmetry of body
6. Body cavity filled with blood called

haemocoel
7. Tubular alimentary canal with

mouth and anus at anterior and
posterior ends
8. Dorsal heart with valve-like ostia
9. Dorsal brain with ventral nerve cord

Topic Details
10. Striated muscles (with dark and

light bands)
11. No cilia (hair-like vibratile structure

on the cell surface)
12. Paired, segmented appendages
Classes of
1. Onychophora (claw-bearing) e.g.
Phylum
Peripatus
Arthropoda
2. Crustacea (Crusta - shell) e.g.

Prawn, crab, wood louse
3. Arachnida (Arachne - spider) e.g.

Scorpion, spider, tick, mite
4. Chilopoda (Chilo - lip; poda -

appendage) e.g. Centipedes
5. Diplopoda (Diplo - two; poda-

appendage) e.g. Millipede
6. Trilobita (an extinct group)
7. Hexapoda (Hexa- six; poda-legs) or

Insecta (In- internal; sect – cut) e.g.
Insects

Topic Details
Major Phyla of
1. Porifera: 4500 species, e.g. Sponges
Animals
2. Platyhelminthes: 12,700 species, e.g.

Flatworms (Planaria, tapeworm)
3. Nematoda: 12,000 species, e.g.

Roundworms
4. Mollusca: 100,000 species, e.g.

Snails, octopus, oysters
5. Annelida: 7,000 species, e.g.

Earthworms, leech
6. Arthropoda: 1,000,000 species, e.g.

Crabs, ticks, mites, shrimps, scorpions,
spiders, insects
7. Echinodermata: 6,500 species, e.g.

Starfishes, sea urchins, sand dollars
8. Chordata: 43,000 species, e.g.

Fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds,
mammals
9. Coelenterata: 80,000 species, e.g.

Corals, Jellyfish, hydra

Insect Dominance
Topic Details
Insect
- Originated 480 million years ago
Dominance
- Among 1.7 million living species, 0.95

million are insects
Insect Orders
- Coleoptera (Beetles and weevils):
and Number of
350,000
Species
- Lepidoptera (Butterflies and moths):

160,000
- Hymenoptera (Bees, wasps, and

ants): 120,000
- Diptera (Flies and mosquitoes):

120,000
- Hemiptera (Bugs): 98,000
- Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, crickets,

locusts): 20,000
Measures of
1. More number of species
Dominance

Topic Details
2. Large number of individuals in a

single species (e.g., locust swarm with
10910^9109 individuals)
3. Great variety of habitats
4. Long geological history
Reasons for - Structural, Morphological, and

Dominance Physiological Factors
1. Capacity for flight
2. High adaptability and universality
3. Smaller size conferring physiological

and ecological advantages
4. Presence of exoskeleton made of

chitin (lightweight, strong, rigid, and
flexible)
5. Resistance to desiccation (wax layer

of epicuticle, closable spiracles, egg
shell, metabolic water utilization,
resorption of water from fecal matter)

Topic Details
6. Tracheal system of respiration

ensuring direct oxygen transfer to
tissues and minimizing water loss
7. Higher reproductive potential (e.g.,

queen termite lays 6000-7000 eggs
per day for 15 years, corn aphid
produces 16 nymphs per female
reaching adulthood in 16 days)
- Special Types of Reproduction
1. Polyembryony
2. Parthenogenesis
3. Paedogenesis
Insect Dominance
Topic Details
- Insects are the most dominant

Insect
species on Earth, originating 480
Dominance
million years ago.
- Of approximately 1.7 million living

species, 0.95 million are insects.
Topic Details
Insect Orders
- Coleoptera (Beetles and weevils):
and Number of
350,000
Species
- Lepidoptera (Butterflies and moths):

160,000
- Hymenoptera (Bees, wasps, and

ants): 120,000
- Diptera (Flies and mosquitoes):

120,000
- Hemiptera (Bugs): 98,000
- Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, crickets,

and locusts): 20,000
Measures of 1. More Number of Species:

Dominance Largest diversity among animals.
2. Large Number of Individuals:

E.g., locust swarms can comprise
10910^9109 individuals, occupying
large areas.
3. Variety of Habitats: Insects can

thrive in diverse environments.

Topic Details
4. Long Geological History:

Established presence for millions of
years.
Reasons for - Structural, Morphological, and

Dominance Physiological Factors
1. Capacity for Flight: Allows access

to varied environments and resources.
2. High Adaptability: Insects can

exploit diverse ecological niches.
3. Small Size: Majority are small,

offering ecological and physiological
advantages (e.g., resource utilization).
4. Presence of Exoskeleton: Made

of chitin, providing lightweight
strength, rigidity, and flexibility.
5. Resistance to Desiccation:
Minimizes water loss via waxy
epicuticle, closable spiracles, and
efficient water usage (e.g., metabolic
water, fecal resorption).
6. Tracheal System of
Respiration: Ensures efficient
Topic Details
oxygen delivery directly to tissues

while minimizing water loss.
7. Higher Reproductive Potential:

High fecundity; e.g., queen termite
lays 6000-7000 eggs daily for 15 years;
corn aphid produces 16 nymphs in 16
days.
- Special Types of Reproduction:

Adaptations include Polyembryony,
Parthenogenesis, and Paedogenesis.
Mouthpart Category


Mouthpart
Details
Category
Insects possess two main types of

Mouthpart mouthparts: Mandibulate
Types (chewing) and Haustellate
(sucking).
Mandibulate Believed to be primitive; used for solid

Mouthparts food.
Primary
1. Clypeus: Upper frontal part.
Structures
2. Labrum (Upper Lip): Movable,

covers mouth cavity, aids in food
manipulation.
3. Mandibles: Primary jaws for

biting; heavily sclerotized with cutting
and grinding teeth.
4. Maxillae: Accessory jaws aiding in

food manipulation, featuring lobes
(galea and lacinia) and palps.
5. Hypopharynx: Tongue-like organ

for salivary duct opening.
6. Labium (Lower Lip): Composite

structure with fused appendages,
Mouthpart
Details
Category
supports food manipulation and

contains palps.
Haustellate Used for liquid feeding; evolved from

Mouthparts mandibulate types.
- With Stylets: Needle-like structures

Subgroups for piercing (e.g., Hemiptera, Diptera,
Siphonaptera).
- Without Stylets: Rely on accessible

liquids (e.g., Lepidoptera, with long
siphoning proboscis).
Mouthpart Types Examples Function
Primitive
structure for
1. Biting and Cockroach,
biting and
Chewing Grasshopper
grinding solid
food.
2. Piercing and Labium acts as a

Sucking Plant Bugs beak; modified
(Hemipterous) mandibles and
maxillae into

stylets for sap

extraction.
Elongated labium
with stylets for
3. Piercing and Female blood-sucking;
Sucking (Dipterous) Mosquito saliva contains
anticoagulants
and anesthetics.
Blunt mandibles
for pollen
manipulation;
4. Chewing and lapping tongue
Honey Bee
Lapping formed by
maxillae and
labium for nectar
collection.
Mouth cone with

stylets derived
5. Rasping and from maxillae and
Thrips
Sucking mandibles;
lacerates plant
tissue to suck sap.

Sickle-shaped
mandibles pierce
prey, extracting
6. Grub of
fluids through a
Mandibulosuctorial Antlion
closed canal
formed with
maxillae.
Elbowed proboscis
acts as a sponge;
7. Sponging House Fly saliva liquefies
solid food for easy
consumption.
Elongated, coiled
proboscis for
sucking nectar;
Moths,
8. Siphoning consists of
Butterflies
interlocking
galeae forming a
suctorial canal.

Aspect Details
1. Prothorax (first segment) 2.

Segmentation Mesothorax (middle segment) 3.
Metathorax (last segment)
- Dorsal: Nota (notum) - Lateral: Pleura

Sclerites
(pleuron) - Ventral: Sterna (sternum)
Each thoracic segment bears one pair of

Leg
legs; wings present only on the meso-
Attachment
and metathoracic segments.

Components
Proximal segment; articulates with the

1. Coxa
thorax.
2.
Small segment; typically single-segmented.
Trochanter
Largest and stoutest segment; attached to

3. Femur
the trochanter.
Usually elongated, often with spines; aids in

4. Tibia
climbing and footing.
Divided into tarsomeres (1-5 segments);

5. Tarsus
basal segment called basitarsus.
6. Terminates in claws and pads (pulvilli and

Pretarsus arolium) for gripping surfaces.
Leg Types Function Example
1. Cursorial Walking/Running Cockroach
Grasping prey; spiny femora Praying

2. Raptorial
and tibiae mantids
3. Fossorial Digging; large, flattened legs Mole cricket

Leg Types Function Example
4. Jumping; enlarged femur

Grasshopper
Saltatorial and long tibia
5. Swimming; elongated setae

Diving beetles
Natatorial on legs
Hind legs modified for

6. Pollen
transporting pollen; cavity Honey bees
Carrying
(carbiculum)
Forelegs for cleaning

7. Antenna
antennae; tarsus has a notch Honey bees
Cleaner
with fine hairs
Strong legs for holding onto

hosts; single-segmented
8. Clinging Lice
tarsi with sickle-shaped
claws
Terminal segments with

claws, pulvilli, and
9. Climbing Housefly
empodium for climbing
smooth surfaces

Aspect Details
Insects possess wings only in the adult

stage. They can be apterous (no wings)
or possess two pairs of wings, typically
Wing Types
on the mesothorax and metathorax.
Wings are moved by thoracic flight
muscles.
Wings are flattened, double-layered

expansions of the body wall with dorsal
Wing and ventral laminas. These laminas
Structure meet and fuse along certain lines,
forming channels for tracheae, nerves,
and blood. The thickened walls of these
channels form veins (nervures). Wing

Aspect Details
Anal Styli: Short structures in male

cockroaches, used in copulation.
External sexual organs are located on

the ninth abdominal segment; in
Male Genitalia
damselflies, the copulatory organ is on
the second abdominal segment.
anatomy and physiology of the insect digestive

system

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students succeed in IBPS AFO and
other agricultural exams. Initially, we
offered classes via Zoom and then
introduced online, module-wise notes.
Now, we've taken a step further by OUR SPECIALITY
offering printed books titled "Instant
IBPS AFO Book." Additionally, we
Subject-Wise Analysis
conduct weekly classes and provide
online mock tests for IBPS AFO mains Topic-Wise
preparation. Notes
Strategy for
preparation
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Regular Concise Printed
Daily Agriculture
Updates Short Notes books
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AGRIGURU.

Agriguru has been providing IBPS AFO

Get IBPS AFO Book

Definition of - Derived from Greek words:

- 'Insect' derived from Latin 'insectum'

Importance of - Exist for 480 million years (Man: 1

- 17 lakh living species: 9.5 lakh

- Harmful: pests of crops, animals,

- Helpful: producers of honey, lac, silk,

- Assigned to 29 phyla; 9 major

Entomology Short Notes By Agriguru For Agri exam. All Copyright

2. Segments grouped into 2 or 3

3. Renewable chitinous exoskeleton

5. Bilateral symmetry of body

6. Body cavity filled with blood called

7. Tubular alimentary canal with

8. Dorsal heart with valve-like ostia

9. Dorsal brain with ventral nerve cord

Entomology Short Notes By Agriguru For Agri exam. All Copyright

10. Striated muscles (with dark and

11. No cilia (hair-like vibratile structure

12. Paired, segmented appendages

2. Crustacea (Crusta - shell) e.g.

3. Arachnida (Arachne - spider) e.g.

4. Chilopoda (Chilo - lip; poda -

5. Diplopoda (Diplo - two; poda-

6. Trilobita (an extinct group)

7. Hexapoda (Hexa- six; poda-legs) or

Entomology Short Notes By Agriguru For Agri exam. All Copyright

2. Platyhelminthes: 12,700 species, e.g.

3. Nematoda: 12,000 species, e.g.

4. Mollusca: 100,000 species, e.g.

5. Annelida: 7,000 species, e.g.

6. Arthropoda: 1,000,000 species, e.g.

7. Echinodermata: 6,500 species, e.g.

8. Chordata: 43,000 species, e.g.

9. Coelenterata: 80,000 species, e.g.

Entomology Short Notes By Agriguru For Agri exam. All Copyright

- Among 1.7 million living species, 0.95

- Lepidoptera (Butterflies and moths):

- Hymenoptera (Bees, wasps, and

- Diptera (Flies and mosquitoes):

- Hemiptera (Bugs): 98,000

- Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, crickets,

Entomology Short Notes By Agriguru For Agri exam. All Copyright

2. Large number of individuals in a

3. Great variety of habitats

4. Long geological history

Reasons for - Structural, Morphological, and

1. Capacity for flight

2. High adaptability and universality

3. Smaller size conferring physiological

4. Presence of exoskeleton made of

5. Resistance to desiccation (wax layer

Entomology Short Notes By Agriguru For Agri exam. All Copyright

6. Tracheal system of respiration

7. Higher reproductive potential (e.g.,

- Special Types of Reproduction

- Insects are the most dominant

- Of approximately 1.7 million living