Ch-Carbon and Its Compounds

CH-CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS
Carbon is an element.
Carbon is a non-metal
The symbol of carbon is.C.
The atomic no. of carbon is 6
Q Why Carbon always forms covalent Bond?

Ans. Carbon contain 4 electrons in its outermost shell. So, to attain stability either carbon has to
lose 4 electrons or has to gain 4 electrons. Being small in size, carbon does not have the ability
to lose 4 electrons or gain four electron Hence, in order to achieve the inert gas configuration, it
shares electrons and hence forms covalent bond.
Note: Carbon is tetravalent because it requiries 4 electrons to achieve Inert gas configuration
and hence its valency is 4.
OCCURRENCE OF CARBON
In free state : Carbon occurs in nature mainly
in two forms Diamond and Graphite. Another naturally occurring form of carbon is called
Buckminsterfullerene.
In combined state:- Carbon occurs in the nature.
in the form of compound such as CO2 in air, in the form of carbonates such as marble chalk &
limestone, fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, natural gas, Organic compound like fat, protein,
carbohydrates, Wood, cotton,wool etc.
ALLOTROPES OF CARBON
The various physical forms in which an element can exist are called allotropes of the element.
The carbon element exist in three solid forms called
allotropes. These allotropes are diamond, graphite,
buckminsterfullerene
DIAMOND AND ITS STRUCTURE
Diamond is a colourless transparent substance having extraordinary brilliance. Diamond is
extremely hard. It is the hardest known substance. It do not conduct electricity. When we burn
diamond in oxygen then only CO2 gas is formed and nothing is left behind. It symbol is "C".
STRUCTURE: A diamond crystal is a giant of molecule of carbon atoms.Each carbon atoms in
diamond crystal is linked to 4 other carbon atoms by strong covalent bond. The four surrounding
carbon atoms are at four vertices of a regular tetrahedron. Diamond crystal is therefore made up
of carbon atoms which are powerfully bonded to one another by a network of covalent bonds.
GRAPHITE AND ITS STRUCTURE

Graphite is a greyish black opaque substance. It is lighter than diamond.It is soft and slippery to
touch. Its symbol as "C"
STRUCTURE : A Graphite crystal consist of layers. of carbon atoms or sheets of carbon atoms.
Each carbon atom in a graphite is joined to three other carbon atom by strong covalent bond to
form flat hexagonal rings. The various layer of carbon atorn in graphite are quite far apart so
that no covalent exist between them. The various layers of carbon atom in graphite are held
together by weak Van - Der - Waals forces.
Q Why graphite is a good conductor of electricity?
As carbon atom has four valence electron in it. In a graphite crystal each carbon is joined to only
3 other carbon atoms by covalent bond. Thus, only 3 valence electron are used in bond
formation. The fourth valence electrons of each carbon is free to move.Due to the presence of
free electrons in graphite crystal it conduct electricity.
ORGANIC COMPOUND: The compound of carbon are known as organic compound.

•Urea (CO(NH₂)₂] was the first organic compound which was prepared by Friedrich Wohler.
Q What is the reason behind the formation
of large number of organic compounds?
There are two reasons for the formation of large no. of organic compound; (1)Catenation
(2) Tetravalency.
*CATENATION :- The self-linking property of carbon due to which carbon Theek hai forms long
chain with other carbon atoms.Carbon forms three types of chain-(a) Straight chain
(b)branched chain. (c)cyclic or closed or ring type chain
TETRAVALENCY:- Due to large valency of four a carbon atom can form a covalent bond with
carbon and other element such as hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur etc.
•HYDROCARBONS - A Compound made up of hydrogen and carbon only is called

hydrocarbon. The most important natural source of hydrocarbon is petroleum or crude which is
obtained from underground deposit or by drilling oil wells.
The natural gas which occur above petroleum deposits also contain hydrocarbons.
TYPES OF HYDROCARBONS :
(A) Saturated hydrocarbons (Alkanes) : A hydrocarbon in which carbon atoms are connected
by only single bonds is called a saturated hydrocarbon.
Alkanes - An alkane is a hydrocarbon is a which carbon are connected by only single bond.
The General formula for saturated hydrocarbon or alkanes :- (CnH2n+2), where n is the number
of carbon atoms.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons (Alkenes, Alkynes] An unsaturated hydrocarbon in which two

carbon atoms are connected "double bond" or "triple bond' is called an unsaturated
hydrocarbon.
Alkenes: - An unsaturated hydrocarbon in which two carbon atoms are connected by a double bond is called an alkene. Its
Alkynes - An unsaturated hydrocarbon in which two carbon atoms. are connected by a triple bond is called an alkyne. It's
Cyclic Hydrocarbons. Those hydrocarbons in which carbon. atoms aue arranged in the form of
rings are called cyclic hydrocarbons.
The cyclic hydrocarbons may be saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons
SATURATED HYDROCARBON :- Saturated hydrocarbon are those hydyocarbon in which

carbon atoms are arranged in the form of rings and there is a presence of single bond between
carbon atoms.
The general formula of cyclic saturated hydrocarbon is ""CnH2n".
The Saturated hydrocarbon are also called Cycloalkones.
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS:- Unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon is Benzene whose

formula is C6H6
Note: Minimum 3 carbon atoms are required for the formation of cyclic hydrocarbons. f
ISOMERS The organic compounds having the same molecular formula but different structure
are known as isomers..
The existence of two or more different organic compounds having the same molecular
formula but different structures is called isomerism. Isomerism is possible only the hydrocarbon
having 4 or more carbon atoms.
Notes No Isomerism ins possible in methane, ethane and propane.
Number of isomers
Number of isomers formed in butane is "two". Number of isomers formed in pentane is three
Number of isomers formed in hexane "is" Five".
HOMOLOGOUS SERIES.-A homologous series is a group of organic compounds having similar

Structures and having similar chemical properties in which the sucessive compounds differ by
CH₂ group.
Characteristics of a homologous series.
(a)All the members of a homologous serties can be represented by same general formula.
for example- All the members of the alkane
series can be represented by the general formula CnH₂n+2, alkene by CnH2n and CnH2n-2
(b) Any two adjacent homologues differ by one carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms in their
molecular formula.
(c)The difference in the molecular masses of any two adjacent homologues is 14.
(d)All the compounds of a homologues series
show similar chemical properties. The members of a homologous series shows the gradual
change in their physical properties with increase in molecular masses.
HOMOLOUS SERIES OF ALKANES.
Name. Formula
First Member Methane. CH4
Second Member. Ethane. C2H6
Third Member. Propane. C3H8
Fourth. Member. Butane. C4H8
HOMOLOUS SERIES OF ALKENES

Name. Formula
First Member Ethene. C2H4
Second Member. propene. C3H6
Third Member. butene. C4H8
Fourth. Member. pentene. C5H10
HOMOLOUS SERIES OF ALKYNES
Name. Formula
First Member Ethyne. C2H2
Second Member. propyne. C3H4
Third Member. butyne. C4H6
Fourth. Member. pentyne. C5H8

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CH-CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Q Why Carbon always forms covalent Bond?

GRAPHITE AND ITS STRUCTURE

ORGANIC COMPOUND: The compound of carbon are known as organic compound.

•HYDROCARBONS - A Compound made up of hydrogen and carbon only is called

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons (Alkenes, Alkynes] An unsaturated hydrocarbon in which two

The cyclic hydrocarbons may be saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons

SATURATED HYDROCARBON :- Saturated hydrocarbon are those hydyocarbon in which

The Saturated hydrocarbon are also called Cycloalkones.

UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS:- Unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon is Benzene whose

Notes No Isomerism ins possible in methane, ethane and propane.

HOMOLOGOUS SERIES.-A homologous series is a group of organic compounds having similar

HOMOLOUS SERIES OF ALKENES

HOMOLOUS SERIES OF ALKYNES

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