Carbon and It's Compounds

Chapter Notes – Carbon and Its Compounds
Carbon is a chemical element like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen etc. It is versatile non-metal.
Properties of Carbon:
1.Atomic Number: 6
2.Electronic configuration : 2, 4.
3.Valency of Carbon: To complete the octet, either carbon can gain 4 electrons or lose 4 electrons.
But if carbon gains electrons. It would be difficult for nucleus to hold 4 extra electrons as carbon atom is
very small in size.
If carbon loses its electron, it would require a large amount of energy to remove 4 electrons as attraction
force of nucleus is more in carbon atom.
Thus it is difficult for an atom of carbon to either gain or lose electrons. Carbon makes four covalent
bonds and attains the noble gas configuration by sharing its valence electrons.
4.Self -combination (Catenation): Due to small size of carbon, it has a unique ability to combine with
other carbon atoms to form long chains.
This ability of carbon is known as ‘Catenation”.
5.Occurrence of Carbon:
Carbon occurs in two forms in nature:-
Free state: Graphite, Diamond, Fullerene.
Combined State: Carbon Combines with other elements to form compounds such as carbon dioxide
(CO2), glucose (C6H22O6), sugar (C12H22O11) etc.
6.Allotropes of Carbon: Different forms of an element which have different physical appearance and
properties but their chemical properties are same are called allotropes.
There are three allotropes of carbon:
a. Diamond b. Graphite c. Fullerene
Diamond: Diamond is a three dimensional network of strong carbon – carbon covalent bands.
Properties of Diamond: Due to the presence of this large 3-D network of C – C covalent bonds, diamonds
is very card and have high melting point (around 4827oC).
As all the 4 electrons are utilized in making covalent bonds, no free electron is available for conduct
electricity and therefore, diamond is a bad conductor of electricity.
Diamond is transparent and shines in presence of light.

Uses of Diamonds: Due to its high hardness it is used in making cutting and drilling tools (far cutting
glasses).
Due to its brilliant shine it is used in making jewellery.
Diamond is used in surgical instruments to remove cataract from eyes.
Graphite: In graphite each carbon atom is bonded with three other carbon atoms to form hexagonal
rings.
These hexagonal rings join together to form layers.
These layers containing hexagonal rings are hold together by weak Vander Waal Forces.
Due to weak Vander Waal forces, these layers can slide over each other and therefore graphite can be
used as a dry lubricant for machine parts at high temperature.
Properties of Graphite: Due to its layered structure, graphite is soft and has soapy touch.
As the layers are bonded through weak Vander Waal forces it can act as lubricant.
Due to presence of one free electron, it is a good conductor of electricity and heat.
Uses of Graphite: It is used in lead pencils as it is soft and leaves black mark on the paper.
Powered graphite is used as dry lubricant for machine parts which operate at high temperature where oil
can’t be used because graphite is non-volatile.
It is used in making electrode in the cells.
Fullerene: Fullerene is a closed hollow cage in the form of sphere, tube and ellipsoid or of many other
form.
Structure of fullerene is same as graphite.
It is composed of a sheet of linked hexagonal rings (each carbon atom is bonded with three other carbon
atoms). But they also contain pentagonal or sometimes heptagonal rings that prevent the sheet from
being p1aner.
Spherical fullerenes are usually called Buckyballs, while cylindrical fullerenes are called Bucky tubes or
Nanotubes.
C60 is the smallest fullerene molecule that forms the shape of a football.
Since it looks like the geodesic dome designed by the US architect Buckminster Fuller, it was called
Buckminster fullerene/ fullerene.
Properties of Fullerene:
Fullerenes are stable, but not totally unreactive.
Fullerenes are soluble in many solvents like CO2 etc.
But insoluble in other those have a small bond gap between the excited state and ground state.
Fullerenes are the only known allotrope of carbon that can be dissolved in common solvents at room
temperature like C28 , C36 etc.
Uses of Fullerene:
Artificial photosynthesis
In cosmetics
In surface coating
Drug delivery system
Compounds of Carbon:
Compounds of carbon are classified into two types:
1. Organic Compounds: Organic compounds are the compounds made up of carbon ©, hydrogen
(H) and Oxygen (O) generally. Organic compounds contains at least one C — H bond. Examples:
Methane (CH4), Methanol (CH3OH), Glucose (C6H12O6)
2. Inorganic Compounds: Inorganic compounds do to have any C — H bonds.Examples: Carbon

mono oxide {CO), Carbon dioxide (CO2).
Organic Compounds:
Hydrocarbons: Compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen only, are known as Hydrocarbons can
further classify into types:-
1.Saturated Hydrocarbons: The saturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons in which carbon atoms are
linked together by single bonds only
For example: All saturated hydrocarbons are known as “ALKANES”.
2.Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: The hydrocarbons containing multiple bonds between two carbon atoms
are called Unsaturated Hydrocarbons.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons can be further divided into two categories –
a.Alkenes: Hydrocarbons having at least one double bond between two carbon atoms are known as
Alkenes. For ex- C2H4.
b.Alkynes: Hydrocarbons having at least one triple bond between two carbon atoms are known as
Alkynes. For ex- C2H2

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Chapter Notes – Carbon and Its Compounds

This ability of carbon is known as ‘Catenation”.

Carbon occurs in two forms in nature:-

Free state: Graphite, Diamond, Fullerene.

There are three allotropes of carbon:

a. Diamond b. Graphite c. Fullerene

Diamond is transparent and shines in presence of light.

Due to its brilliant shine it is used in making jewellery.

Diamond is used in surgical instruments to remove cataract from eyes.

These hexagonal rings join together to form layers.

It is used in making electrode in the cells.

Structure of fullerene is same as graphite.

Fullerenes are stable, but not totally unreactive.

Fullerenes are soluble in many solvents like CO2 etc.

Drug delivery system

Compounds of carbon are classified into two types:

2. Inorganic Compounds: Inorganic compounds do to have any C — H bonds.Examples: Carbon

For example: All saturated hydrocarbons are known as “ALKANES”.

Unsaturated hydrocarbons can be further divided into two categories –

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