Physics Solution

Lecture

Electric Charge and

Fields (CBSE - PYQ)
(Board Material)

By - Saleem Ahmed Sir

QUESTION - 01

According to Coulomb's law, which is the correct relation for the following figure?
[CBSE SQP 2022-23]

1 q1q2 > 0

2 q1q2 < 0

3 q1q2 = 0

4 1 > q1q2 > 0

Ans : (2)
SOLUTION

According to Coulomb's law,

F12 = −F21
q1 q 2
F=
4πε0 r 2
For attraction, q1 q2 < 0
q1 = + and q2 = −
q1 q 2 < 0
QUESTION - 02

An electron falls through a distance of 1.5 cm in a uniform electric field of magnitude

2.0 × 104 N/C (Fig. a)
(i) Calculate the time it takes to fall through this distance starting from rest.
(ii) If the direction of the field is reversed (Fig. b) keeping its magnitude unchanged,
calculate the time taken by a proton to fall through this distance starting from rest.
[CBSE 2018 C]

Ans : (*)
SOLUTION

(i) An electron falls through distance 1.5 cm, if electric field is 2 × 104 N/C.
So, net force on electron F = qeE
mea = qeE
qeE
a = [∵ F = ma]
me

where,
qe = 1.6 × 10−19 C
me = 9.1 × 10−31 kg and E = 2 × 104 N/C
1.6×10−19 ×2×104
so, a = = 35 × 1015 m/s 2
9.1×10−31
1 2
As we know, s = ut + at
2
1
So, 1.5 × 10−2 = 0 × t + × 3.5 × 1015 × t 2
2
 2 × 1.5 × 10−2
t= 15
= 8.57 × 10−8 = 2.92 ms
3.5 × 10
(ii) Similarly, time of fall of proton if direction of field is reversed

2s 2smp qp E
tp = = ∵ ap =
ap qp E mp

where, mp = 1.6 × 10−27 kg, qp = 1.6 × 10−19 C and s = 15 cm

2 × 15 × 10−2 × 16 × 10−27
tp =
1.6 × 10−19 × 2 × 104
= 15 × 10−14
t p = 1.22 × 10−7 s
QUESTION - 03

Derive an expression for the electric field due to a dipole of dipole moment p at a point
on its perpendicular bisector. [Delhi 2019]

Ans : (*)
SOLUTION

Electric field at a point on the equatorial line of an electric dipole.

Consider an electric dipole consisting of two point charges +q and –q separated by a
small distance AB = 2l with centre at O and dipole moment, p = q(2l) as shown in the
figure.
Resultant electric field intensity at the point Q, EQ = EA + EB
1 q
Here, EA = ⋅ 2 2
4πε0 x +l
1 q
and EB = ⋅
4πε0 x2 +l2
On resolving EA and 𝐄B into two rectangular components, the vectors EA sin θ and
EB sin θ are equal in magnitude and opposite to each other and hence, cancel out.
The vectors EA cos θ and EB cos θ are acting along the same direction and hence, add up.
∴ EQ = EA cos θ + EB cos θ
= 2EA cos θ
∵ EA = EB
 2 q 𝑙
= ⋅ 2 2
⋅ 2
4πε0 x + 𝑙 x + 𝑙2 1/2

𝑙
∵ cos θ = 2
x + 𝑙2 1/2
1 2q𝑙
= ⋅ 2
4πε0 x + 𝑙2 3/2
But, the dipole moment |𝐩| = q × 2𝑙
1 |𝐩|
∴ EQ = ⋅ 2
4πε0 x + 𝑙2 3/2

The direction of E is along EQ that is parallel to BA, i.e. opposite to AB. In vector form,
−p
we can rewrite as, EQ = 2 2 3/2
4πε0 x +l
QUESTION - 04

Derive the expression for the torque acting on an electric dipole when it is held in a
uniform electric field. Identify the orientation of the dipole in the electric field in which
it attains a stable equilibrium. [Delhi 2020]

Ans : (*)
SOLUTION

Torque acting on the dipole is given by

τ = pEsin θ
In vector form, τ = p × E
Minimum torque
when θ = 0∘ or π
τ = τmin = 0

Maximum torque
when sin θ = 1
⇒ θ = π/2
τ = τmax = pE

Dipole is in stable equilibrium in uniform electric field when the angle between p and E
is 0° and in unstable equilibrium when the angle is 180°.
QUESTION - 05

Why do the electric field lines never cross each other? [All India 2014]

Ans : (*)
SOLUTION

If electric field lines cross each other, then there would be two tangents drawn at the
point of intersection and hence two directions of electric field at that point which is not
possible. So, lines of forces never cross each other.
QUESTION - 06

Two point charges q₁ and q₂ are placed at a distance d apart as shown in the figure.
The electric field intensity is zero at the point P on the line joining them as shown.
Write two conclusions that you can draw from this. [Delhi 2014C]

Ans : (*)
SOLUTION

As per the condition given in question, two conclusions that can be drawn are as follows
(i) The two point charges (q1 and q2) should be of opposite nature.
(ii) The magnitude of charge q1 must be greater than the magnitude of charge q2.
QUESTION - 07

A point charge is placed at the centre of a hollow conducting sphere of inner radius r
and outer radius 2r. The ratio of the surface charge density of the inner surface to that
of the outer surface will be: [Delhi 2020]

Ans : (4 : 1)
SOLUTION

4:1
QUESTION - 08

A small object with charge q and weight mg is attached to one end of a string of length L
attached to a stationary support. The system is placed in a uniform horizontal electric
field E, as shown in the accompanying figure. In the presence of the field, the string
makes a constant angle θ with the vertical. The sign and magnitude of q is:
[CBSE SQP 2021-22]

1 positive with magnitude mg/E

2 positive with magnitude (mg/E)tanθ

3 negative with magnitude mg/E tanθ

4 positive with magnitude E tanθ/mg

Ans : (2)
SOLUTION

From given figure,

Fe = mg × tan θ
qE = mgtan θ
mg
q= tan θ
E
Fe
tan θ =
mg
Hence, the sign and magnitude of 𝑞 positive with magnitude
(mg/E)tan θ.
QUESTION - 09

An electric dipole of dipole moment 2 × 10–8 C – m in a uniform electric field

experiences a maximum torque of 6 × 10–1 N – m. The magnitude of electric field is:
[CBSE 2023]

1 22 × 103 Vm–1

2 1.2 × 104 Vm–1

3 3.0 × 107 Vm–1

4 4.2 × 103 Vm–1

Ans : (3)
SOLUTION

Given that, dipole moment,

p = 2 × 10−8 C − m
Torque, τ = 6 × 10−1 N − m
τmax = pE

τmax 6 × 10−1 7 Vm−1

E = = = 3 × 10
p 2 × 10−8
QUESTION - 10

An isolated point charge particle produces an electric field E at a point 3 m away from
it. The distance of the point at which the field is E/4 will be: [CBSE 2023]

1 2m

2 3m

3 4m

4 6m

Ans : (4)
SOLUTION

Electric field produced by charge particle at a distance of 3 m

1 q
E= ⋅ 2
4πε0 r
1 q
E= ⋅ 2
4πε0 3
[ Here, r = 3 m ]
E
Let x be the distance from point charge where electric field is .
4
E 1 q
∴ = ⋅ 2
4 4πε0 x
Dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii),
x2
4= 2
3
x = 2 × 3 = 6 ma
QUESTION - 11

An electron experiences a force 1.6 × 10−18 𝑁 𝑖ƶ in an electric field E. The electric field
E is: [CBSE 2023]

N
1 1.0 × 10 3 ƶi
C

N
2 − 1.0 × 10 3 ƶi
C

N
3 1.0 × 10−3 𝐢ƶ
C

N
4 − 1.0 × 10−3 ƶi
C

Ans : (2)
SOLUTION

Electron experience a force, 𝐅 = 1.6 × 10−16 Nƶi using,

F = qE

𝐅 1.6 × 10−16 𝐢ƶ
E= =
q −1.6 × 10−19
N
= − 1.0 × 103 𝐢ƶ
C
QUESTION - 12

Two parallel large thin metal sheets have equal surface densities 26.4 × 10–12 C/m2 of
opposite signs. The electric field between these sheets is: [CBSE SQP 2022-23]

1 1.5 N/C

2 1.5 × 10–16 N/C

3 3 × 10–10 N/C

4 3 N/C

Ans : (4)
SOLUTION

Given, surface charge density,

𝜎 = 26.4 × 10−12 C/m2
𝜎 26.4 × 10−12
𝐸= = −12
= 3 N/C
𝜀0 8.85 × 10
∵ 𝜀0 = 8.85 × 10−12 C 2 /N − m2
QUESTION - 13

The magnitude of the electric field due to a point charge object at a distance of 4.0 m is
9 N/C. From the same charged object the electric field of magnitude, 16 N/C will be at a
distance of: [CBSE 2023]

1 1m

2 2m

3 3m

4 6m

Ans : (3)
SOLUTION

The magnitude of electric field, E = 9 N/C At distance, r = 4.0 m

1 q 1 q
So, F = × ⇒9= × _______(i)
4πε0 (4)2 4πε0 16
for
E = 16 N/C
1 q _______(ii)
16 = ×
4πε0 x2
Dividing Eqs. (i) and (ii),
1 q
9 ×
4πε0 42
= 1 q
16 ×
4πε0 x2

2
9 x2 3 x2 3 x
= 2⇒ = 2 ⇒ = ⇒x=3m
16 4 4 4 4 4
QUESTION - 14

Two point charges +8q and –2q are located at x = 0 and x = L respectively. The point on
X-axis at which net electric field is zero due to these charges is: [CBSE SQP 2022-23]

1 8L

2 4L

3 2L

4 L

Ans : (3)
SOLUTION

Let p is the observation point at a distance

(L + d) from +8q and at d from −2q.
Then, 𝐄1 = Electric field intensity at P due to +8q
E2 = Electric field intensity at P due to − 2q
𝐄1 = 𝐄2
K(8q) K(2q)
∴ 2
=
(L + d) d2
4 1
⇒ 2
= 2
(L + d) d
⇒ 4d2 = (L + d)2
2d = L + d ⇒ d = L
∴ P is at
x = L + L = 2L
QUESTION - 15

Two point charges placed in a medium of dielectric constant 5 are at a distance r

between them, experience an electrostatic force F. The electrostatic force between them
in vacuum at the same distance r will be: [CBSE SQP 2021-22]

1 5F

2 F

3 F/2

4 F/5

Ans : (1)
SOLUTION

As we know,
1 Q1 Q 2
F= ⋅ 2
4πε0 r
Charges placed in a medium,
1 Q1 Q2
Fm = ⋅ 2 ________(i)
4πε0 k r
Force in the charges in the air is
1 Q Q
Fair = ⋅ 12 2 _________(ii)
4πε0 r
Thus, from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
Fm 1 ⇒ Fair = KFm = KF = 5F
=
Fair K
QUESTION - 16

A negatively charged object X is repelled by another charged object Y. However, an

object Z is attracted to object Y. Which of the following is the most possibility for the
object Z? [CBSE 2022 (Term-1)]

1 Positively charged only

2 Negatively charged only

3 Neutral or positively charged

4 Neutral or negatively charged

Ans : (3)
SOLUTION

Since X is repelled by Y. So, object Y is positiv charged. As object Z is attracted to object

Y. So, it must either be neutral or positively charged.
QUESTION - 17

In an experiment, three microscopic latex spheres are sprayed into a chamber and
became charged with charges +3e, +5e and –3e, respectively. All the three spheres came
in contact simultaneously for a moment and got separated. Which one of the following
are possible values for the final charge on the spheres? [CBSE 2022 (Term-1)]

1 +5e, –4e, +5e

2 +6e, +6e, –7e

3 +4e, +3.5e, +5.5e

4 +5e, –8e, +7e

Ans : (2)
SOLUTION

Since charge is quantised in a system,

so total charge = q1 + q2 + q3 = +3e + 5e − 3e = +5e
Among given options, only option (2) gives this value i.e. +6e + 6e − 7e = +5e
Therefore, the possible values for the final charge on the spheres are +6e, +6e, −7e.
QUESTION - 18

Three charges q, −q and q0 are placed as shown in the figure. The magnitude of the net
1
force on the charge q0 at point O is: (Take, K = ). [CBSE 2022 (Term-1)]
4πε0

1 0

2Kqq0
2 a2

2Kqq0
3 a2

1 Kqq0
4
2 a2

Ans : (3)
SOLUTION

The force on charge q0 due to −q is

(−q) q0
F1 = K , towards +Y-axis _________(i)
a2
Force on 𝑞0 due to 𝑞 is
(𝑞) 𝑞0
𝐹2 = 𝐾 2
, towards − 𝑋−axis
𝑎
So, the resultant or net force on the charge at 𝑂 is

𝐹net = 𝐹12 + 𝐹22 + 2𝐹1 𝐹2 cos 𝜃

Since, 𝐹1 = −𝐹2
2𝐾𝑞𝑞0
∴ 𝐹net = 𝐹22 + 𝐹22 + 2 −𝐹2 𝐹2 cos 90∘ = 2𝐹2 =
𝑎2
QUESTION - 19

An object has charge of 1 C and gains 5.0 × 1018 electrons. The net charge on the object
becomes: [CBSE 2022 (Term-1)]

1 –0.80 C

2 +0.80 C

3 +1.80 C

4 +0.20 C

Ans : (4)
SOLUTION

Given, charge, 𝑞 = 1C
Number of electrons gained,
𝑛 = 5 × 1018
∴ Total charge gained,

𝑞′ = 𝑛𝑒 = 5 × 1018 × 1.6 × 10−19

= 8 × 10−1 = 0.80C
Since, electron is negatively charged, so net charge on the object becomes
𝑞net = 𝑞 − 𝑞 ′ = 1 − 0.8 = +0.20C
QUESTION - 20

Directions: In the following questions, two statements are given - one labelled Assertion
(A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from
the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are incorrect.

Assertion In a non-uniform electric field, a dipole will have translatory as well as

rotatory motion.
Reason In a non-uniform electric field, a dipole experiences a force as well as torque.
[CBSE SQP 2022-23]
Ans : (a)
SOLUTION

An electric dipole placed in non-uniform electric field experiences both torque and
force.
QUESTION - 21

Directions: In the following questions, two statements are given - one labelled Assertion
(A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from
the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are incorrect.

Assertion A negative charge in an electric field moves along the direction of the electric
field.
Reason On a negative charge the force acts in the direction of the electric field.
[CBSE 2022 (Term-I)]
Ans : (d)
SOLUTION

A negative charge in an electric field moves in the direction opposite to the electric field
as the force acting on it is in opposite direction to the field. So, A is false and R is also
false.
QUESTION - 22

Directions: In the following questions, two statements are given - one labelled Assertion
(A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from
the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are incorrect.

Assertion When charges are shared between any two bodies, then no charge is really
lost but some loss of energy does occur.
Reason Some energy disappears in the form of heat, sparking, etc.

Ans : (b)
SOLUTION

Charge is always conserved but energy is lost in the form of heat.

QUESTION - 23

Directions: In the following questions, two statements are given - one labelled Assertion
(A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from
the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are incorrect.

Assertion The coulomb force is the dominating force in the universe.

Reason The coulomb force is weaker than the gravitational force.

Ans : (d)
SOLUTION

Gravitational force is the dominating force in nature. It is the weakest force.

Also, Coulomb's force >> gravitational force.
QUESTION - 24

Directions: In the following questions, two statements are given - one labelled Assertion
(A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from
the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are incorrect.

Assertion At the centre of the line joining two equal and opposite charges, E=0.
Reason At the centre of the line joining two equal and similar charge, E≠0.

Ans : (d)
SOLUTION

At the centre of the line joining two equal and opposite charge, E  0. For similar charge,
E=0
QUESTION - 25

Directions: In the following questions, two statements are given - one labelled Assertion
(A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from
the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are incorrect.

Assertion If a dipole is enclosed by a surface, then according to Gauss's law, electric

flux linked with it will be zero.
Reason The charge enclosed by a surface is zero.

Ans : (a)
SOLUTION

If a dipole is enclosed by a surface as shown in figure, then

Qenclosed = 0
  =0 (from Gauss’ Law)
QUESTION - 25

Draw the pattern of electric field lines due to an electric dipole. [All India 2019]

Ans : (*)
SOLUTION
QUESTION - 27

Torque acting on an electric dipole placed in an uniform electric field is maximum when
the angle between the electric field and the dipole moment is _______. [All India 2020]

Ans : (90°)
SOLUTION

90°
QUESTION - 28

Draw the pattern of electric field lines, when a point charge –Q is kept near an
uncharged conducting plate. [Delhi 2019]

Ans : (*)
SOLUTION
QUESTION - 29

Draw a pattern of electric field lines due to two positive charges placed a distance d
apart. [All India 2019]

Ans : (*)
SOLUTION
QUESTION - 30

Why do the electrostatic field lines not form closed loop? [All India 2014, Delhi 2012]

Ans : (*)
SOLUTION

The electrostatic field lines do not form closed loop because no electric field lines exist
inside the charge body.
QUESTION - 31

Two identical balls having same positive charge q coulomb are suspended by two
insulating strings of equal length. What would be the effect on the force when a plastic
sheet is inserted between the two [All India 2014]

Ans : (F/K)
SOLUTION

According to the question, both the balls have same charge q. Let the balls are separated
by a distance r. Hence, according to Coulomb's law, if F and F' are the force of attraction
between balls in air and in medium respectively.
1 q2
Then, F =
4πε0 r2

1 q2
In medium, F′ =
4πKε0 r2

∴ F ′ = F/K
where, K is dielectric constant of material and K > 1 for insulators, hence the force is
reduced, when a plastic sheet is inserted.
QUESTION - 32

Why must electrostatic field at the surface of a charged conductor be perpendicular to

every point on it? [Foreign 2014, Delhi 2012]

Ans : (*)
SOLUTION

As, electric field inside a conductor is always zero. The electric lines of forces exert
lateral pressure on each other which leads to repulsion between like charges. Thus, in
order to stabilize spacing, the electric field lines are normal to the surface.
QUESTION - 33

Define dipole moment of an electric dipole. Is it a scalar quantity or a vector quantity?

[Foreign 2012; All India 2011]

Ans : (*)
SOLUTION

Electric dipole moment of an electric dipole is equal to the product of the magnitude of
its either charge and the length of the electric dipole.
It is denoted by p. Its SI unit is coulomb-metre.

It is a vector quantity and its direction is from negative charge to positive charge.
QUESTION - 34

Draw a plot showing the variation of electric field E with distance r due to a point
charge q. [Delhi 2012]

Ans : (*)
SOLUTION

The plot showing the variation of electric field with distance r due to a point charge q is
shown as below.
QUESTION - 35

In which orientation, a dipole placed in a uniform electric field is in (i) stable

equilibrium (ii) unstable equilibrium? [Delhi 2011]

Ans : (*)
SOLUTION

(i) For stable equilibrium, the angle between p and E is 0° i.e. it should be placed
parallel to electric field.

(ii) For unstable equilibrium, the angle between p and E is 180° i.e. it should be placed
antiparallel to electric field
QUESTION - 36

A metallic sphere is placed in a uniform electric field as shown in the figure. Which path
is followed by electric field lines and why? [Foreign 2010]

Ans : (*)
SOLUTION

Path d is followed by electric field lines because electric field intensity inside the
metallic sphere will be zero. Therefore, no electric lines of force exist inside the sphere.
Also, electric field lines are always perpendicular to the surface of the conductor.
QUESTION - 37

Point out whether the following statement is right or wrong.

The mutual forces between two charges do not get affected by the presence of other
charges. [All India 2010]

Ans : (*)
SOLUTION

Right, because mutual force acting between two point charges is proportional to the
product of magnitude of charges and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them i.e. independent of the other charges.
QUESTION - 38

An electric dipole of dipole moment p is kept in a uniform electric field E. Show

graphically the variation of torque acting on the dipole τ with its orientation θ in the
field. Find the orientation in which torque is (i) zero and (ii) maximum. [CBSE 2023]

Ans : (*)
SOLUTION

Torque acting on the dipole is given by

τ = pEsin θ
In vector form, τ = p × E
Minimum torque
when θ = 0∘ or π
τ = τmin = 0

Maximum torque
when sin θ = 1
⇒ θ = π/2
τ = τmax = pE

Dipole is in stable equilibrium in uniform electric field when the angle between p and E
is 0° and in unstable equilibrium when the angle is 180°.
QUESTION - 39

An electric dipole is placed in a uniform electric field E with its dipole moment p
parallel to the field. Find the orientation of the dipole for which the torque acting on it
becomes maximum. [All India 2014 C]

Ans : (*)
SOLUTION

We know that, τ = pEsin θ

If θ = π/2, then τ is maximum
π
i.e. τ = pEsin ⇒ τ = pE (maximum)
2
QUESTION - 40

Point charge (+Q) is kept in the vicinity of an uncharged conducting plate. Sketch
electric field lines between the charge and the plate. [Foreign 2014]

Ans : (*)
SOLUTION

Equal charge of opposite nature induces on the surface

of conductor nearer to the source charge.
Electric lines of forces should fall normally on the
surface of conductor, i.e. at 90° on the conducting plate.
QUESTION - 41

Two concentric metallic spherical shells of radii R and 2R are given charge Q1 and Q2,
respectively. The surface charge densities on the outer surfaces of the shells are equal.
Determine the ratio Q1 : Q2. [Foreign 2013]

Ans : (1/4)
SOLUTION

Surface charge density,

Q
σ=
4πR2
According to the question, surface charge density, σ = constant
Let Q1 and Q 2 are two charges
Hence, Charge, Q1 = 4πR2 σ
Charge,
Q 2 = 4π(2R)2 σ
On dividing Eq. (i) with Eq. (ii), we get
Q1 4πR2 σ 1
∴ = 2
=
Q 2 4π(2R) σ 4
QUESTION - 42

Two identical metallic spherical shells A and B having charges +4Q and –10Q are kept a
certain distance apart. A third identical uncharged sphere C is first placed in contact
with sphere A and then with sphere B, then spheres A and B are brought in contact and
then separated. Find the charge on the spheres A and B. [All India 2011C]

Ans : (*)
SOLUTION

When two identical conducting charged spheres are brought in contact, then
redistribution of charge takes place, i.e. the charge is equally divided on both the
spheres.
When C and A are placed in contact, charge of A equally divides in two spheres.
Therefore, charges on each spherical shell A and C = +2Q.
Now, C is placed in contact with B, then charge on each spherical shell B and C becomes
2Q + (−10Q)
= −4Q
2
When A and B are placed in contact, then charge on each A and B becomes
2Q + (−4Q)
= −Q
2
QUESTION - 43

Deduce the expression for the electric field E at a point r due to a system of two charges
q1 and q2 with position vectors r1 and r2 with respect to common origin. [Delhi 2010 C]

Ans : (*)
SOLUTION

Let two point charges q1 and q2 are situated at points A and B have position vectors r1
and r2.
∵ AP = r − r1
and BP = r − r2
Electric field intensity at point P due to q1 ,
1 q1
E1 = ⋅ 3
AP
4πε0 |AP|
1 q2
Similarly, E2 = ⋅ BP
4πε0 |BP|3
∴ Net electric field intensity at point P,
E = E1 + E2
1 q1 q2
= 3
r − r1 + 3
r − r2
4πε0 r − r1 r − r2
QUESTION - 44

(i) An electric dipole is kept first to the left and then to the right of a negatively charged
infinite plane sheet having a uniform surface charge density. The arrows p1 and p2 show
the directions of its electric dipole moment in the two cases.
Identify for each case, whether the dipole is in stable or unstable equilibrium. Justify
each answer. [CBSE SQP 2018–19]

Ans : (*)
(ii) Next, the dipole is kept in a similar way (as shown), near an infinitely long straight
wire having uniform negative linear charge density.
Will the dipole be in equilibrium at these two position? Justify your answer.

Ans : (*)
SOLUTION

(i) p1 is in stable equilibrium p2 is in unstable equilibrium because, the electric field, on

either side is directed towards the negatively charged sheet and its magnitude is
independent of the distance of the field point from the sheet. For position p1, dipole
moment and electric field are parallel. For position p2, they are anti-parallel.

(ii) The dipole will not be in equilibrium in any of the two positions. The electric field
due to an infinite straight charged wire is non-uniform. Hence, there will be a net
non-zero force on the dipole in each case.
QUESTION - 45

(i) Derive the expression for electric field at a point on the equatorial line of an electric
dipole.
(ii) Depict the orientation of the dipole in (a) stable, (b) unstable equilibrium in a
uniform electric field. [Delhi 2017]

Ans : (*)
SOLUTION

(i) Electric field at a point on the equatorial line of an electric dipole.

Consider an electric dipole consisting of two point charges +q and –q separated by a
small distance AB = 2l with centre at O and dipole moment, p = q(2l) as shown in the
figure.
Resultant electric field intensity at the point Q, EQ = EA + EB
1 q
Here, EA = ⋅ 2 2
4πε0 x +l
1 q
and EB = ⋅
4πε0 x2 +l2
On resolving EA and 𝐄B into two rectangular components, the vectors EA sin θ and
EB sin θ are equal in magnitude and opposite to each other and hence, cancel out.
The vectors EA cos θ and EB cos θ are acting along the same direction and hence, add up.
∴ EQ = EA cos θ + EB cos θ
= 2EA cos θ
∵ EA = EB
 2 q 𝑙
= ⋅ 2 2
⋅ 2
4πε0 x + 𝑙 x + 𝑙2 1/2

𝑙
∵ cos θ = 2
x + 𝑙2 1/2
1 2q𝑙
= ⋅ 2
4πε0 x + 𝑙2 3/2
But, the dipole moment |p| = q × 2𝑙
1 |p|
∴ EQ = ⋅ 2
4πε0 x + 𝑙2 3/2

The direction of E is along EQ that is parallel to BA, i.e. opposite to AB. In vector form,
−p
we can rewrite as, EQ = 2 2 3/2
4πε0 x +l
(ii) For stable equilibrium, the angle between p and E is 0° i.e. it should be placed
parallel to electric field.

For unstable equilibrium, the angle between p and E is 180° i.e. it should be placed
antiparallel to electric field
QUESTION - 46

(i) Obtain the expression for the torque τ experienced by an electric dipole of dipole
moment p in a uniform electric field E.
(ii) What will happen, if the field were non-uniform? [Delhi 2017]

Ans : (*)
SOLUTION

(i) Dipole in a uniform electric field

According to the figure, if we consider an electric dipole consisting of charges –q and +q
of length 2a placed in a uniform electric field E making an angle  with electric field,
then force exerted on charge –q at A = –qE (opposite to E)
Force exerted on charge +q at A = qE (along E)
Hence, the net translating force on a dipole in a uniform
electric field is zero. But the two equal and opposite
forces act at different points and form couple which
exerts a torque τ.
τ = Force × Perpendicular distance between the two forces
τ = qE(AN) = qE(2asin θ)
τ = q(2a)Esin θ
τ = pEsin θ ⇒ τ = p × E

(ii) When the dipole is placed in a non-uniform electric field, it experiences both net
force and net torque.
QUESTION - 47

A thin circular ring of radius r is charged uniformly so that its linear charge density
becomes λ. Derive an expression for the electric field at a point P at a distance x from its
centre along the axis of the ring. Hence, prove that at large distances (x >> r), the ring
behaves as a point charge. [Delhi 2016]

Ans : (*)
SOLUTION

According to the question, suppose that the ring is placed with its plane perpendicular
to the X-axis as shown in figure. Consider small element dl of the ring.
Let the total charge q is uniformly distributed, so the charge dq on element dl is
q
dq = × dl.
2πa
dq q
⇒ =λ=
dl 2πa
or dq = λ ⋅ dl
Since, only the axial component gives the net E
at point P due to charge on ring.
E 2πa 2πa dl x
So, ∫0 d𝐄 = ∫0 dEcos θ = ∫0 K ⋅λ⋅ ×
r2 r
x 1
where, cos θ = , K =
r 4πε0
 1 2πa 1 2πa
= Kxλ 3 න dl = Kxλ ⋅ 3 [𝑙]0
r 0 r
1 2 2 2
= Kλx ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2πa ∵ r = x + a
x + a2 3/2
Kqx
∴ E= 2
x + a2 3/2
Now, for points at large distances from the ring x >> a.
Kq 1 q
∴ E= 2 =
x 4πε0 x 2
This is same as the field due to a point charge and indicating that for far-off axial point
from the centre of a ring, the charged ring behaves as a point charge.
QUESTION - 48

An electric dipole of dipole moment p is placed in a uniform electric field E. Obtain the
expression for the torque τ experienced by the dipole. Identify two pairs of
perpendicular vectors in the expression. [Delhi 2015C]

Ans : (*)
SOLUTION

Torque acting on the dipole is given by

τ = pEsin θ
In vector form, τ = p × E
Minimum torque
when θ = 0∘ or π
τ = τmin = 0

Maximum torque
when sin θ = 1
⇒ θ = π/2
τ = τmax = pE
Dipole is in stable equilibrium in uniform electric field when the angle between p and E
is 0° and in unstable equilibrium when the angle is 180°.
Pairs of perpendicular vectors (a) (, p), (b) (, E)
QUESTION - 49

Define the term electric dipole moment. Is it a scalar or vector? Deduce an expression
for the electric field.
at a point on the equatorial plane of an electric dipole of length 2a. [All India 2013]

Ans : (*)
SOLUTION

Electric Dipole Moment

p = 2ql
Its SI unit is C-m, it is a vector quantity and its direction is from negative charge (–q) to
positive charge (+q).
For derivation of E
Consider an electric dipole AB consists of two charges +q and −q separated by a
distance 2a. We have to find electric field at point P on equipotential line separated by a
distance r.
Electric field at point P due to charge +q
1 q
E1 = × 2
4πε0 r2 +a2

1 q
= ×
4πε0 r2 +a2
Along AP,
Electric field at point P due to charge −q,
1 q
E2 = × 2 2
along PB
4πε0 r + a
On resolving E1 and E2 into rectangular components,
we get resultant electric field at point P.
E = E1 cos θ + E2 cos θ
1 q 1 q
= × cos θ + × cos θ
4πε0 r2 +a2 4πε0 r2 +a2
1 q a 1 q2a
=2× × × = × [But q × 2a = p]
4πε0 r2 +a2 r2 +a2 4πε0 r2 +a2 3/2
1 p
∴ E= ×
4πε0 r2 +a2 3/2
1 p
If r >>, then E = ×
4πε0 r3
QUESTION - 50

An electric dipole is kept in a uniform electric field. Derive an expression for the net
torque acting on it and write its direction. State the conditions under which the dipole is
in
(i) stable equilibrium
(ii) unstable equilibrium. [Delhi 2012 C]

Ans : (*)
SOLUTION

Torque acting on the dipole is given by

τ = pEsin θ
In vector form, τ = p × E
Minimum torque
when θ = 0∘ or π
τ = τmin = 0

Maximum torque
when sin θ = 1
⇒ θ = π/2
τ = τmax = pE

Dipole is in stable equilibrium in uniform electric field when the angle between p and E
is 0° and in unstable equilibrium when the angle is 180°.
Conditions
(i) When  = 0;  = 0 then p and E are parallel and the dipole is in a position of stable
equilibrium.

(ii) When  = 180°,  = 0 then p and E are anti-parallel and the dipole is in a position of
unstable equilibrium.
QUESTION - 51

(i) Derive an expression for the electric field E due to a dipole of length 2l at a point
distant r from the centre of the dipole on the axial line.
(ii) Draw a graph of E versus r for r > l.
(iii) If this dipole is kept in a uniform external electric field E0, diagrammatically
represent the position of the dipole in stable and unstable equilibrium and write the
expressions for the torque acting on the dipole in both the cases. [All India 2017]

Ans : (*)
SOLUTION

(i) Electric field due to dipole at axial point

We have to calculate the field intensity E at a point P on the axial line of the dipole at
distance OP = r from the centre O of the dipole.
Resultant electric field intensity at the point P is EP = EA + EB
The vectors 𝐄A and 𝐄B are collinear and opposite.
∴ EP = EB − EA
1 q 1 q
Here, EA = ⋅ , EB = ⋅
4πε0 (r+l)2 4πε0 (r−l)2
1 q q
∴ EP = −
4πε0 (r−l)2 (r+l)2
1 4q×l
= ⋅
4πε0 r2 −l2 2

1 2p
∴ EP = ⋅ 2 2 2
4πε0 r − l
If the length of dipole is short i.e. 2𝑙 ≪ r, then
2p
EP =
4πε0 ⋅ r 3
The direction of EP is along BP produced.
1
So, Ep ∝ 3
r

1
(ii) E ∝ 3. As r increases, E will sharply decrease. The
r
shape of the graph will be as given in the figure.

(iii) When the dipole were kept in a uniform electric field

E0. The torque acting on dipole is
 = |p × E| = pE sin
(a) If  = 0°, then  = 0, p||E and the dipole is in stable equilibrium.

(b) If  = 180°, then  = 0, p||–E and the dipole is in unstable equilibrium.

QUESTION - 52

Sketch the pattern of electric field lines due to

(i) a conducting sphere having negative charge on it.
(ii) an electric dipole. [All India 2011 C]

Ans : (*)
SOLUTION

(i) Electric field lines due to a conducting sphere are shown in figure.

(ii) Electric field lines due to an electric dipole are shown in figure.
QUESTION - 53

(i) Define an ideal electric dipole. Give an example.

(ii) Derive an expression for the torque experienced by an electric dipole in a uniform
electric field. What is net force acting on this dipole.
(iii) An electric dipole of length 2 cm is placed with its axis making an angle of 60° with
respect to uniform electric field of 105 N/C.
If it experiences a torque of 8 3 Nm, calculate the magnitude of charge on the dipole,
and its potential energy. [CBSE SQP 2020-21]

Ans : (*)
SOLUTION

(i) An ideal electric dipole consist of two very large charges +q and −q separated by
very small distance.
Example- H2 O, HCl, N2 O etc.

(ii) Torque acting on the dipole is given by

τ = pEsin θ
In vector form, τ = p × E
Minimum torque
when θ = 0∘ or π
τ = τmin = 0

Maximum torque
when sin θ = 1
⇒ θ = π/2
τ = τmax = pE
Dipole is in stable equilibrium in uniform electric field when the angle between p and E
is 0° and in unstable equilibrium when the angle is 180°.

(iii) τ = pEsin θ = q(2a)Esin θ

Putting values, 8 3 = q × 0.02 × 105 × sin 60∘
q = 8 × 10−3 C
Potential energy
PE = −pEcos θ
= −q(2a) × Ecos θ = −8 × 10−3 × 0.02 × 105 × cos 60∘
Thus, PE = −8 J
QUESTION - 54

Two point charges +q and –2q are placed at the vertices B and C of an equilateral △ABC
of side a as given in the figure. Obtain the expression for
(i) the magnitude and
(ii) the direction of the resultant electric field at the vertex A due to these two charges.
[All India 2014C]

Ans : (*)
SOLUTION

(i) The magnitude,

1 q
EAB = × 2=E
4πε0 a
1 2q
EAC = × 2 = 2E
4πε0 a

2
Enet = EAB + EAC 2 + 2EAB EAC cos θ

1
= (2E)2 + E2 + 2 × 2E × E × − = 4E2 + E2 − 2E 2 = E 3
2

We know that, E = q/4πε0 a2

So, Enet = q 3/4πε0 a2
(ii) Direction of resultant electric field at vertex,

EAB sin 120∘ E × 3/2

tan α = ∘
=
EAC + EAB cos 120 2E + E × (−1/2)

1 1
tan α = ⇒α= tan−1
3 3

α = 30∘ (with side AC)

QUESTION - 55

(i) Derive an expression for the electric field at any point on the equatorial line of an
electric dipole.
(ii) Two identical point charges q each are kept 2 m apart in air. A third point charge Q
of unknown magnitude and sign is placed on the line joining the charges such that the
system remains in equilibrium. Find the position and nature of Q [Delhi 2019]

Ans : (*)
SOLUTION

(i) Electric field at a point on the equatorial line of an electric dipole.

Consider an electric dipole consisting of two point charges +q and –q separated by a
small distance AB = 2l with centre at O and dipole moment, p = q(2l) as shown in the
figure.
Resultant electric field intensity at the point Q, EQ = EA + EB
1 q
Here, EA = ⋅ 2 2
4πε0 x +l
1 q
and EB = ⋅
4πε0 x2 +l2
On resolving EA and 𝐄B into two rectangular components, the vectors EA sin θ and
EB sin θ are equal in magnitude and opposite to each other and hence, cancel out.
The vectors EA cos θ and EB cos θ are acting along the same direction and hence, add up.
∴ EQ = EA cos θ + EB cos θ
= 2EA cos θ
∵ EA = EB
 2 q 𝑙
= ⋅ 2 2
⋅ 2
4πε0 x + 𝑙 x + 𝑙2 1/2

𝑙
∵ cos θ = 2
x + 𝑙2 1/2
1 2q𝑙
= ⋅ 2
4πε0 x + 𝑙2 3/2
But, the dipole moment |𝐩| = q × 2𝑙
1 |𝐩|
∴ EQ = ⋅ 2
4πε0 x + 𝑙2 3/2

The direction of E is along EQ that is parallel to BA, i.e. opposite to AB. In vector form,
−p
we can rewrite as, EQ = 2 2 3/2
4πε0 x +l
(ii) Let P be the point at which the system of charges as shown in the figure below is in
equilibrium, then F(x) = F(2 – x)
1 qQ 1 qQ
⋅ = ⋅ (from figure)
4πε0 x2 4πε0 (2−x)2
1 1
⇒ =
x2 (2−x)2
⇒ x = (2 − x)
⇒x =1m
Thus, the charge Q should be placed at the centre of line joining two given charges. Also,
the two given charges are identical i.e. having same nature. So, the third charge could be
of any nature (positive or negative), as the forces on it at the centre are equal and
opposite.
QUESTION - 56

(i) Define torque acting on a dipole of dipole moment p placed in a uniform electric field
E. Express it in the vector form and point out the direction along which it acts.
(ii) What happens if the field is non-uniform?
(iii) What would happen if the external field E is increasing (a) parallel to p and (b) anti-
parallel to p? [Foreign 2016]

Ans : (*)
SOLUTION

(i) Torque,  = pE sin 

In vector notation,  = p × E
SI unit of torque is newton-meter (N-m) and its dimensional formula is [ML2T–2]. Torque
is always directed in plane perpendicular to the plane of dipole movement and electric
field.
Case 1;  = 0°, then  = 0
The dipole is in stable equilibrium.

Case 2;  = 90°, then  = pE (maximum value)

The torque acting on dipole will be maximum.

Case 3;  = 180° then  = 0

The dipole is in unstable equilibrium.
(ii) If the field is non-uniform, then there would be a net force acting on
the dipole in addition to the net torque and the resulting motion would be
a combination of translation and rotation.
 = p × E(r)
Net torque acts on the dipole depending on the location, where r is the
position vector of the centre of the dipole.

(iii) (a) E is increasing parallel to p, then  = 0°. So, torque becomes zero
but the net force on the dipole will be in the direction of increasing
electric field and hence, it will have linear motion along the dipole
moment.
(b) E is increasing anti-parallel to p. So, the torque still remains zero, but the net force
on the dipole will be in the direction of increasing electric field which is opposite to the
dipole moment. Hence, it will have linear motion opposite to the dipole moment.