CHAPTER 3

INDUSTRY PROFILE
INDUSTRY PROFILE

EDUCATION

Education is an important tool which is very useful in everybody’s life. Education is what
differentiates us from other living beings on earth. It makes man the smartest creature on
earth. It empowers humans and gets them ready to face challenges of life efficiently. With that
being said, education still remains a luxury and not a necessity in our country. Educational
awareness needs to be spread through the country to make education accessible. But, this
remains incomplete without first analyzing the importance of education. Only when the people
realize what significance it holds, can they consider it a necessity for a good life. In this essay on
Education, we will see the importance of education and how it is a doorway to success.

Education is the most significant tool in eliminating poverty and unemployment. Moreover, it
enhances the commercial scenario and benefits the country overall. So, the higher the level of
education in a country, the better the chances of development are.

In addition, this education also benefits an individual in various ways. It helps a person take a
better and informed decision with the use of their knowledge. This increases the success rate of
a person in life.

Subsequently, education is also responsible for providing with an enhanced lifestyle. It gives
you career opportunities that can increase your quality of life.

Similarly, education also helps in making a person independent. When one is educated enough,
they won’t have to depend on anyone else for their livelihood. They will be self-sufficient to
earn for themselves and lead a good life.

Above all, education also enhances the self-confidence of a person and makes them certain of
things in life. When we talk from the countries viewpoint, even then education plays a
significant role. Educated people vote for the better candidate of the country. This ensures the
development and growth of a nation.

EDUCATION IN ANCIENT WORLD

In Mesopotamia, the early logographic system of cuneiform script took many years to master.
Thus only a limited number of individuals were hired as scribes to be trained in its reading and
writing. Only royal offspring and sons of the rich and professionals, such as scribes, physicians,
and temple administrators, were schooled. Most boys were taught their father's trade or were
apprenticed to learn a trade.Girls stayed at home with their mothers to learn housekeeping and
cooking, and to look after the younger children. Later, when a syllabic script became more
widespread, more of the Mesopotamian population became literate. Later still in Babylonian
times there were libraries in most towns and temples; an old Sumerian proverb averred "he
who would excel in the school of the scribes must rise with the dawn."There arose a whole
social class of scribes, mostly employed in agriculture, but some as personal secretaries or
lawyers.Women as well as men learned to read and write, and for the Semitic Babylonians, this
involved knowledge of the extinct Sumerian language, and a complicated and extensive
syllabary. Vocabularies, grammars, and interlinear translations were compiled for the use of
students, as well as commentaries on the older texts and explanations of obscure words and
phrases. Massive archives of texts were recovered from the archaeological contexts of Old
Babylonian scribal schools known as edubas (2000–1600 BCE), through which literacy was
disseminated. The Epic of Gilgamesh, an epic poem from Ancient Mesopotamia is among the
earliest known works of literary fiction. The earliest Sumerian versions of the epic date from as
early as the Third Dynasty of Ur (2150–2000 BC)

Ashurbanipal, a king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, was proud of his scribal education. His
youthful scholarly pursuits included oil divination, mathematics, reading and writing as well as
the usual horsemanship, hunting, chariotry, soldierliness, craftsmanship, and royal decorum.
During his reign he collected cuneiform texts from all over Mesopotamia, and especially
Babylonia, in the library in Nineveh, the first systematically organized library in the ancient
Middle East,which survives in part today.
In ancient Egypt, literacy was concentrated among an educated elite of scribes. Only people
from certain backgrounds were allowed to train to become scribes, in the service of temple,
pharaonic, and military authorities. The hieroglyph system was always difficult to learn, but in
later centuries was purposely made even more so, as this preserved the scribes' status. Literacy
remains an elusive subject for ancient Egypt.Estimations of literacy range from 1 to 5 per cent
of the population, based on very limited evidence to much higher numbers.Generalisations for
the whole country, even at a given period, inevitably mask differences between regions, and,
most importantly, between urban and rural populations. They may seriously underestimate the
proportion of the population able to read and write in towns; low literacy estimates are a
regular feature of 19th and 20th century attitudes to ancient and medieval societies.

In ancient Israel, the Torah (the fundamental religious text) includes commands to read, learn,
teach and write the Torah, thus requiring literacy and study. In 64 AD the high priest caused
schools to be opened.Emphasis was placed on developing good memory skills in addition to
comprehension oral repetition. For details of the subjects taught, see History of education in
ancient Israel and Judah. Although girls were not provided with formal education in the
yeshivah, they were required to know a large part of the subject areas to prepare them to
maintain the home after marriage, and to educate the children before the age of seven. Despite
this schooling system, it would seem that many children did not learn to read and write,
because it has been estimated that "at least ninety percent of the Jewish population of Roman
Palestine could merely write their own name or not write and read at all",or that the literacy
rate was about 3 per cent.

In the Islamic civilization that spread all the way between China and Spain during the time
between the 7th and 19th centuries, Muslims started schooling from 622 in Medina, which is
now a city in Saudi Arabia, schooling at first was in the mosques (masjid in Arabic) but then
schools became separate in schools next to mosques. The first separate school was the
Nizamiyah school. It was built in 1066 in Baghdad. Children started school from the age of six
with free tuition. The Quran encourages Muslims to be educated. Thus, education and
schooling sprang up in the ancient Muslim societies. Moreover, Muslims had one of the first
universities in history which is Al-Qarawiyin University in Fez, Morocco. It was originally a
mosque that was built in 859.

EDUCATION IN MODERN WORLD

In the modern period, developments took place in the system of education. The instructors
began to make use of technologies and modern, scientific and innovative methods in teaching
students. When the teaching and the learning methods are put into practice, the teachers are
able to promote student learning, help them to achieve academic goals and lead to up-
gradation of the overall system of education. Furthermore, the students are also able to make
use of them in augmenting their knowledge and understanding of the lesson plans and
academic concepts. The concept of assessment also was acknowledged to a major extent. In
this manner, the instructors were able to find out how the students are progressing. In
addition, they are able to acknowledge whether their teaching methods, teaching materials and
instructional strategies have proven to be worthwhile or there is a need to bring about
improvements in them. Apart from academic subjects, the students are trained in terms of
various factors, which would contribute in bringing about improvements in one’s overall quality
of lives. The main areas that are taken into account in this research paper are, significance of
education in the modern period, objectives of education in the modern period, the teaching
methods in the education system in modern period, and the characteristics of the education
system in modern period

EDUCATION IN INDIA

ANCIENT INDIA

During the ancient period, two systems of education were developed, Vedic, and Buddhist. The
medium of language during the Vedic system was Sanskrit, while those in the Buddhist system
were pali. During those times the education was of Vedas, Brahmanas, Upnishads, and
Dharmasutras. From the Rigveda onwards, our ancient education started with the objective of
developing the students not only in the outer body but also on the inner body. The ancient
education focused on imparting ethics like humility, truthfulness, discipline, self-reliance, and
respecting all creations to the students. The education was mostly imparted in ashrams,
gurukuls, temples, houses. Sometimes pujaris of the temples used to teach students. The
education system of ancient India has some special features and uniqueness which was not
found in any other ancient education system of the other countries. The education was mostly
given in forests under the blue sky, which keeps the student’s mind fresh and alive. During
ancient times people used to live a simple life and doing their work with devotion and hard
work.
ANCIENT LEARNING METHODS

The teachers at that time paid special focus to their students and teach them according to their
knowledge and skill level. Teaching was basically via orals and debates, and the different
methods were as follows:

1)At that time books were not there, so students had the habit to learn and memorize all the
things taught in the class, and teachers also helped them in memorizing.

2)The students used to deep dive into the concepts taught by their teachers and explore new
methods to learn it.

3)Listening, Contemplation, and concentrated contemplation were some new methods of

exploring the way of learning.

4)The teachers used the storytelling methods to teach the students.

5)Students used to ask questions about the topics taught by the teachers and these topics were
discussed and then answered to the students.

6)The education of that time mainly focused on practical knowledge of the topics taught in the
class.

7)The students got plenty of knowledge through seminars and debates conducted at frequent
intervals.
EDUCATION IN MEDIEVAL INDIA

During the eighth century Anno Domini (A.D) a huge number of Mohammadian invaded India.
Mahmud Ghaznavi captured India and set up a large number of schools and libraries in the
country by the looted wealth. Later Muslim leaders established their permanent empire in
India, they brought a new system of education. The ancient education system was drastically
changed. The Arabs and the Turks bought some new cultures, traditions, and institutions in
India, in that the most remarkable change was the Islamic pattern of education which was
different from the Buddhist and Brahmanic education system. The medieval age, education
system primarily focused on the Islamic and Mughal System.

MEDIEVAL LEARNING METHODS

1)Orals, discussions, and recitations of the lesson taught were the main methods of learning at
that age.

2)Emperor Akbar encouraged the students to focus more on reading and writing and to reform
the scripts. He wanted the education system to be systematic and advised teachers to first
teach students about the knowledge of alphabets, then words-knowledge, and then sentence
formation.

3)More emphasis was given on practical education.

EDUCATION IN MODERN INDIA

The whole curriculum of a student is divided into three sections primary, secondary, and
graduation. Primary education is from 1st to 10th standard, Secondary education is 11th and
12th, and in Graduation, students were given the choice to choose a field for further studies
example computer, electrical, civil, etc. But after secondary education students also have
choices to choose their career path. In primary education, students are taught subjects like
history, geography, mathematics, science, Hindi, and Marathi. The languages may differ from
state to state. At the early stages, students were taught alphabets, poem recitation, word
formation, etc. Different prayers, the National Anthem is also in the schools. Along with studies
different sports and extracurricular activities are also conducted in schools to keep the students
fit and for their all-round development. The pupils are assessed based on the term exams
conducted at frequent intervals. In secondary education, students are given choices to choose
from science and commerce. According to the student’s choice, they were given an education.
Secondary education is an advanced version of primary education. Pupils were assessed based
on term examination. After secondary education, students were given entry to the universities
through some entrance examination, according to their marks scored in entrance examination
they are admitted to the universities. Pupils were assessed based on semester exams or in-sem
exams.

In modern education along with studies, the emphasis is given on extracurricular activities and
sports for all-round development of students.

MODERN LEARNING METHODS

1)Students mostly learn concepts through online platforms like YouTube, Coursera, and Udemy.

2)Students refer to the notes given by the teacher’s side by side while learning online.

3)During class hours doubts are solved through discussions, debates, etc.

4)Pupils were assessed based on mid-sem written exams and practical exams to check their
practical knowledge.
EDUCATION SYSTEM IN KERALA
Schools and colleges are mostly run by the government, private trusts, or individuals. Each
school is affiliated with either the Kerala Board of Public Examination (KBPE), the Central Board
for Secondary Education (CBSE), Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), or the (NIOS).
English is the language of instruction in most private schools, while government run schools
offer English or Malayalam as the medium of instruction. Government-run schools in the
districts bordering Karnataka and Tamil Nadu also offer instruction in Kannada or Tamil
languages. A handful of Government Sanskrit Schools provide instruction in Sanskrit
supplemented by Malayalam, English, Tamil or Kannada. After 10 years of secondary schooling,
students typically enroll at Higher Secondary School in one of the three streams—liberal arts,
commerce or science. Upon completing the required coursework, students can enroll in general
or professional degree programmes. Kerala topped the Education Development Index (EDI)
among 21 major states in India in year 2006–2007.[26] In January 2016, Kerala became the 1st
Indian state to achieve 100% primary education through its literacy programme
Athulyam.Around 18% of the total employees in the organized sector of state, both public and
private, are employed in the Educational sector as in March 2020.Kerala is also one of the
Indian states which spend a larger proportion of its revenue for human resource development
including educational and healthcare uplifting. Kerala is mostly okliterate.

In 2006–2007, the state topped the Education Development Index (EDI) of the 21 major states
in India.As of 2007, enrolment in elementary education was almost 100%; and, unlike other
states in India, educational opportunity was almost equally distributed among sexes, social
groups, and regions.According to the 2011 census, Kerala has a 93.9% literacy, compared to the
national literacy rate of 74.0%.

In January 2016, Kerala became the first Indian state to achieve 100% primary education
through its Athulyam literacy programme.Though the cost of education is generally considered
low in Kerala,according to the 61st round of the National Sample Survey (2004–2005), per
capita spending on education by the rural households was reported to be ₹41 (49¢ US) for
Kerala, more than twice the national average. The survey also revealed that the rural-urban
difference in household expenditure on education was much less in Kerala than in the rest of
India.