Cau Hoi Ngu Dung

/CHAPTER1
What is pragmatics?
1. Difference between syntax and semantic (vd.gth)
1. Pragmatics is involved in the study of UTTERANCE MEANING

2. Pragmatics is concerned with the study of MEANING as communicated by a
speaker ( or writer) and interpreted by a listener ( a reader)
3. Examples of syntax: she owns a beautiful garden.
4. Ex of semantics: the girl is reading an interesting book
5. Request: thỉnh cầu, yêu cầu, đề nghị; offer: sự trả giá, đề nghị/ sẵn sàng giúp đỡ
6. Show approval to so wo is not quite familiar to you? That is terrific to hear.
Syntax vs. Semantics vs. Pragmatics

Syntax is the study of sentence structure and the rules of grammar
EX: "The through pasture the chased a dog rabbit."
Using normal rules of syntax, our first example sentence means nothing. But
rearrange those exact words in a new order and they make perfect syntactical
sense: "The dog chased a rabbit through the pasture."
Semantics is the study of the meaning in language ( meaning of word, meaning of

sentence, meaning of utterance)
if we rearrange our first example to read, "A rabbit chased the dog through the
pasture," it might make sense as far as syntax but seem a little odd when
considering semantics. That's because rabbits don't usually chase dogs.
Pragmatics takes semantics one step further, because it's the study of the meaning
of sentences within a certain context.
EX: consider the declarative sentence, "Break it down."
The meaning of this sentence changes dramatically with context.

+ If you're at the end of a large gathering and someone tells you to "break it down,"
they may mean for you to help put away folding chairs and folding tables.
+ On a dance floor, a person would logically hear "break it down" as a call to show
off some super sweet dance moves.
+ In a business presentation, "break it down" may be a call for you to share your
great business-related concept.
CHAPTER 2
1. What is deixis?
2. How many types of deixis?
3. Personal / spatial/ temporal deixis
1. When you notice a strange object and ask “ what ‘s that?” , you are using a DEICTIC EXPRESSION
to indicate sth in the immediate context.
2. PERSONA DEIXIS clearly operates on a baisc three part division, exemplified by the pronouns dor
the first person,the second person, and the third person.
3. The concept of distance is relevent to SPATIAL DEIXIS , where the relative location of people and
things is being indicated.
4. TEMPORAL DEIXIS deals with the encoding of temporal ponits and spans relative to the timeat
which an utterance was spoken or a message was written, exemplified with now, then,yesterday,and
of tense.
5. “ show me the way to your heart” - me is PERSON DEIXIS
6. “i can’t live without you’ - yOU is PERSON DEIXIS
7. Here- spatial
8. Now- temporal
CHAPTER 3: reference and inference

Định nghĩa reference, inference, referential, attribute uses
2, names, referents, the role of co-text
3, anaphoric
9. Definition of reference and inference, referential and attributive uses

10. Names and
The choice of one type of REFERRING EXPRESSIONS rather than another
seems tobe based on what the speaker assumes the listners already knows,
1. the choice of one type of REFERRING EXPRESSIONS rather than another seems to be based on what
the speaker assumes the listener already knows.
2. Throughout the year, chimpazee food is quite varied, but it is mainly vegetable material- it refers to
food
CHUONG 4
3, PRESUPPOSITION TRIGGERS
+ There are some expressions or constructions which can act as the sources of presuppositions.
+ this kind of presuppositions or constructions is called presupposition triggers.
+ the selection of presupposition triggers following Stephen C. Levinson’s classic textbook on Pragmatics:
DEFINITION DESCRIPTION
Definite descriptions are phrases of the form “the X” where X is a noun phrase.
E. g- John saw the man with to heads.
Presupposition: there exists a man with two heads
FACTIVE VERBS
F. g- Marry regrets drinking John’s home brew
Presupposition- Marry drank John’s home brew.
….
Some further factive predicates -know, realize,regret,notice, be sorry that, be proud that, be indifferent
that, be glad that, be sad that .
IMPLICATIVE VERBS ( lexical presupposition)
E. g. John managed to open the door.
F. Pre: John tried to open the door.
2, John forgot to lock the door
Pre - John ought to have locked, or intended to lock, the door.
Some further implicative predicates:
X happened to V - X didn’t plan or intend to do

X avoided doing - X was expected to, or usually did, or ought to do, etc.
CHANGE OF STATE VERBS
E. G- John stopped teasing his wife.
Presupposition: John had been teasng his wife
John began teasing her husband.
Pre- Joan hadn’t been teasing her husband.
Some further change of state verbs: start, finish, carry on, cease, take,..
ITERATIVES - doing sth again and again
F. g, the flying saucer came again.
Presupposition: the flying saucer came before.
You can’t get gobstoppers anymore ( you once could get gobstoppers)
Carter returned to power ( carter held power before)
Further iterative s: another time, to come back, restore, repeat, for the nth time
TEMPORAL CLAUSES
CLEFT SENTENCES
+ pseudo-cleft construction: tuong tu nhu cau che nhung duoc hinh thanh cung dai tu
COMPARISONS AND CONTRASTS
+ prosodic: mẫu âm điêuj, âm thanh
+ chauvinist” chủ nghĩ sô-vanh
+ insult
NON RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES
COUNTER-FACTUAL CONDITIONALS
QUESTIONS
+vacuous: trong rong
+ disjunction: khac biet

4. PROJECTION PROBLEM
CAU HOI
1. THE man with glasses is Mr.Brown. What presupposition is implied?
THE MAN WEARS GLASSES
2. Presupposition is implied in “ they stopped talking” - They were talking
before
3. Presupposition is implied in ‘ I know Tom came late” - Tom arrived late
4. I regret telling him the news - I told him the news
5. We approved ofhis plan ..- he has a plan
6. Before we arrived, they had gone - we arrived there
7. They arrived home - they have home ???
CHUONG 5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
CHUONG 6
FELICITY CONDITIONS
- there are certain expected or appropriate circumstances, technically know as
felicity conditions, for the performance of a speech act to be recognised as
intended
+ general conditions on the participants
EX: they can understand the language being used and that they are not play-acting
or being nonsensical
+ content conditions
EX: both a promise and a warning, the content of the utterance must be about a
future event
+ preparatory conditions
Ex: when I promise to do sth: the event will not happen by itself + the event will
have a beneficial effect.
When I utter a warning: it isn’t clear that the hearer knows the event will occur,
the speaker think the event will occur, and the evnet will not have a benefical
effect.
+ sincerity condition
EX” a promise: the speaker genuinely intends to carry out the future action
+ a warning: the speaker genuinely believes that the future event will not have a
beneficial effect.
+ essential condition
Promise: it covers the fact that by the act of utterance
1. i noticed that the car hasn’t been washed yet (father says to son) - directive - dieu khien -muon ng
nghe lam gi do
2. It is too cold in this house (husband says to wife) - directive
3. I sentence you to be hanged by the neck unitl you dead - declaration - tuyen an
4. We will give the salaries to all workers before the holiday- commissive - cam ket
5. You can use this machine until you die. - commissive
6. I will turn my paper in on Friday - commissive
7. This is the most beautiful exhibition I have ever seen - representative - tai hien, mo ta
8. The paper reported that southern england was paralyzed by snow - representative
9. I’m sorry, really I didn’t see your foot - expressive
10. I must congratulate you oon a successful interview. - expressive.

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/CHAPTER1

1. Pragmatics is involved in the study of UTTERANCE MEANING

Syntax vs. Semantics vs. Pragmatics

EX: "The through pasture the chased a dog rabbit."

Semantics is the study of the meaning in language ( meaning of word, meaning of

EX: consider the declarative sentence, "Break it down."

The meaning of this sentence changes dramatically with context.

5. “ show me the way to your heart” - me is PERSON DEIXIS

6. “i can’t live without you’ - yOU is PERSON DEIXIS

CHAPTER 3: reference and inference

9. Definition of reference and inference, referential and attributive uses

+ this kind of presuppositions or constructions is called presupposition triggers.

E. g- John saw the man with to heads.

Presupposition: there exists a man with two heads

F. g- Marry regrets drinking John’s home brew

Presupposition- Marry drank John’s home brew.

IMPLICATIVE VERBS ( lexical presupposition)

E. g. John managed to open the door.

F. Pre: John tried to open the door.

2, John forgot to lock the door

Pre - John ought to have locked, or intended to lock, the door.

Some further implicative predicates:

X happened to V - X didn’t plan or intend to do

CHANGE OF STATE VERBS

E. G- John stopped teasing his wife.

Presupposition: John had been teasng his wife

John began teasing her husband.

Pre- Joan hadn’t been teasing her husband.

ITERATIVES - doing sth again and again

F. g, the flying saucer came again.

Presupposition: the flying saucer came before.

Carter returned to power ( carter held power before)

COMPARISONS AND CONTRASTS

+ prosodic: mẫu âm điêuj, âm thanh

+ chauvinist” chủ nghĩ sô-vanh

+vacuous: trong rong

+ disjunction: khac biet

2. It is too cold in this house (husband says to wife) - directive

5. You can use this machine until you die. - commissive

6. I will turn my paper in on Friday - commissive

9. I’m sorry, really I didn’t see your foot - expressive

10. I must congratulate you oon a successful interview. - expressive.

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