Agriculture Association of Textile Chemical and Critical Reviews Journal (2023) 306-327

06 November 2022: Received

12 March 2023: Revised
22 July 2023: Accepted
10 August 2023: Available Online
www.aatcc.peerjournals.net

Review Article Open Access

Prospects and Production Technology of Lotus: A Review
Ali Haidar Shah1*, Priyanka Thakur1, Pooja Sharma1 , S R Dhiman1, Rachel Vanlalhruaii 1, B S Dilta1, Arvinder
Singh2, Nomita Laishram2 R K Pandey2, I T Nazki4, , Yogendra Singh3, Manish Kumar3
1,3
Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry,
Nauni, Solan (H.P) India
2
Division of Floriculture and Landscaping, Sher-e-Kashmir, University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu
and Kashmir,180009, India
4
Division of Floriculture and Landscaping, Sher-e-Kashmir, University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Jammu
and Kashmir,190025 India

ABSTRACT
According to Rigveda, The lotus is the symbol of divinity or immortality in humanity. Lotus is an aquatic plant and is a perennial herb
cultivated as an ornamental Lotus. There are two basic species viz.NelumbonuciferaandNelumbolutea belonging to the family
Nelumbonaceae. The attractive yellow and pink lowers are mildly scented and offered to Gods traditionally. It is being propagated
through seeds and rhizomes naturally. However, micropropagation through tissue culture has also been standardized using rhizome
pieces as explants. It has long been revered for its ability to remain unsullied and pure, despite of its growing environment. Lotus was
introduced from China to Japan and other nations and cultivated for more than 1000 years During geological changes, particularly
when temperatures were low during the Ice Age, most plants in the northern hemisphere became extinct, but lotus lowers survived.
Lotus occurs naturally in almost all parts of our country. In loriculture industry, it is being used as a cut lower, loose lower, and
potted plant and in landscaping of ponds and huge lakes. Besides its loricultural uses, lotus is a plant where all parts viz. roots, stems,
leaves, lowers and buds are commercially being utilized in food or for traditional medicinal purposes. It can be cultivated
commercially by utilizing some pond management practices, fertilizer application etc. Improvised post- harvest practices can be
utilized to reduce petal blackening after harvest.
Despite of having high economic importance not much attention has been given to the commercial cultivation of this crop in our
country.There is a need to carry out research on the commercial cultivation of this crop under Indian conditions combined with
organization of trainings to the farmers and entrepreneurs to take up its cultivation. Floriculture business is based on novelty and
hence this forgotten traditional lower has again found its way in modern decorations where lotus has become a specialty today.
There is a huge potential to use this lower in modern landscaping also where eco-tourism is coming up very fast and offers a unique
business opportunity to the farmers. Simultaneously, there is a unique opportunity for converting the waste and barren lands into a
pro itable venture.
Keywords: Lotus, production, rhizome, cut lower, loose lower, ponds.

LOTUS SYMBOLIZES PURITY

In the representation of Lord Vishnu as Padma-nabha (Lotus navel), a lotus issues from his navel with Brahma on it. The Goddess
Sarasvati is portrayed on a pale pink lotus. The lotus is the symbol of what is divine or immortal in humanity, and also symbolizes
divine perfection. In Buddhism, the lotus represents the purity of the body, speech, and mind, as if loating above the murky waters of
material attachment and physical desire. Lotus has long been revered for its ability to remain unsullied and pure, despite its
environment.
The lower represents spiritual enlightenment, new beginnings, detachment from materialism, purity and calm, rebirth, wisdom,
being ground, and remembering one's roots.“There is hardly any symbolism in Indian poetry, sculpture, and painting more extensive

*Corresponding Author: Ali Haidar Shah than that belonging to the lotus lower and other parts of the
Email Address: [email protected] plant,” writes Thomas Kintaert, on the Cultural Signi icance of
the Leaf of the Indian Lotus. The lotus was chosen as the
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58321/AATCCReview.2023.11.03.306 National lower of our country because it enjoyed a signi icant
© 2023 by the authors. The license of AATCC Review. This article is presence in ancient traditions, scriptures, and mythology. The
an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions 'Bhagavad Gita' considers it a metaphor for detachment: Just as
of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license the lotus remains untouched by the muddy waters in which it
(http://creativecommons org/licenses/by/4.0/). grows, human beings should rise above worldly attachments.

Volume 11, Issue 03, 2023 © 2023 AATCC Review. All Rights Reserved.
 Ali Haidar Shah et al., / AATCC Review (2023)

Introduction
Lotus is an important traditional lower crop of India and is
cultivated in different parts of the world. Lotus
belongs to genus Nelumbo having only two species
i.eNelumbonuciferia&Nelumbolutea1. Earlier, lotus was placed in
the waterlily family, but now lotus has its own family
Nelumbonacceae.

Origin and History

Fossils of the genus Nelumbo dates to the lower cretaceous
period (145.5 million years ago). Between 145.5 million years
ago and 65.5 million years ago, the lotus expanded its habitat Indian Scenario
and numbers. Lotus lowers are the earliest occurring In India lotus is found growing in almost all the parts.
Commercially it is being grown inin West Bengal, Chhattisgarh,
angiosperm in the world. During geological changes,
Jharkhand, Tamil Naidu, Kerala and Kashmir. For its uses in
particularly when temperatures were low during the Ice Age,
different purposes, it is being cultivated in many regions or
most plants in the northern hemisphere became extinct, but small pockets of the country at smaller scales.
lotus lowers survived2.

Species of Lotus
Lotus is an aquatic plant and a perennial herb cultivated
principally as an ornamental. The lotus has two
species:Nelumbolutea is indigenous to the eastern and central
United States. Nelumbonucifera is native to Asia including the
Philippines, northern Australia, Egypt and
India.Nelumbonuciferaknown as Indian lotus, Sacred lotus,
Bean of India, Simply lotus. It is native of South Asia and is widely
distributed in Japan and china. Nelumbolutea, known as
American lotus, Yellow lotus, Water-chinquapin, Volee. It is
native to North America3.

Status-Lotus Growing Areas of the World

The principal world regions where Lotus species are sown
belong to South America, North America, and Europe, with 1.85,
1.39 and 1.38 million hectares respectively. In 2019,
approximately 52.7 thousand metric tons of lotus were
produced in Japan, a decrease compared to around 61.3
thousand tons in the previous year4

Production volume of lotus roots in Japan from 2010 to Uses of Lotus

2019 (in 1,000 metric tons)https://www.statista.com Each part of the lotus i.e. its lower, seed, leaf, and roots are used
in many different purposes. In loriculture, it is used as a cut
lower, loose lower, in landscaping and for dry lowers and its
products.

Countries with more than 100 thousand hectare of

Lotus species sown in pastures (Ling et al., 2019)

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Floricultural Uses of Lotus Floricultural Uses of Lotus- Dry Flowers

Medicinal Importance
Lotus seeds contain vitamin C, antioxidants, and lavonoids,
which may protect one against cancer. Lotus contains chemicals
that decrease swelling, kill cancer cells and bacteria, reduce
blood sugar, help the breakdown of fat, and protect the heart and
blood vessels. Some of the antioxidant compounds in lotus
include Kaempferol, catechin, chlorogenic acid, and
querctinquercetin5.
Wedding Decoration with Lotus Lotus - Edible Products
Rhizome- Lotus Rhizome is similar to sweet potatoes. The
tubers can be used in a multiple of ways, sliced, pickled, cooked,
candied or stir-fried.

Leaves & stems- Leaves or stems of the lotus can be eaten raw
or cooked.

Flowers- Flowers are dried and used in recipes for cooking, for
making tea (Kashmiri khawa).

Seeds- Lotus seeds are boiled and added to dessert soups

Floricultural Uses of Lotus- Potted Plant

(Indoors/Outdoors)
Perfumery
Petals and stamens of lotus lower are used for scent making.
Stamen of lotus lower constitute maximum for scent making.
Price for 100 ml of Lotus scent is Rs 5650/-.

Cultivation
Ÿ Natural
Ÿ Man Made Ponds for Commercial Purposes

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PROPAGATION
It is propagated by
Ÿ Seeds
Ÿ Rhizomes
Ÿ Tissue culture
Lotus is usually planted in ponds, rice ields, containers, and shallow lakes for different purposes. The optimal time for planting is
between late March and early May depending on the local climate. Lotus can be propagated by one of the following methods: seeds,
enlarged rhizomes, running rhizomes (straps), single-nodal buds, stem terminal buds, and tissue culture.

SEED: Seed has been recorded as having the longest known viability with age.
Their long life viability is due to the extra hard, impermeable seed coat.
Propagation by seed can be carried out by scarifying the seed coat and then
incubating at 25-30℃ for 16 hrs6

Because of permeability barrier of the extremely rigid seed coat, lotus seeds
must be treated physically or chemically before sowing to favour germination.
The plants from seeds can inish a full life cycle (seed-to-seed) within one
year.There is not a large difference in the plant growth between seed and
rhizome propagated plants. Plant size and loral development of lotus are largely

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in luenced by temperature, soil or medium type, container size, growth, while below 15 ºC, growth was very limited. Meanwhile,
and nutrition availability7 the development of plants also was largely in luenced by pH and
In fact, propagation by seed leads to plant development in a soil types. 33 reported high temperature and long daylength
short period for a large area and saves time, labour, and large accelerated vegetable growth and short daylength rather than
cost as compared to rhizomes. Propagation by seed also is very temperature was the main environmental factor leading to
useful in breeding programs. In addition, propagation of lotus by induction of dormancy in lotus plants. Phytochrome played an
seed can decrease occurrence of disease without sacri icing important role in photoperiodic response of rhizome growth 34
yield 8 . However, seeds are not encouraged for use in rhizome enlargement occurred under an 8 to 12-hr photoperiod
conservation or production of a true-to-type species or variety while rhizome elongated under a 13 to 14-hr photoperiod.
because of natural seedling variability. Seeds are not available The process of enlargement and elongation could be changed by
for double- lower cultivars and some non lowering rhizome a 2 hr interruption of the night with different light quality.
lotus. During the formation of enlarged 11 rhizome, the dry mass,
The seed of Lotus can maintain viability for a very long time. contents of starch, soluble sugar and soluble proteins showed a
American lotus seeds may remain viable for decades9.The signi icant increase. Reducing sugar increased at early stage and
longevity of sacred lotus seeds is found to be extremely long decreased promptly at the middle stage, and then remained at a
under special natural conditions. Viable seeds with a life span steady level until the end stage of rhizome enlargement35.
between 100 and 1300 years have been reported10.11.12.13 lotus, Carbohydrate metabolism of over-wintering lotus rhizome in
also has been produced in Japan from one of three seeds about the ield has been investigated by 36.
2000 years old based on carbon-dated wood of a prehistoric
boat where the seeds were found (Godwin and Propagation- Rhizomes
Willis, 1964). However, the average seed longevity of other Propagation through Rhizomes : This is the most easily
plants under laboratory conditions usually ranges from 2 to 10 employed and ef icient method of propagation and also
years14. The mechanism of longevity from lotus seeds remains produces true-to-type plants. Rhizome is sourced from the
unknown but possible explanations were given by 15who current crop, or a separate mother pond is constructed to supply
reported that high levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) each consecutive season's seed rhizome-material 37
activities in seeds might bene it the long life span of lotus seeds.
16
It was found that lotus seeds had an unusually strong heat Propagation technique -Rhizomes
resistance and 100% germination rate of lotus seeds was The rhizome needs to be handled carefully. The tips of the tuber
obtained after 24 hr of treatment in a 100 ºC oven. The high (or eyes) are where the leaves will grow. The rhizome needs to
stability of SOD in radicles observed under high temperatures is be kept warm about 23℃. Deep planting should be done so that
possibly related to the longevity of lotus seeds. Biological they are less likely to jump over the side.
characteristics of the centuries' seeds, germination, growth and
development of the seedlings, and morphology of offspring have
been studied by17,18,19. Metabolic activities in germinated ancient
lotus seeds have been investigated by 20

One of the most interesting phenomena in Nelumbo is its gas

exchange system. The adaptability of lotus to anaerobic aquatic
environments has been studied by several researchers. N.
nucifera is able to adapt to the aquatic environment through a
two-way gas transport system which may carry oxygen-rich air
down to the rhizome and excess air back to the atmosphere
through the leaves21. The thermo-osmotic gas transport existing
in N. nucifera need not rely on a difference in humidity between
two sides of a porous partition, but may be linked causally to the
temperature difference and pore size22. The adaxial side of the
leaf of Nelumbo has two distinct regions in terms of gas
exchange characteristics. Air enters the leaf across the expanse
Propagation by division of running-stem (non-enlarged
of the lamina, and escapes back to the atmosphere through the
rhizomes or straps) is a method conducted during the growing
highly porous region at the center of the lamina23. Gas canals
season. This method can help to make up for died plants, save
channel air from the leaves throughout the petioles and
stock rhizomes and cost, and increase ef iciency.
rhizomes. Air from a leaf lows to a rhizome through one of two
For propagation by expanded rhizomes, the farmers in Asian
petiolar canal pairs, joining with the lowermost of three canal
countries traditionally use the entire rhizome (containing the
pairs in the rhizome through a chamber in the node. The
main rhizome and all branches), also called the 'parent'
lowermost canal pair links these nodal chambers along the
rhizome, as a single propagule. In fact, both the 'son'- (primary
length of a rhizome, allowing air from a node to low both
branches) and 'grandson'- (secondary or third branches)
forward, toward a growing shoot, and backward, toward
rhizomes also are suitable for propagation, and the plants from
preceding leaves 24.
this propagation method perform as good well as from the
The ventilation or gas exchange system of lotus also has been
parent-rhizome method38.
investigated by 25,25,27,28,29,30,31. 39
compared effect of propagation methods using whole rhizome,
Dormancy The dormancy and growth of the American lotus, N.
main rhizome, secondary rhizome, top rhizome, and terminal
lutea, was investigated by Meyer32. Results showed higher
nodal buds. There was no signi icant difference in yield.
temperatures from 20 to 30 ºC were found to greatly accelerate
Terminal nodal buds and top rhizomes can save large costs of

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stock plants. 40investigated effects of micro rhizomes and regular rhizomes for use as propagules on lotus growth and yield. It was
found that there was no large difference in plant height, leaf number, although the highest yield of enlarged rhizomes was observed in
the propagation method using large rhizome propagules. The heeling healing practice of lotus using small propagules and terminal
nodal buds was discussed by 41
Propagation via running stems can also prolong the lowering period of plants 42,43 reported that the days to lowering were
signi icantly shorter (P ≤ 0.01) in the strap method than in the enlarged rhizome method. However, the rhizome strap method
delayed the lowering time in each cultivar and the population lowering time was cultivar dependent. Plants generated by the
rhizome strap method produced larger lowers (P ≤ 0.05). This method may prolong the availability of rhizome propagules therefore
enables a more lexible scheduling of propagation tasks.

Propagation- Plant Tissue Culture

Tissue Culture: Besides traditional propagation methods, tissue culture may potentially provide an alternative approach for lotus
propagation. This method holds promise for the future where an established industry sources its seed material from a seed rhizome
rhizome-producing specialist. A grower would use tissue culture to produce high volumes of uniform, true-to-type, disease-free
material.
This would enable growers to maximize their cropping area. Supplied seed would have to be cheaper than a grower could produce
and of a higher quality standard to be a viable proposition 40

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Tissue culture of lotus has been reported by researchers mainly in China, Japan and Thailand. Liu (1948) investigated regeneration
ability of excised lotus plumules. Francko (1986a) reported that a germination of 98% in inoculated seeds was obtained. The
seedlings elongated and differentiated normally in sterile liquid culture.
Callus was induced from buds, cotyledons and young leaf explants on Murashige and Skoog medium (1962), and somatic embryos
were successfully induced from callus. 44 Shoots failed to directly generate from callus induced from immature embryos, green
plumule leaves and young cotyledons, but could be directly induced from plumule leaves45.
Terminal buds were more ef icient than axillary buds for shoot induction46. Shoots and plantlets were successfully obtained
through stem tip culture47,48,49. When in vitro plantlets were subcultured every 30 days the number of plants remarkably increased by
47-fold within 90 days of culture50.
Acclimation The acclimation of lotus plantlets before transplanting was evaluated by51. After transplanting, about 75% of plantlets
survived51,52. Genotype effect was investigated by53,54. Tetraploid lotus (4n = 32) was produced through in vitro culture with colchicine
treatment 55. Mutation induction of tissue tissue-cultured lotus by γ- and X-ray irradiation was investigated by Arunyanart and
Soontronyatara56

In vitro Plant Regeneration of Lotus (Nelumbonucifera)

Ÿ Plant material: Lotus cultivar “Tai-Kong lotus 36”
Ÿ It was planted in lotus research centrecenter, Wuhan University

The bud from growing rhizome (arrow) (A); Dormant embryo (arrow) (B); Germinated embryos after one week on MS basal medium
(arrow indicated dynamic shoot apical meristem) (C); Shoot apical meristem cultured on 16 different regeneration media (the upper
from the bud and the below from germinated embryo) (D); Multiple shoot clumps developed after four weeks on MS basal medium
supplemented with 2.22 μM 6-BA (E); Successfully acclimated plant prior to transplantation outdoors (F). 57.

Explant: Shoot apical meristems from the buds and one-week-old aseptically germinated embryos as explants.
Establishment/multiplication: Multiple shoot clumps were induced on Murashige and Skoog (MS) Basal medium. Medium is
supplemented with various combinations of N6-Benzylaminopurine (6-BA) and α-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). The maximum
response was obtained with 2.22 μM 6-BA, and produced 21.33 shoots per explant after four weeks.

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 Ali Haidar Shah et al., / AATCC Review (2023)

Rooting: After ive subcultures, multiple shoot clumps were transferred to MS basal medium. Supplemented with various
combinations of 3-Indolebutyric acid (IBA), NAA, and sucrose for root induction. After four weeks, plantlets with well-developed
roots were achieved on MS basal medium supplemented with 0.54 μM NAA and 30 g/L sucrose with 100% rooting rate. 58

Acclimatization: After four weeks, plantlets at approximately 8-15 cm in height were covered with a plastic bag. After one week of
acclimation, the plantls were removed from the culture, washed carefully with tap water and transferred to pots in a green house with
a 12 h photoperiod at 23℃.

Hardening: The successfully acclimated plantlets were transferred to pots with the addition of 2 g/L KMnO4 into the soils.
Finally, fertile plants with much bigger leaves were obtained in the greenhouse. The survival rate was 97.33%.

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Lotus: Flower Production Technology

Prominent Hybrids

‘Alexander The Great' ‘Embolene'

Assessment of lotus (Nelumbonucifera) genotypes for growth and lowering for landscaping

Planting material (10 lotus accessions): AmiryCamelia, Amiry Peony, Almond Sunshine, Little Rain, Red Peony, Siam Ruby,
Ultimate, Thousand Petals, White Peony, Yellow Peony andZhizunQianban 58

Rhizome: Well Well-matured, freshly harvested rhizomes of uniform size (180-200g) with three nodes were taken.

Planting: Planting was done in in the plastic round tubs with a height of 10, a bottom diameter of 16 and top diameter with 21 inches.
The tubs were illed up to the a three ifth of its height with potting mix (pond clay, vermicompost, neem cake + groundnut) in the ratio
3:1:1. After settling of media and water the rhizomes were planted slanted at 150 angle in such a way that the crown should remain
above the media level.

Table: Average number of days taken for the emergence of coin leaf, loating leaf and aerial leaf

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 Ali Haidar Shah et al., / AATCC Review (2023)

Table: Average number of days taken for irst lowering, number of lowers and ield life of lowers Gokulet al., 2022)

Findings: The accessions Nelumbonucifera 'AmiryCamelia', with water depth > 1.8 m65 and is usually grown better in water <
Nelumbonucifera 'Amiry Peony', N. Nucifera 'Almond Sunshine', 1.5 m deep 66.
N. Nucifera 'White Peony' and N. Nucifera 'Yellow Peony' showed The survival decreased with increasing planting depth and the
better performance in terms of both vegetative and lowering biomass of plants is signi icantly reduced from 0.5, 1.0, to 1.5 m
parameters. These accessions will be commercially exploited water depth in tank experiments 67. Lotus planted in shallow
for container aquatic gardening in landscape and are well suited water generated higher yield 68 and the ideal water depth was
40
for Tamil Nadu conditions. approximately 10 to 20 cm . However, optimum water depth is
plant size dependent. Small-medium size varieties grow better
Cultivation and Production in shallow water with a depth of 5 to 50 cm, so so-called shallow
American lotus is not widely planted as a crop or ornamental as water lotus, while large large-size varieties grow better in water
is Asian lotus and it usually grows in wild areas. Asian lotus has with a depth of 50 to 100 cm, so so-called deep-water lotus 69
an extremely long history in cultivation as a vegetable,
medicinal, and ornamental plant in Asian countries. Recently, N. Climate and Soil
nucifera is becoming a potential crop in Australia40, New Zealand Growing climate: Lotus is widely adapted to varied climatic
(58), and the United States (59). conditions. For commercial cultivation, however, a warm to
Lotus is usually planted in a tilled pond or rice ield for vegetable tropical environment is most suitable. Temperature: 20℃ - 30℃
production. It is also planted often in bowls, containers, small is the most ideal and should not drop below 18℃. Sunshine: At
ponds, and lakes for landscape use. Least 6 hr Day Light is required. Intense sunlight and long day
Cultivar selection and cultivation techniques are dependent on hours for successful growth.
where lotus is planted. Large cultivars are planted in ponds and Loam or clay soil 70 are the most suitable. Lotus germinates or
lakes for vegetable and seed production, or for landscape uses. sprouts at temperatures above 13 ºC71 and prefers warm
Medium and small cultivars are usually planted in containers climates. Higher temperatures from 20 to 30 ºC have been found
and water gardens for ornamental use. China is the largest to greatly accelerate plant growth, while below 15 ºC, growth of
producer and consumer of lotus. Currently, the planting area of N. lutea was very limited72. Optimal temperatures are 22 to 32 ºC
rhizome lotus is about 5 to 7 million ha in China. The total yield for lotus growth 73. N. nucifera can endure high temperatures of
of edible rhizomes is about 6 million tons. Wild lotus can be 41 ºC and continuous temperatures above 35 ºC for 20 days74.
naturally distributed at sites with water depths up to 2 to 3 For lotus production in tunnel houses during cool seasons, 28 to
m60.61.62.63, which was supported by tank planting experiment 64in 30 ºC soil temperatures were suitable. When soil temperature
that no petioles of N. nucifera elongated in 3 to 5 m depths of was below 18 ºC and ambient temperature was less than 20 ºC,
water. Most cultivated lotus generally cannot survive in pond plants almost stopped growth75.

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Lotus performs much better under full sun than in shady places. Planting Techniques
76
reported that increase of light intensity improved leaf Many technologies have been developed for lotus production to
greenness, stalk thickness, and lower number of lotus in tunnel obtain maximum yield and economical gain. 85 reported that
houses for winter production. Based on results from a tank- discarding of terminal buds of main stock stem increased the
experiment, the total biomass increased signi icantly with total number of rhizome branches, rhizome yield and leaf
increasing light, although the survival of N. lutea seedlings was number. Lotus is often planted with the incorporation of
high in all tested light levels 77.Soil is an extremely important aquaculture to increase pro its. 86compared the effects of ive
ingredient for plant nutrition. models on the total yield of ish and lotus. Lotus yield can be
The soil type is probably the most important factor in the proper increased by 31% by incorporating crop residue chips in the soil
87
development of Nelumbo, and loam soil is much better than . Lime is often used in lotus cultivation to increase yield
sandy soil 77. because of its advantages on soil sterilization, pH adjustment,
Heavy garden loam containing a high percentage of clay with and nutrient provision88. Other new techniques, such as double-
very small particles is best and topsoil is always good for water cropping lotus in spring and fall89,90, and double cropping with
garden plants. A potting soil high in organic matter is not other crops91,92, have been used in China. Use The use of
recommended because of it will loat out of the containers and honeybees can markedly increase yield in seed production 93.
does not anchor the plant roots very well 78. Lotus is usually planted between late spring and early summer,
Lotus has a wide adaptability to soil type, but, based on the and its growth ends in the fall. Yield of lotus can be predicted
studies by Wuhan East Lake Flower and Bonsai Research through the foliar-age model 94which bene its the lotus producer
Institute, lake soil (pH = 6.5) is better than mountain mud (pH = to better prepare products for the market. Recently, to meet the
5.6) and garbage soil (pH = 7.4) 79. 80compared the effects of demands for an early market, out-season cultivation methods
media (peat-cobble double-layer medium, yellow sand, stone have been developed. The availability of vegetable rhizomes
powder, pebble, and soil) and nutrient solution on a lotus and could be advanced to June by a technique of growing edible lotus
found that peat with cobble cover was the best for lotus growth. in the earlier season 95. Lotus lower generally blooms from June
It has also been reported that competition of N. lutea with other (May) to August, but the population lowering time can be
aquatic plants was high in low-salinity, fertile conditions, but extended to early October when plants are propagated by
decreased with increased salt and nutrient stress 81. Lotus can dividing growing plants in the middle of July 95.
tolerate a considerable pH range, from 4.5 to 9.082. The plant is It also is feasible to prolong the lowering time of lotus through
not much affected by pH range from 5.5 to 8.0 in water. 83 winter when plants are planted in a heated greenhouse96. Out-
reported that suitable electrical conductivity (EC) levels for a of-season cultivation of lotus is reported by97. The time from bud
lotus plant at the vegetative stage of growth are between 2.8 and occurrence above water to opening can be controlled between
3.1 mS·cm-1 (Tian, 2008), which indicated that EC should not 10 and 15 d by changing cultivation conditions in the
often exceed 1.0 mS·cm-1 even for large lotus plants. greenhouse98. If the techniques of advancing and delaying
A safe EC value for lotus is also dependent on plant size, growing lowering are incorporated, three cycles of lowering are
season, and temperature. N. lutea may be capable of limited possible in one year98. Production of lotus cut lowers may be on
bicarbonate assimilation at alkaline pH, and CO2 represents the a year-round schedule but water level should be adjusted to
preferred dissolved carbon source in this species. meet the requirements of lower quality based on growth
Photosynthetic carbon assimilation rates in submerged shoots stages99. The loating cultivation method provides a possibility
generated from seeds at pH 4.5 were 50-fold higher than those to beautify a lake of more than 1.8 m water depth100.
at pH 8.5. The pH-dependent C-assimilation curves in sections of
plants grown in acidic and alkaline liquid media were
statistically similar84.

Pond Preparation

Preparation of pond: Arti icially made pools of polythene, concrete or

ibreglass or simple pond are dug. Depth The depth of pond should be 1m.Base
The base of pond is illed with 25 to 30 cm of thick layer of soil preferably clay
soil. Puddling of soil or clay should be done in newly dug ponds to make the layer
impervious to water101.

Pond management: The pond design is critical to Lotus production operations

because once constructed it is dif icult to change.

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Planting Method for Commercial Scale

Seed Rhizome rate: 45 kg/ha Another study revealed that the optimal dose is 18-24 kg of N, 6
Planting: Rhizome are placed horizontally at angle of 30 degree kg of P2O5, 12 kg of K2O, 1 kg of B (sodium tetraborate), 2 kg of
in the pond base and are covered with light soil layer and ixed in CuSO4, and 3 kg of Fe2SO3 per 667 m2 106compared the effects of
position with the help of pebbles. Water is illed up to nutrient solution formulations on lotus planted in soil-
10cm.After 5-6 leaves stage add thin layer of soil on the alternative media and found an optimal nutrient solution with
rhizome102 1:0.25:0.8:0.7:0.2 of N-P-K-Ca-Mg. A single basal application of
coated fertilizer not only produced almost the same yield of
Seed rate: 10 kg/ha lotus rhizome but also saved 29% nitrogen and reduced 41%
Seeds used to raise this crop are either sown directly in pond or ef luent nitrogen fertilizer compared with conventional
in a pot. Seeds are potted in pots with good loam soil at a depth of fertilization method 107 . Potassium-fertilizer signi icantly
5cm. After 5 to 6 leaf stage, seedlings are ready to be shifted in increases the yield of lotus, the highest production 1511 kg per
the pond. 667 m2 is found in soggy soil when applied at 15 kg of K-
fertilizer, and 1651 kg per 667 m2 in meadow soil when applied
Fertilization at 10 kg of K-fertilizer 108.109 compared effects of K-fertilizers on
Lotus is a fertilizer fertilizer-consuming plant. The seedling can the production of lotus. It showed that incorporated application
normally grow up to 4-leaf stage in pure water without fertilizer. of NPK and Fe, B fertilizers increased plant growth and yield,
However, if no fertilizer is added after 4-leaf stage, the seedling while K-fertilizer increased lower number, growth of leaves and
will die soon 104. It is recommended that fertilizer applications rhizomes.
should be split into 4-5 applications as young plants have been The suitable dose of K-fertilizer is 120 to 180 kg/ha.
observed to burn quite readily40. In the past, traditional organic Comparative effects of combinations of N, P, and B-fertilizers
fertilizer is usually the only choice for lotus production. also were investigated 110 who found the ratio of N18- K8-B1
NPK: 100:60:40 kg/ha andFYM: 15t/ha is a common produced the highest yield. Lotus is a Mn-loving plant, and
recommendation.It is recommended that fertilizer applications increased Mn at the suitable levels bene ited lotus growth111.
should be split into 3-4 applications fertilizer doses. For Meanwhile, lotus is Mn tolerant and no visible toxic symptom
pot19:19:19 NPK 4gm/plant @30 days, 10gm/plant @60 days. occurred for plants with 1340 to 3200 ppm of Mn in tissue. 112
Slow release fertilizer tablet may be used once a month after the investigated the characteristics of nutrient absorption for non-
plant get established i.e., Bone meal @125g/m2. lower lotus and found the absorption ratio of N-P-K in rhizomes
Currently, organic fertilizer is still a major source of fertilizers was about 2.73: 1: 5.2 during the enlargement of rhizomes.
for lotus production in China while chemical N-P-K fertilizers Hicks 113reported the effects of the major nutrients N, P, K and Ca
are mainly applied in Japan (Sou and Fujishige, 1995). 105 on lotus growth.
investigated the effects of balanced fertilization on lotus Leaves were considered to be the most appropriate organs for
production and suggested that the N-P-K integrated fertilizers ield sampling and analysis, having the greatest incidence of
should be applied together with B, Cu, and Fe for lotus. sensitivity to nutrient variation.

317. © 2023 AATCC Review. All Rights Reserved.

 Ali Haidar Shah et al., / AATCC Review (2023)

Overwintering as an even chlorosis (yellowing) across the entire leaf blade.

Management in cool regions: Rhizomes of lotus can survive Lotus is very sensitive to P levels and P fertilizer must be applied
through a short period of low temperatures between 0 ℃ and - with care. Potassium (K) is needed in large amounts as lotus
7℃, therefore nothing has to be done for winter protection in requires K for lowering and rhizome production. Except for the
most warm regions. Cold or freeze-resistance ability of lotus is limited information online available, the nutrient disorders of
water level dependent and hence when lotus rhizomes are lotus are less reported in formal publications. The following
covered with a suitable depth of water, they can survive through symptoms of nutrient disorders in N. nucifera were evidenced
winter at - 12 ℃ and even at -30 ℃. To avoid possible damage by under the trials at the University of Western Sydney
freezing temperature lotus propagules can be harvested: Oct- (Hawkesbury) and accurately re lected similar disorders in
Nov Stored with mud in a container at 3 to 7 ℃ temperature) other plants40.
from December to the next Lotus is very sensitive to P levels and P fertilizer must be applied
February (95% survival rate). A similar storage method with with care. Plants de icient in P display a darkish green which
sand and water under 4 to 15 ℃ room temperatures results in gives way to a purplish mottling (anthocyanosis) of new leaves.
90% survival rate114. The leaf will turn entirely purple under severe P stress, before an
even necrosis (blackening and dehydration) of the leaf starts at
Major Insect pests /Diseases/Weeds the leaf margin. Growth of plants will also be appreciably slower,
Insects: Caterpillars, Green peach aphids. though often this is not as apparent as leaf symptoms. Toxicity
Diseases: Powdery mildew (Erysiphepolygoni), Fusarium wilt symptoms are indicated by the deformation of new leaves which
(Fusariumoxysporum). will fail to open.
Potassium (K) is needed in large amounts as lotus requires K for
Weeds: The weeds not only compete for space, but also lowering and rhizome production as well as other regulatory
nutrients and, in some cases, oxygen as well 40Lotus ponds and metabolic functions during growth. When K is de icient, the
always have the potential for invasion by aquatic weed species chlorotic patches are initially seen around the entire leaf margin
such as Planktonic algae. It is recommended that weeds are of older leaves.
removed from the pond either by physical removal or the use of This yellowing then extends inwardly within the con ines of the
a herbicide during the non-crop period before they can leaf veination before turning necrotic, from which comes
establish. necrosis, a curling of the leaf margin.
Lotus may tolerate some herbicides at a very low dose. It was Symptoms of magnesium (Mg) de iciency initially exhibit a
reported that N. nucifera did not show visual toxicity to the chlorotic mottling between leaf veins in older leaves, as the
herbicide simetryn symmetry at 2.4 µg·L-1115. However, the lotus growing tip draws mobile Mg from mature leaves. Extensive
may be very sensitive to other herbicides even at low de iciency will show an increased yellowing of the entire leaf
concentrations, therefore, the application of herbicide targeting blade, which could be easily mistaken as N de iciency. De icient
on the weeds in the lotus's surrounding area must be done leaves will eventually become necrotic if unchecked. Calcium
carefully otherwise it may cause damage to untargeted lotus by (Ca) de iciency in lotus is similar to Mg, where chlorotic mottling
herbicide drifting116. Glyphosate isopropylamine (41%) can be of older leaves becomes apparent giving way to a bronzed
used before planting lotus to control weeds. spotting. It differs in that leaves become stiff and brittle. The
78
shown that after 7 to 10 days of planting, one of the following root system will also be affected, stunting between nodes,
herbicides, 50% Prometryn 1500 g/ha, 60% butachlor EC 1000 browning of the root hairs and necrosis of some of the growing
ml/ha, and 12.5% Oxadiazon EC 3000 ml/ha, can kill 80% to tips has been observed.
90% of weeds when water level remains at 3 to 5 cm for 5 to 7 Iron (Fe) de icient leaves will exhibit an even chlorosis
days during the application interveinially interveinal on younger leaves, leaving a dark
Control of Eichorniacrassipes and Typha sp. can be achieved skeleton-like appearance to the veins. De iciency may be due to
using simazen (3 to 6 ppm) or monuron monaural (4 to 12 ppm) an imbalance of other nutrients. It is also reported that high
40
Lotus is sometimes considered to be an invasive plant or weed concentrations of chromium reduced chlorophyll, protein
in some countries79. Lotus grows very fast and N. lutea colony contents of N. nucifera, and in vitro nitrate reductase activity110.
can grow 15 to 30 m each year 78.56.59 Sometimes lotus becomes a The toxicity of hexavalent chromium on N. lutea seedlings was
weed. The negative in luence of Nelumbo-colonization is largely investigated by101. The nutrition de iciency of lotus can be
responsible for the decrease of both species richness and the corrected by the application of the related fertilizers. However,
number of other aquatic plants and invertebrates in the foliar application will be ineffective due to the super
colonized area because of large loating leaves of Nelumbo hydrophobicicity of lotus leaves. Solutions to the nutrition
shading the underlying zone89. American lotus can be cut and toxicity of lotus have not been reported.
removed by hand or other mechanical methods but is dif icult to
control physically because it can reestablish from seeds and Harvesting
rhizomes. Excellent herbicides to kill N. lutea are 2,4-D butoxy Lotus lowers are harvested at bud as well as open stage
ethyl ester, 2,4-D dimethylamine (DMA), and dichilobenil. depending upon the requirement. Manual harvesting is done in
Endothall dipotassium salt (K2) and different parts of the country. Lotus lowers usually have 3 to 4
endothalldimethylalkylamine salts also have good effects for the days of life span under natural conditions. High transpiration,
control of American lotus69. 78 recommended destroying the quickly increased water loss, and quick decrease in water
deteriorated population of seed lotus by spraying 75 to 125 g absorption ability causes a short vase life of cut lowers
per 667 m2 of 72% 2,4-D Butyl ester. 47
Application of an optimal preservative combining with low
temperature 8 to 10 ºC can prolong the longevity of fresh cut
Nutrient De iciency lowers up to more than 9 d58Ethephon induces premature
Nitrogen (N) de iciency symptoms irst appear on older leaves senescence of sacred lotus lowers and also increases water

318. © 2023 AATCC Review. All Rights Reserved.

 Ali Haidar Shah et al., / AATCC Review (2023)

uptake, whereas 1-MCP reduces water uptake and weight loss, delays browning and prolongs the vase-life of lowers 68
Effects of chemical solutions, spraying thiosulfate before harvesting, precooling treatment, harvest time and other factors on the
vase-life of cut lotus lower have been investigated in Thailand67,73.39. Shipping and storage of cut lotus lowers are usually conducted in
hot summer. Darkening The darkening and dropping of lotus lower petals caused by high temperatures is a serious problem. Low
temperatures at 5 to 10 ºC are effective to maintain normal appearance of lotus lowers in combination with plastic ilm packing9.

Bunch Preparation, Packing and Marketing

Transportation
Transportation: Ideally, Lotus should be transported domestically by refrigerated truck. Export freight would be via sea. Airfreight is
the alternative, but utilization could be a factor in prevailing markets with regard to cost.

Yield from Lotus plants under natural lake farming

(Rajeshwari and Chandervanshi, 2018)

Harvesting of Rhizome: Rhizomes can be harvested when

shoots die off and plants go into dormancy, which occurs in
autumn season. Rhizomes can be picked by hand or mechanical
harvesters but due to lack of mechanical harvester's rhizomes
are presently picked by hand in most of countries.The time for
rhizome harvest is July-September for early season varieties and
October-March for late late-season varieties 116 . In pond
production, lotus is often harvested by a handy fork-like
implement for a small-size production. Sometimes it is

319. © 2023 AATCC Review. All Rights Reserved.

 Ali Haidar Shah et al., / AATCC Review (2023)

harvested by hand, but hand harvesting is dif icult and structure of lotus rhizomes was investigated by 118The catalytic
physically strenuous. In Japan, mechanic harvesting began in oxidation of PPO is a the main reason causing browning and
1970s and it totally replaced labour harvesting in 1990s (Sou senescence of lotus rhizomes during storage 119. The relationship
and Fujishige, 1995). In China, although a mechanical lotus of enzymatic browning and its main substrates in fresh-cut lotus
digger was developed in 2000, currently manual labour rhizomes were investigated by119.
harvesting is still a major method. Lotus seeds are harvested by The effects of temperature, pH, and inhibitors on PPO activity in
hand when seeds or seed pods turn black then they are fresh-cut lotus are discussed by57. Low temperature, sodium
processed by mechanical tools for removal of the seed coat and sulphite, and ascorbic acid are strong inhibitors of PPO activity,
embryos. and consequently bene it the storage of lotus rhizomes68.
Lotus can survive through winter in many regions without any Package materials also have effects on the storage of lotus,
other protection under suitable water levels48. However, after PA/PE ilm bags (0.06, 0.08 mm) are much better than
harvest, enlarged edible rhizomes lose quality quickly during polyethylene bags (0.08 and 0.1 mm) 54. 89 investigated the effects
storage because of continued water loss, shrinkage, browning or of oxygen, temperature, and package techniques on
decay47,48. Maintenance of freshness of N. nucifera rhizomes has physiological and physical characteristics (respiration, total
been well well-studied in the food storage industry34,39,45,49,51. Low sugar, reducing sugar, weight loss, browning, and surface
temperature is particularly important in lotus storage. Enlarged appearance) during storage. Optimal usage of amylase in
rhizomes used as vegetables can be stored up to 150 d at 6 to 8 ºC pretreatment of lotus rhizomes was evaluated by 81 with
57
low temperatures with 95% to 100% RH , whereas, rhizomes Response Surface Method. 76reported heterogeneity of lotus-
69
usually have a shelf life of only 2 weeks at room temperature rhizome starch granules under degradation of α-amylase.
and can be stored in the soil for only 10 to 30 d99. Effects of pressurized cooking methods on changes of chemical
Lotus rhizomes keep their quality best at temperatures between compositions and textures of lotus rhizomes were reported by79.
3 ºC and 7 ºC and have storage potential for up to 5 to 6 weeks. Nutritional The nutritional quality of electron bean-irradiated
Rhizomes stored at temperatures below 3 ºC have shown lotus seeds was studied by Bhat and Sridhar101.
evidence of surface scalding and may exhibit signs of chilling
injury but this has yet to be con irmed. An acceleration of Postharvest, Packaging & Storage- Rhizomes
disease presence is seen at temperatures above 7 ºC, though Postharvest, Packaging & Storage: Lotus rhizomes are very
weight loss in rhizomes is insigni icant until temperatures easily bruised and physical damage results in an immediate
increase above 12 ºC. Temperatures above 15 ºC break rhizome purple discoloration. Lotus rhizome keeps best at temperatures
dormancy and shoots may begin growing40. Advances on the between 3℃ and 7℃ and can potentially last in storage for up to
storage and physiology of postharvest edible lotus rhizomes are 5-6 weeks. To avoid bruising and to maintain high humidity for
discussed by117. Lotus rhizomes can be stored in sand, plastic the rhizomes, Thermaocol boxes with sealable lids are the size of
membrane covers, water, and soil. Browning is a big problem of a standard broccoli box 40.
stored lotus. Effect of mud packing on the appearance and
Table: Economic analysis of lotus cultivation under a waterlogged ield in Chhattisgarh, India

(Rajeshwari and Chandervanshi, 2018)

320. © 2023 AATCC Review. All Rights Reserved.

 Ali Haidar Shah et al., / AATCC Review (2023)

Production and Economics under Thailand water loss reduced the production of ethylene of in the cut
Under commercial lotus production: Production/acre: 25,000 lowers. In treatment 6, where the lowers were highly protected
lowers per season/acre. The average lotus price: 0.03 USD per against bruising and water loss, ethylene production was the
lower (Kasikorn Thai Research Center, 2006) lowest of all the different treatments, (47.7 nl/g/h compared
Lotus lowers are an important loral product, and export to with 107.9 nl/g/h in the control). The average postharvest life of
European countries, the United States and Japan (Uorasa and lowers in treatment 6 was 5.0 days compared with 3.3 days of
Thanoumnuan, 2005) is worth approximately 0.34 million USD the control 117.
per year.
Pulsing with magnesium oxide nanoparticles maintains the
Work Done In India and Abroad On Post Harvest Quality of postharvest quality of cut lotus lowers
Lotus (NelumbonuciferaGaertn) 'Sattabongkot' and
Study on harvest method and postharvest handling of lotus 'Saddhabutra'
lowers (NelumbonuciferaGaertn ) variety 'Attabongkot' Two main problems of cut lotus lower buds are petal
blackening and petal discoloration, resulting in short vase life
Materials and methods (Plant Material): lotus lowers and loss of postharvest quality.
(NelumbonuciferaGaertn) var. 'Sattabongkot' Material & Method: Lotus lower buds of varieties:
Treatments: Six ,1Control (pulling the stem); 2The stems were 'Sattabongkot' and 'Saddhabutra' Cut lower buds of each
cut with a sharp knife from the mother plant;3 Same as 2, but the cultivar were pulsed with different concentrations of an MgO NP
lowers were placed and carried in plastic buckets in order to suspension (0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.3%), for 6 h.Followed by transfer
minimize bruising due to handling by hand; 4 Same as 3, but the to distilled water as the vase solution at 27℃ and 80–85% RH.
bucket contained iltered water to prevent excessive water Results: The longest vase life of 90.0 h was found in
loss;5 Same as 4, but the lowers were wrapped in foam netting 'Sattabongkot' when cut lowers were pulsed with 0.1% MgO NP.
in order to minimize bruising during transport; and 6 Same as 5, 'Saddhabutra' showed the second longest vase life of 87.0 h
but in addition, the cut ends of the lower stalks were wrapped in when pulsed with 0.3% MgO NP. Increased water uptake,
absorbent cotton wool soaked with ilter water to prevent water delayed fresh weight decrease, suppressed ethylene production,
loss during transport. and reduced petal blackening in the cut lower buds of both
Results: The results showed that the prevention of bruising and cultivars were found in these treatments 119

Research Institutes Working On Lotus

Ÿ CSIR-NBRI Lucknow(U.P)
Ÿ OUAT Bhubaneswar (Orrisa)
Ÿ SKUAST Kashmir (J&K)
Ÿ TNAU (Coimbatore)

Areas of Research: Selection of germplasm, having high

nutraceutical and medicinal properties for commercial
exploitation in India, analysis of genetic diversity of Indian lotus,
developing agro-technologies/models for propagation and
Fig. Development of petal blackening in 'Sattabongkot' and
cultivation of identi ied elite lotus germplasm in different agro-
'Saddhabutra' lotus lower buds pulsed with MgO NP
climatic conditions of India through multi-location trials.
suspensions119
Development of a few nutraceutical products using different
plant parts of lotus targeting the global market.

Prospects
Lotus cultivation is a tradition in our country. There is huge
potential to be used this crop for commercial lower and
rhizome production as well as in landscaping. Some successful
examples of lotus cultivation in world have been discussed here.

The Emergence of Lotus Farming as an Innovation for

Adapting to Climate Change in the Upper Vietnamese
Mekong Delta
The Emergence of Lotus Farming as an Innovation for Adapting
to Climate Change in the Upper Vietnamese Mekong
Deltabecause Delt because of local farmers' knowledge of lood-
based livelihoods, such as lotus farming. Additionally, the World
Wildlife Fund (WWF), seeking to promote sustainable lood-
based livelihoods, entered the scene with funding
from the Hong- Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation
Fig: Ethylene production of in 'Sattabongkot' (A) and (HSBC) to develop lotus- ecotourism in farming areas around
'Saddhabutra' (B) lotus lower buds pulsed with MgO NP. Tram Chim117.

321. © 2023 AATCC Review. All Rights Reserved.

 Ali Haidar Shah et al., / AATCC Review (2023)

Production and Economics under Thailand water loss reduced the production of ethylene of in the cut
Under commercial lotus production: Production/acre: 25,000 lowers. In treatment 6, where the lowers were highly protected
lowers per season/acre. The average lotus price: 0.03 USD per against bruising and water loss, ethylene production was the
lower (Kasikorn Thai Research Center, 2006) lowest of all the different treatments, (47.7 nl/g/h compared
Lotus lowers are an important loral product, and export to with 107.9 nl/g/h in the control). The average postharvest life of
European countries, the United States and Japan (Uorasa and lowers in treatment 6 was 5.0 days compared with 3.3 days of
Thanoumnuan, 2005) is worth approximately 0.34 million USD the control 117.
per year.
Pulsing with magnesium oxide nanoparticles maintains the
Work Done In India and Abroad On Post Harvest Quality of postharvest quality of cut lotus lowers
Lotus (NelumbonuciferaGaertn) 'Sattabongkot' and
Study on harvest method and postharvest handling of lotus 'Saddhabutra'
lowers (NelumbonuciferaGaertn ) variety 'Attabongkot' Two main problems of cut lotus lower buds are petal
blackening and petal discoloration, resulting in short vase life
Materials and methods (Plant Material): lotus lowers and loss of postharvest quality.
(NelumbonuciferaGaertn) var. 'Sattabongkot' Material & Method: Lotus lower buds of varieties:
Treatments: Six ,1Control (pulling the stem); 2The stems were 'Sattabongkot' and 'Saddhabutra' Cut lower buds of each
cut with a sharp knife from the mother plant;3 Same as 2, but the cultivar were pulsed with different concentrations of an MgO NP
lowers were placed and carried in plastic buckets in order to suspension (0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.3%), for 6 h.Followed by transfer
minimize bruising due to handling by hand; 4 Same as 3, but the to distilled water as the vase solution at 27℃ and 80–85% RH.
bucket contained iltered water to prevent excessive water Results: The longest vase life of 90.0 h was found in
loss;5 Same as 4, but the lowers were wrapped in foam netting 'Sattabongkot' when cut lowers were pulsed with 0.1% MgO NP.
in order to minimize bruising during transport; and 6 Same as 5, 'Saddhabutra' showed the second longest vase life of 87.0 h
but in addition, the cut ends of the lower stalks were wrapped in when pulsed with 0.3% MgO NP. Increased water uptake,
absorbent cotton wool soaked with ilter water to prevent water delayed fresh weight decrease, suppressed ethylene production,
loss during transport. and reduced petal blackening in the cut lower buds of both
Results: The results showed that the prevention of bruising and cultivars were found in these treatments 119

322. © 2023 AATCC Review. All Rights Reserved.

 Ali Haidar Shah et al., / AATCC Review (2023)

Lotus Cultivation under Wetland: A Case Study of Farmers Innovation in Chhattisgarh, India

District Dhamtari is the fertile plains of Chhattisgarh has extensive wetlands mostly belongs to paddy ields. The district experiences
subtropical climate with an annual rainfall of about 1100 mm over 65 days during June to October. To evaluate economics of Lotus
cultivation resource extraction pattern was estimated from ield observation and discussion with user group for three different
seasons – Rainy, winter and summer. The quantity of lotus part extracted was estimated through questionnaire with user group and
physical veri ication in the ield. The market prize of various parts of lotus recorded from mandi of Dhamtari, Kurud, Raipur and
Durg118

Lotus-Ecotourism
The lotus-ecotourism model was implemented on lands with accessibility to roads. In addition to a lotus ield, lotus-ecotourism
required ponds in between for wild ish and other aquatic species. It brought opportunities for good jobs and better incomes for local
farmers. Many tourists visited the area, attracted by the beauty of lotus, the surrounding landscape, and the local cuisine.

Conclusion
Lotus is considered as a symbol of purity and is an integral part of Indian traditions and rituals. Besides, its uses as a traditional loose
lowers; it is increasingly being demanded as cut lower also in the modern decorations. A new avenue has been added in the recent
past for utilizing the scenic beauty of lakes/ponds adorned with lotus lower and borrowing this into landscape. Eco-tourism is
coming up very fast and offer a unique business opportunity as is evident from success story of Chhattisgarh. One of the greatest
opportunities is the unique utilization of waste and barren lands of farmers converting these to pro itable ventures. Presently lotus is
naturally growing in ponds and lakes and is being harvested for commercial use by farmers. However, keeping the potential of crop in
mind, and availability of natural growing environment in different parts of country, strengthening of research on production
practices is the prime requirement.

323. © 2023 AATCC Review. All Rights Reserved.

 Ali Haidar Shah et al., / AATCC Review (2023)

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