The Earth

The Earth's surface is mostly covered by oceans, accounting for approximately 95% of the biosphere.
This marine
diversity is highly dependent on water quality, the underlying structure such as coral reefs, as well as other
environmental variables including temperature, nutrients, carbon, and oxygen concentration. Meanwhile, the marine
ecosystem is currently being faced with some regional and global challenges such as climate change, ocean
acidification, pollution, overfishing, tourism, invasive species, and diseases [1]. Polluted seawater can reduce the
existence of fish and coral reefs [2], and the changes in temperature, pH and salinity of seawater have the ability to
cause ocean acidification [3]. The decrease in seawater salinity due to river runoff and high rainfall is believed to be
inhibiting coral growth [4] while environmental factors have been identified to be triggering diseases in coral. The
declining seawater quality also causes stress to coral hosts and promotes faster pathogen growth, both in water and
within the organism's body, leading to diseases [5]. The change in temperature, pH and salinity also has a significant
effect on water quality and, subsequently fish growth and production [6]. This is the reason ecosystem biodiversity
needs to be observed to address these threats. Furthermore, the evaluation of seawater quality is important due to its
relationship with the economic activities and well-being of communities relying on marine resources for their
livelihoods. The increasing anthropogenic pressure observed on marine ecosystem, both in terms of resource
exploitation and pollutant discharge, necessitates the development of system capable of providing real-time
measurements, collecting, and managing large amounts of data for further analysis [7].
Internet of Things (IoT) technology with sensors is useful for the real-time monitoring of water quality [8], [9]
[10], [11] including pollution [12] and several other parameters such as pH, salinity, and temperature [13]. Water and
air quality can also be measured using XBee and IoT [14]. Integration of the water quality sensor device and the
automatic weather system. This device is controlled by a microcontroller which uses a global system for mobile
communications module to send data from the sensor to the server through an internet connection [15].
Gillnets are often used by fishermen in Bulak Subdistrict Surabaya for fishing. These tools are passive fishing
gears shaped like rectangular squares equipped with weights and floats. The working principle is based on the
interception of the movement of fish swimming in groups or individually. This fishing gear is usually deployed
underwater by drifting or anchoring to the seafloor with fish getting caught when they get entangled in its meshes or
trapped in the overculum also known as the gill cover. Gillnets are normally applied as a one-day operational system
without the need to stay overnight at sea. Fishing fleet consists of motorized boats weighing 5 GT with gillnets
designed to have a length of 25 meters and a width of 7 meters. Fishing operations typically last approximately 3-4
hours in the morning, starting at 06:00 AM local time. The catch efficiency of this fishing gear needs to be improved
by implementing appropriate and easily applicable technologies. This has led to the initial testing of frequency-
based fish caller device in a laboratory using a seawater aquarium with frequency range of 500-1000 Hz [16].
Device has also been tested in fishing grounds using gillnets and the results showed an increased catch efficiency at
reduced fishing operation time [17].
Development of fish caller device with frequency ranging from 0 Hz to 17,000 Hz [18]. The design was realized
using high continuous buzzing ultrasound with an output frequency suitable for attracting fish, ESP8266 Wi-Fi
module, ATmega 328 microcontroller and other components. The developed device is easy to use and aims to
automate fishing and modernize fishing techniques. In an economically important way, fish farmers are helped to
attract more fish to increase their income [19]. However, the focus was solely on improving catch efficiency without
integrating seawater quality monitoring. However, the focus was solely on improving catch efficiency without
integrating seawater quality monitoring.
This research aimed to develop fish caller device with frequency control system equipped with real-time seawater
quality monitoring using IoT and an Android smartphone application. The plan was to ensure frequency emitted at a
range of 500 Hz - 1000 Hz attracts fish towards fishing gear based on their different species [20]. This research was
expected to theoretically provide information on the development of an effective, optimal, user-friendly, and useful
fishing gear technology integrated with IoT to monitor seawater quality at fishermen's fishing location. The novelty
of this research is the integration of water quality monitoring system into fish caller device with the innovation of
data storage on a microSD card when there is no internet connection, and automatically sending the data to the
server when an internet connection is established. It was also intended to allow fishermen to indirectly contribute to
the preservation of the marine ecosystem by providing valuable information on seawater quality. The process was
further projected to benefit fishermen by increasing the quantity of fish they usually catch while providing real-time
information on seawater quality in order to evaluate the sustainability of the ecosystem.

The Earth

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The Earth's surface is mostly covered by oceans, accounting for approximately 95% of the biosphere.

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