Chapter I

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The study focuses on exploring how E-Bikes might impact road safety. E-Bikes, or
electric bicycles, have become increasingly popular as an eco-friendly mode of transportation.
Understanding their effects is crucial for ensuring a balance between the benefits they offer and
the potential challenges they might pose. This research aims to shed light on the overall impact
of E-Bikes on road safety. E-Bikes are bicycles equipped with an electric motor that assists in
pedaling. They have gained popularity due to their contribution to reducing carbon emissions and
promoting sustainable transportation. However, as E-Bikes become more common on roads, it is
essential to investigate their potential effects on safety to address any concerns or areas of
improvement.
Examining the impact of E-Bikes on road safety involves assessing their interaction with
traditional road users. Understanding factors such as speed, visibility, and adherence to traffic
rules is crucial. An analysis of accident data, if any, involving E-Bikes can provide insights into
potential safety issues. Identifying and addressing safety concerns can contribute to the
development of guidelines and regulations that ensure the safe integration of E-Bikes into
existing traffic systems.
Electric bicycles (e-bikes) represent one of the fastest growing segments of the transport
market. Over 31 million e-bikes were sold in 2012. Research has followed this growth and this
paper provides a synthesis of the most pertinent themes emerging over the past on the
burgeoning topic of e-bikes. E-bikes can maintain speed with less effort. E-bikes are found to
increase bicycle usage. E-bikes have the potential to displace conventional motorized (internal
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combustion) modes, but there are open questions about their role in displacing traditional
bicycles. E-bikes have been shown to provide health benefits and an order of magnitude less
carbon dioxide than a car traveling the same distance. Safety issues have emerged as a policy
issue in several jurisdictions and e-bike numbers are now approaching levels in which adequate
safety data are able to be collected. Research on e-bikes is still in its infancy. As e-bike usage
continues to grow, so too will the need for further research, in order to provide the necessary data
to inform policy-makers and industry (Fishman, 2018).
Road safety for electric bicycle (e-bike) cyclists constitutes an emerging public health
challenge in countries that promote the use of two-wheeled low-carbon vehicles. The E-bikes are
low-cost, relatively low-tech, and low-carbon innovations in the context of urban mobility.
E-bikes are among the most energy-efficient modes of motorized transport due to both their
lightweight and efficient drive trains and environmental superiority when compared to the
emissions produced by other motorized modes of transport. A wide variety of e-bikes are
commercially available, with varying performance and design characteristics. E-bike designs can
roughly be divided into three types, including bicycle-style, scooter-like, and motorcycle-like.
Among these, bicycle-style e-bikes are popularly sold throughout the Philippines. Worldwide,
more than 40 million e-bikes were sold in 2015. As the market share of e-bikes continues to rise,
the number of related deaths and injuries e-bike will also increase. These higher speeds may
result in riskier behaviors, especially in complex traffic situations that require operators to
quickly process information thus increasing the potential for severe crashes and injuries. Further,
it is unclear how e-bikes alter the crash risks when compared to conventional cycling and
motorcycle riding. However, e-bikes are already considered dangerous because they are also
vehicles like everyone has used already (Popovich et al., 2019).
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OBJECTIVES
● Aims to determine how E-Bikes impact the safety on roads, whether they contribute to
accidents or improve safety.
● Examine the overall effects, benefits and drawbacks of E-Bikes by evaluating the
advantages and disadvantages
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1. Could E-Bike have a positive or a negative effect on road safety?
2. Is E-Bike good for sustaining road safety?
HYPOTHESIS
Ho: Using E-Bike has beneficial effects on road accidents
Ha: Using an E-Bike has no beneficial effects on road accidents.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study holds significance as it addresses the emerging impact of e-bikes on road
safety. By examining potential effects, the research contributes valuable insights to enhance road
safety regulations and infrastructure planning. Additionally, it informs sustainable practices
related to e-bike production, usage, and disposal, guiding policymakers and stakeholders toward
responsible and eco-friendly transportation solutions. Ultimately, the study plays a crucial role in
fostering safer roads and minimizing the footprint of e-bikes, aligning with the broader goal of
creating sustainable and efficient urban mobility.
ACADEMIC
This academic study aims to investigate the potential effects of e-bikes on road safety.
Through a comprehensive analysis, the research will explore how the integration of e-bikes into
existing traffic dynamics may influence road safety, considering factors such as speed
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differentials and interactions with traditional bicycles and motorized vehicles. Additionally, the
study will assess the environmental impact of e-bikes, focusing on the life cycle of their
batteries, including production, usage, and disposal processes. By examining these aspects, the
research aims to provide valuable insights for policymakers, and urban planners advocates to
make informed decisions about the sustainable incorporation of e-bikes into modern
transportation systems. This study will help future manufacturers because they will know the
negative effects, and they will resolve the problem to enhance more E-Bikes to a positive change.
SCIENCE COMMUNITY
This study investigates the potential effects of e-bikes on road safety, providing critical
insights for the scientific community. Through a comprehensive analysis of traffic patterns,
interactions between e-bikes and traditional vehicles, and existing safety regulations, the research
aims to uncover key factors influencing road safety. Simultaneously, the study explores the
environmental impact of e-bikes, focusing on the life cycle of batteries, production processes,
and disposal methods. By delving into these aspects, the research contributes valuable data and
perspectives, facilitating a deeper understanding of the implications of widespread e-bike
adoption. The findings are essential for shaping evidence-based policies and sustainable practices
in transportation. These findings will also help the science community to enhance better parts
and lessen the negative effects of E-Bikes.
FUTURE RESEARCHERS
For future researchers, studying the potential effects of e-bikes on road safety offers a
roadmap for understanding how these bikes might impact our streets and nature. The findings
can guide them in creating safer road rules and better infrastructure to prevent accidents
involving e-bikes. Additionally, it highlights the importance of considering the whole life of
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e-bikes, from making them to throwing away old batteries, helping researchers suggest ways to
make e-bikes more eco-friendly. So, if others want to explore more about e-bikes, this study
could be like a guidebook, showing them where to look for safety improvements and how to
make e-bikes kinder to the environment.
RESEARCH PARADIGM
SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS
This research study seeks to examine the potential effects of E-Bikes on road safety in
Dagupan City. This will examine the adoption rate of e-bikes, their effect on traffic flow, and
accident rates. The data will be collected through various experts and E-Bike users because of
their knowledge and understanding on the usage of E-Bikes. The purpose of this study is to
provide some insight into the advantages and disadvantages, as well as the benefits and
difficulties, of the widespread use of E-Bikes in Dagupan City to further know more knowledge
and data in accordance to E-Bikes in road safety management.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Accident - an unpredictable event that has the potential to cause harm, damage, and injury at any
time at any place.
E-Bike - Electric bicycle or also known as E-bike is a transportative vehicle that is similar to a
bicycle that is augmented with an electric motor.
Road Safety - refers to the measures taken to avoid and reduce casualties and to lower the
chance of injuries from road accidents.
Respondent - a respondent is an individual who answers the questions asked by the researchers,
and it is from them that the data is developed.
Traffic Enforcer - an officer who enforces traffic laws, maintains traffic safety, manages
accidents, and provides service on roads and highways.
Dagupan City - a city in the Philippines where the researchers do their interview and survey
from the respondents and enforcers for their study which is Examining the Effects of E-Bikes on
road safety.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
FOREIGN STUDY
Electric bikes (e-bikes) are a transport technology that has emerged in the last couple of
decades, going from a technological novelty to a mainstream transport mode that has
revolutionized the transport systems in some countries. Today, almost all major bicycle
companies offer e-bike models, and some companies only sell e-bikes. The boost in e-bikes in
Europe and North America over the past decade has been the result of the evolution of the
technology as well as market demands. E-bikes are aimed at reducing barriers to cycling. They
can reduce terrain challenges and enable cycling among individuals with physical challenges that
preclude cycling, such as older adults. E-bikes are seen as a way to maintain moderate levels of
activity and prolong time on a bicycle. Recently, the diversity of e-bike designs has been
growing. Cargo bikes have become more popular, allowing households to replace cars for many
of their transport errands, such as shopping and traveling with children. This chapter will discuss
the growth of e-bikes in Europe and North America, starting with a short history of the
technology, then addressing policy frameworks, and finally discussing the impacts e-bikes are
having on the transport system (Fishman, 2021).
Contemporary ebike growth started in China, where basic motors, con- trollers, and
lead-acid batteries enabled production of vehicles that were low cost and provided high utility.
China's e-bikes proliferated early this century, with the market growing exponentially each year.
This growth led to industrial economies of scale and major technological advances. Indeed,
many of the e-bikes sold today in China rely on the same fundamental drivetrain technologies as
20 years ago. In China, more people commute by low-speed electric two-wheelers than by
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personal car in the United States. There are about 200 million to 250 million electric
two-wheelers on the streets of China today (Fishman, 2021).
Electric bikes (e-bikes) have gained significant attention as a sustainable mode of
transportation with potential effects on road safety and the environment. Research from 2018 to
the present sheds light on various aspects of e-bikes, including their impact on CO2 emissions,
user behavior, environmental awareness, and urban mobility. E-bikes play a crucial role in
reducing CO2 emissions when replacing car trips. An individual e-bike can reduce CO2
emissions by 225 kilograms annually, equivalent to emissions from a passenger flying economy
from Philadelphia to Chicago The level of environmental awareness, along with factors like
gender, age, education, income, and trip distance, influences e-bike users' mode choices Studies
highlight that e-bikes offer a sustainable alternative to traditional vehicles, significantly reducing
carbon footprints and contributing to environmental conservation efforts (Howland et al., 2023).
E-bikes are known to encourage more exercise long-term due to their pedal assist feature,
making them a versatile option for various riders, including older individuals and those with
disabilities. Some women opt for e-bikes as they feel safer riding them. However, the high cost
of safe e-bikes remains a barrier for many potential riders. Initiatives like e-bike rebate programs
aim to make e-bikes more accessible by reducing costs and promoting their adoption (Zachos,
2022).
State and city leaders are increasingly promoting e-bike adoption through incentive
programs to reduce emissions and traffic congestion. These initiatives aim to transition away
from solo car trips towards more sustainable modes of transportation like e-bikes E-bikes are
seen as a practical solution for short trips, offering benefits such as reduced air pollution, lower
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greenhouse gas emissions, and improved accessibility for individuals with health issues or
disabilities (Brown, 2022).
In Israel, a comparative study has been conducted between Electric Bikes and
Mechanical Bikes. Based on reports or data, more than 1700 were hospitalized using E-bikes,
while a whopping 7259 Mechanical Bikers were injured. Most incidents come from ages of 30
and below. The hospitalization rate per a thousand vehicles was lower for E-Bikes compared to
M-Bikes. In comparison to the M-bikers, E-bikers were at greater risk for enduring head injuries
(OR 1.16 95% CI 1.00–1.25) and lower extremity injuries (OR 1.37 95% CI 1.23–1.52), to
undergone surgery (OR 1.13 95% CI 1.00–1.26), having longer hospital stays (OR 1.44 95% CI
1.23–1.68) and being discharged to rehabilitation center (OR 1.43 95% CI 1.09–1.86) (Peleg,
2018).
In a study from China, the research investigates risky riding behaviors of electric bicycles
(e-bikes) through three main lenses: understanding e-bike accidents and their causes, analyzing
user traffic behaviors, and exploring accident prevention measures. Research methods employed
include questionnaire surveys, structural equation models, and binary probability models.
Common risky behaviors identified include occupying motor vehicle lanes illegally, speeding,
running red lights, and illegal maneuvers such as riding against traffic flow. Variations in risky
behaviors among users are attributed to differences in physiological and psychological traits like
gender, age, and patience at traffic lights. Prevention measures suggested include licensing,
implementing quasi-drive systems, improving infrastructure, enhancing safety awareness, and
providing training. The article concludes by proposing future research directions such as utilizing
big data for analyzing associations between risky behaviors and accidents, exploring
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relationships between risk perception and actual behaviors, and applying coupling theory to
understand complex scenarios and intervention effects (Zhou, 2019).
In Belgium, a study investigates e-bike usage among older adults (≥ 65 years) as a
potential solution for promoting sustainable and healthy mobility. It examines reasons for
purchasing e-bikes, their benefits and disadvantages, patterns of usage, substitution effects, and
crash characteristics among older e-bike users in Flanders, Belgium. A total of 357 older e-bike
users participated in the study. Key findings include: The primary reason for purchasing e-bikes
among both men and women was to cycle with less effort. The most significant benefit reported
was the ability to cover longer distances. The main disadvantage cited was the heavy weight of
e-bikes. Men more frequently reported battery issues, while women expressed more fear of
falling and injuries. E-bikes were used for various purposes, with men cycling more for
recreation alone and women using them more for social reasons. E-bikes largely replaced trips by
conventional bikes and cars. Approximately one-quarter of participants had experienced an
e-bike crash, most commonly due to uneven or slippery surfaces. The study suggests that
promoting e-bike use among older adults could contribute to active aging, and policy initiatives
should focus on highlighting the benefits, addressing disadvantages, and enhancing e-bike safety.
Further research in regions with less developed cycling cultures is recommended to validate
these findings (Cauwenberg, 2018).
In the United States study on reducing oil dependence and environmental pollution, many
countries are speeding up the development of electric vehicles. Implementation of EVs,
particularly battery electric vehicles, is seen as a solution to energy and environmental problems.
This paper reviews EV technical advancements and future technologies, highlighting key battery,
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charging, motor, and infrastructure technologies and discussing challenges and emerging
technologies for enhancing EV efficiency, reliability, and safety (Sun, 2019).
Electric vehicles (EVs) are an effective way to reduce gas emissions and oil dependence
for transportation by using electricity to recharge batteries. A rise in EVs could decrease oil
demand. Charging infrastructure is crucial, especially in areas with unstable electricity supply, to
promote global EV adoption. Different EV structures and charging infrastructure modes are
reviewed, as well as energy-source-based charging systems and power management for efficient
energy utilization. This research is valuable for EV operators and engineers (Kumar, 2023).
Electric vehicles (EVs) are promoted globally for reducing air pollution and enhancing energy
security. However, their high costs and lack of infrastructure hinder widespread adoption. This
paper discusses barriers and future challenges, focusing on battery performance and cost,
production issues, and environmental impact. Priorities include battery research and renewable
energy sources to maximize EV benefits. Addressing these issues is crucial for the successful
integration of EVs into transportation systems worldwide (Ajanovic, 2018).
In India, Global concern over climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions from
vehicles, coupled with resource depletion, is pushing economies towards alternate fuel
technologies. Electric vehicles (EVs) are seen as a green and clean technology for sustainable
transportation. Despite policy support, barriers to EV adoption exist globally. Researchers are
investigating how these barriers interact. A study in India used MCDM tools to rank and
prioritize barriers, revealing key issues like performance, cost, infrastructure, and awareness.
Understanding these interdependencies can help policymakers address them effectively (Jerome,
2021).
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An analysis was done in Ukraine to explore integrating smart charging technologies like
Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) into the power system due to concern over greenhouse gas emissions. The
transport sector is energy-intensive and contributes to environmental degradation, increasing
dependence on imported fuel. V2G technology allows electric vehicles to supply energy back to
the grid during peak demand, stabilizing it. A SWOT analysis was used to evaluate measures for
integrating electric transport into the power system, identifying challenges like impacts on power
system capabilities, but also opportunities from renewable energy sources and reduced electric
vehicle prices in Ukraine (Kostenko, 2023).
LOCAL STUDY
The City of Cabanatuan is dubbed as the “Tricycle Capital of the Philippines”. A tricycle
is a three-wheeled vehicle used to transport people. Cabanatuan has about 30,000 registered
gas-fed four-stroke motorized tricycles. Tricycle operation in this City has become the source of
livelihood for around 10,000 families. Its number has tremendously increased despite growing
competition and declining net daily income and the adverse effects it brings to the environment.
The study analyzed the different aspects in the adoption of E-trikes (electric tricycles) as a mode
of public transport system replacing motorized tricycles in the city. The conceptual framework of
sustainable development was used to analyze the data. Basic accounting methods in determining
return on investment and payback period were used to compare the cost and return from among
the current mode of transportation as against the adoption of E-trike. Data gathering employed
the interviews, survey questionnaires and focus group discussion. The three areas of
sustainability measured in the study were economic, socio-political and environmental. The
study showed that from among 412 tricycle driver-operators randomly selected, majority were
amenable to the shift from engine propelled tricycle to E-trike. However, cost of E-trike deters
12
adoption and full implementation by the City Government. Political issue is also the utmost
consideration since work displacement is imminent among the stakeholders once adoption of this
mode takes place. On the other hand, E-trike was found to be sustainable in the long run both
from the point of view of operators and the riding public. The paper recommended that policy
regulation be laid down, adopted, and implemented by the local government unit in response to
the Philippines Cleaner Air Act (Balaria et al., 2018).
In Metro Manila, Local businesses with solid environmental initiatives have already
made the switch to electric vehicles for their fleets of cars. Launching their Green Mobility
Program in 2020, Meralco, an electric power distribution company, successfully converted every
vehicle in their fleet in the National Capital Region to electric power. Five fast chargers were
also installed as part of this program in key locations, and by early 2023, there should be more.
Car owners are searching for ways to select environmentally friendly transportation options,
particularly in light of the growing cost of fuel. Investors who can facilitate this shift or fortify
the nation's EV value chain will discover that this is the case. The Philippine market for electric
vehicles is prepared for niche products like small EVs for commuting and city driving. These
models will be able to be charged at home without the need for charging stations. The EV market
will finally see growth once policies for lower tariffs and buyer incentives are put into place, and
the Philippines will be able to keep up with its neighbors in Southeast Asia in terms of EV
adoption (Escalaw, 2022)
In the region of NCR, this cutting-edge research sought to evaluate the on-road
performance of a subset of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) in local
urban road conditions while adhering to the chase car protocol and the World Harmonized Light
Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP). In order to examine how various payload conditions affected
13
vehicle performance, an experimental research design was also used. The results of these on-road
tests showed that there was a lot of variation in the speed profiles and that, in general, vehicle
speed and payload weight were inversely correlated. The differences in fuel fill-up, state of
charge, and fuel and energy parameters did not show any discernible effects on the payload
conditions. The fuel and energy consumption results showed that, in contrast to the Toyota Prius,
the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV and Mitsubishi iMiEV exceeded energy efficiency standards
when compared to both the US and Canadian fuel consumption guides. Meanwhile, the US
Environmental Protection Agency's 2023 estimates show that all vehicles showed between 40
and 70 percent lower CO2 emissions when compared to conventional vehicles. This study, which
is the first of its kind in the Philippines, evaluates the on-road performance of EVs and HEVs. It
is important because it offers empirical information about how these vehicles actually perform
under normal driving circumstances. The information is crucial for assessing how well it might
solve environmental issues, advance environmentally friendly transportation options, affect
consumer acceptance, and influence governmental regulations. HEVs and EVs are expected to
see a large increase in adoption in the upcoming years due to continuing technological
advancements and the expansion of charging infrastructure (Santos, 2023).
In the city of Manila, Through the introduction of a public utility vehicle (PUV)
modernization program with upgraded diesel and electric jeepneys (e-jeepneys), the Philippines
is moving toward a more sustainable public transportation system. Transport groups oppose the
government program's implementation despite its potential to reduce air pollution, traffic
congestion, reliance on imported fuel, and carbon emissions. This opposition stems from
concerns about costs and investment risk. The purpose of this study is to help transport operators
choose between investing in the fleet of updated diesel jeepneys and electric jeepneys. This study
14
uses the real options approach (ROA) to assess option values and best practices for investing in
the face of fluctuations in the prices of diesel, electricity, government subsidies, and jeepney base
fares. In every scenario examined, the optimization results show that investing in the e-jeepney
fleet is a better option. The findings also indicate that, given the current business climate,
investing in e-jeepneys right away is the better course of action, as waiting around could result in
missed opportunities. This study also recommends government actions to build public charging
stations, raise base fares and subsidies, and keep up efforts to switch to more affordable, cleaner,
and renewable energy sources in order to encourage transport operators to adopt e-jeepneys
(Agaton, 2019).
In Cavite, this paper presents the performance characteristics of a locally-developed
electric tricycle (E-Trike) that is intended for adoption for the public transport system. Both
on-road testing and laboratory testing through a chassis dynamometer are performed on the
vehicle to characterize the energy economy (km/kWh) in varying operating conditions. The
performance characterization was aimed at determining the optimal operating conditions of the
vehicle in order to obtain the best range. Mileage measurements from initial on-road testing
resulted in 18.85 km/kWh, 13.90 km/kWh, and 13.01 km/kWh for no load, half load, and full
load conditions, respectively. These peak vehicle efficiencies are observed to occur when the
electric motor was operating at its rated 3000 RPM. The rated motor RPM, depending on the
load, translates to a range of 20-25 km/h of actual vehicle speed. Using an urban drive cycle with
an average speed of 14 km/h for chassis dynamometer testing, the E-Trike recorded an average
mileage of 10.70 km/kWh (Tayo, 2023).
Several possibilities, including better and cleaner forms of transportation, were identified
for adoption throughout the entire city of General Santos City in light of the city's present focus
15
on offering a sustainable transport service. When it comes to the recognized elements of
sustainable transportation—reliability, safety, comfort, environment, affordability, and facility.
An electric tricycle is a sought-after substitute that provides a better option. According to Cueto
et al. (2022), electric tricycles are an acceptable replacement for public transportation in urban
areas. These eco-friendly solutions enable local residents to enhance their standard of living by
promoting economic activity and mobility. For the passengers' and drivers' safety, several risks
associated with the existing motorized tricycle have been identified by the survey (Cueto, et al.,
2022).
However, the results of electric vehicles for public transportation, according to authors
Agaton, et al. (2020), also significantly reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions in
Metro Manila. They also recommend reducing reliance on imported fossil fuels by switching
from conventional to electric public transportation systems. Even while switching to electric
vehicles can reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions, there are still
some challenges to overcome, including funding concerns, regulatory barriers, and public
opinion (Agaton, et al., 2020).
Also, a 2018 nationwide study including almost 1,800 new owners of electric bicycles
found that younger people use e-bikes more often for useful tasks like traveling instead of
driving, doing chores, and moving heavy objects, while older people and people with mobility
limitations use them primarily for leisure and well-being. Additionally, a study shows a
comparison of E-bikes to traditional motorbikes in terms of overall performance. In order to
compare the performance of e-bikes and traditional motorcycles, 100 participants were used in
an independent sample t-test analysis between two distinct groups of people in the cities of
Caloocan, Malabon, Navotas, and Valenzuela (CaMaNaVa). Of the participants, half answered in
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favor of e-bikes, and the other half in favor of traditional motorcycles (Acapuyan, et al., 2024).
The findings indicate that while electric bicycles cannot completely replace traditional
motorcycles in some situations, they can be improved and developed with great care. This is
because the characteristic under study, the total performance—showed a significant difference
(Bataller et al., 2024).
Another study in Baguio City says that the police department encourages the usage of
electric scooters, or "e-scooters," in its day-to-day operations. Hitch (2020) says that electric
scooters, commonly known as e-scooters, are not only better for the city's environmental
sustainability but also speed up the police's ability to respond to and efficiently patrol incidents.
The police force uses electric scooters because they have many advantages, such as lower fuel
expenses, simpler parking, and the capacity to maneuver around crowded places with ease.
Finally, the creative way that e-scooters carry people not only helps the police department but
also serves as a model for other law enforcement organizations around the nation and the local
community. Because these battery-powered vehicles offer a quiet and effective mode of
transportation that enables the officers to cover more land and respond to emergencies on time,
the Baguio police force is implementing e-scooters into their everyday operations (Hitch, 2020).
In Palayan City, Nueva Ecija, a study has been conducted to see if biking is suitable in
this particular area. Several factors can influence the use of cycling, such as physical and
environmental factors, level of service, and width of inner and outer lanes of national highways.
In this study, considering the physical and environmental criteria, the four selected barangays
(Atate, Singalat, Caimito, and Santolan) are suitable for bike lane development as they cover
0.85 to 6.0% of the total land area and are densely located on flat to gently sloping areas. These
barangays are also mostly covered with cultivated areas. Furthermore, as for data collected from
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the vehicle count survey in 2021 versus 2022, the level of service (LOS) as calculated is LOS B
against all the peak hour traffic, where reasonably free flow speed is maintained. However,
compared to the 2021 vehicle count survey, there is an increase in passenger car units in 2022 as
COVID-19 ends. In consideration of the road width, the outermost lane has a width of 3.05 m,
which corresponds to the DPWH-prescribed minimum measurement of 2.44 m. With these
results, developing bike lanes on national highways is suitable (Sagnip, 2023)
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter shows the questions used to survey E-bike users and the enforcers. It also
shows how and where to collect data. It also simplifies how a survey will be conducted to a
specific area.
Research Design
The research design for examining the potential effects of E-Bikes on road safety in
Dagupan City will incorporate both cross-sectional and observational designs. This combined
approach involves collecting data at a single point in time from a representative sample within
the population of interest, as well as conducting direct observations to gain insights into
behaviors and outcomes.
Research Location
This research aims to investigate in Dagupan City.
Research Instrument
The study used questions to interview sides of E-Bike users and the enforcers. The
purpose of this interview is to get key points or possible answers for our statement of the
problem, and also achieve our objectives. The interview questionnaire consists of 8 questions
that will help the researchers gain knowledge for their research study.
Participants of the Study
The participants of the study, examining the potential effects of E-Bikes on road safety will
be selected based on their relevance to the study objectives like E-Bike Users, Transportation
Officials, and Road Safety Professionals such as PUBLIC ORDER AND SAFETY OFFICE (POSO).
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Participants will be recruited through random sampling, selecting individuals who possess relevant
knowledge, experiences, or perspectives related to the potential effects of E-Bikes on road safety.
Interview Questions
For E-Bike Users:
1. Name (Optional)
2. Age
3. Gender
4. How many years have you been using your E-Bike?
5. How many E-Bikes do you have specifically? Have you replaced your E-Bike since? If
you had replaced it, why? Accidents or E-Bike issue
6. Have you been in an “E-Bike” accident? If yes, what is the reason?
7. In your opinion, can E-Bikes be safe on roads?
8. For you, what are the factors of E-Bikes that help you a lot?
For Road Safety Experts, and Traffic Enforcers:
1. How frequently do riders of E-Bikes have accidents?
2. Are E-Bikes accident prone?
3. What can you say about E-Bikes in general?
Data Gathering Procedure
A literature review is essential to understand existing research on the impact of e-bikes on
road safety. Our research aims to gather data on the number of e-bikes, their usage patterns, and
user demographics in Dagupan City. This will be achieved through questionnaires, interviews,
and data from relevant authorities such as the police, focusing on accidents involving e-bikes.
We will analyze accident types, causes, and consequences to assess their impact. Additionally,
we will investigate the life cycle of e-bikes, from production to disposal, and examine existing
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regulations and policies in the Philippines. We will identify challenges and gaps in regulations
and compare findings with other countries. Data collected will be analyzed to draw conclusions
on e-bikes' implications for road safety in Dagupan City. The results will be presented visually
and analytically in a comprehensive report, providing insights for policymakers and suggesting
measures to enhance e-bike safety in Dagupan City.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter discusses the data that has been collected on Dagupan City. This chapter
shows the data, analysis and interpretation that is based on the answers of the E–Bike users. This
part of the paper will analyze the data and answer the statement of the problem given on chapter
I. The collected data is crucial for this chapter because the data shows evidence and supports the
whole research.
Data Survey based on Age Groups
The survey has been conducted to 20 participants from the age range of 13 to 64 years
old. This study has interviewed Dagupan City residents aged 13 to 64 years old to understand
their thoughts about the usage of E-Bikes and how it will affect the road safety.
Age Groups Frequency Percentage
Teen (13 to 19 yrs.) 4 20%
Adults (20-39 yrs.) 7 35%
Middle Age Adult (40-59) 6 30%
Senior Adult (60+ yrs) 3 15%
TOTAL 20 100%
Table 4.1
This table (4.1) shows that the majority of the drivers are Adults (35%), the second most
are the Middle Age Adults (30%), the third most are Teens (20%) and the least are Senior Adults
(15%). This concludes that E-Bikes could be driven with skill and regardless of age.
22
COLLECTED DATA OF THE SURVEY
FOR E-BIKES USERS
Question #1: NAME Question # 2: AGE Question #3: GENDER
Maribel Dela Cruz 28 Female
Joan 35 Female
(Privacy) 17 Female
(Privacy) 17 Female
Nika Harly Castulo 37 Female
Gian Castulo 32 Male
(Privacy) 58 Female
Ed 41 Male
Gemma Gonzalez 52 Female
Bobby Gonzalez 55 Male
Jesica Caburite 35 Female
Larry Cayabyab 64 Male
Jose Socrates Sonza 48 Male
Miguel Alfredo Abalos 21 Male
Ojielyn Perez 30 Female
Laila Lodi 54 Female
Jose Rojo Ramos 13 Male
Easter Monez 65 Female
(Privacy) 18 Female
(Privacy) 45 Male
Table 4.2
23
Question #4 Respondents Answers
How many years have 1. Maribel Dela Cruz “Siguro mga tatlong(3) na rin.”
you been using your 2. Joan “Mga tatlong taon na”
E-Bike? 3. Privacy “10 months”
4. Privacy “10 months”
5. Nika Harly “Matagal na, mga 8 years na”

Castulo
6. Gian Castulo “8 Years”
7. Privacy “Apat(4) na taon na”
8. Ed “Magdadalawang(2) taon na”
9. Gemma Gonzales “2020 pa E-bike namin eh, bale mga 4

years na rin”
10. Bobby Gonzales “Mga 4 years na kami gumagamit ng

E-bike”
11. Jesica Caburite “Mga isang(1) taon pa lang ako

gumagamit ng E-bike.”
12. Larry Cayabyab “Mahigit tatlong(3) taon na”
13. Jose Sonza “9 months”
14. Miguel Alfredo “1 month”

Abalos
15. Ojielyn Perez “2 years”
16. Laila Lodi “10 years na”
17. Jose Rojo Ramos “4 years and 11 months”
18. Easter Monez “2 years”
19. Privacy “2 years”
20. Privacy “1 year”

Table 4.3
24
How many E-Bikes do 1. Maribel Dela Cruz “Isang E-bike pa lang”
you have specifically? 2. Joan “Iisa lang”
Have you replaced 3. Privacy “1 only”
4. Privacy “1 E-bike”
your E-Bike since? If
5. Nika Harly “Pangatlo na, nagdagdag lang kami
you had replaced it, Castulo ng E-bike”
why? 6. Gian Castulo “3 E-bikes na, nagdagdag kami kasi
maganda gamitin at yung nauna is
maliit kaya bumili pa ng mas malaki”
7. Privacy “Pangalawang E-bike na ito. Nagpalit

ako ng E-bike kasi maliin na yun gusto
ko ng mas malaki”
8. Ed “Isa pa lang”
9. Gemma Gonzales “Isa pa lang naman”
10. Bobby Gonzales “Isa lang”
11. Jesica Caburite “Isa pa lang”
12. Larry Cayabyab “Isa”
13. Jose Socrates “1 E-bike”

Sonza
14. Miguel Alfredo “1 E-bike”

Abalos
15. Ojielyn Perez “1 E-bike pa lang”
16. Laila Lodi “Dalawa na E-bike ko. Osa lang

talaga E-bike meron ako, pang single
lang sana, pero mumh dumating mister
ko from other country siyempre kami
nang dalawa, parang hindi na okay
kung iisa lang”
17. Jose Rojo Ramos “2 E-bikes”
18. Easter Monez “Isa pa lang”
25
19. Privacy “2, because the first one had a break
issue”
20. Privacy “Only 1”

Table 4.4
In table 4.4, most respondents only own one e-bike, but some own more than one for
different reasons. Some respondents who have more than one E-bike simply want to add it to
their collection or for their family, while others replace it due to a problem. One respondent's
previous E-bike had a brake issue, while another's E-bike was too small for her.
Have you been in an 1. Maribel Dela Cruz “Hindi pa naman”
“E-Bike” accident? If 2. Joan “Ay hindi pa”
yes, what is the 3. Privacy “No”
4. Privacy “No, not yet”

reason?
5. Nika Harly “Hindi pa”
Castulo
6. Gian Castulo “Hindi pa”
7. Privacy “Hindi pa. Agi yang mga questions mo

ampanget”
8. Ed “Hindi pa”
9. Gemma Gonzales “Hindi pa”
10. Bobby Gonzales “Hindi pa”
11. Jesica Caburite “Ay hinde, hindi pa naman”
12. Larry Cayabyab “Isang beses nashoot sa butas yung

gulong ko sa drainage”
13. Jose Socrates “No, hindi pa”

Sonza
14. Miguel Alfredo “Hindi pa naman”
26
Abalos
15. Ojielyn Perez “Hindi pa nadidisgrasya”
16. Laila Lodi “Hindi pa naman”
17. Jose Rojo Ramos “No”
18. Easter Monez “Oo isang beses, nabangga ako ng

single na motor pero hindi naman
malala, gasgas lang siya”
19. Privacy “Never been in an accident”
20. Privacy “Nope, never been in an accident”

Table 4.5
In table 4.5, out of the twenty respondents, only two reported having an e-bike accident;
fortunately, the other respondent's E-bike only suffered a minor scratch after it was struck by a
motorcycle, and the other respondent's wheel fell into the drainage system.
In your opinion, can 1. Maribel Dela Cruz “Oo safe lang and dapat mag ingat
palagi wag bibilisan and takbo”
E-Bikes be safe on
2. Joan “Oo safe siya dapat sa gilid lang dahil
roads? maliit na service lang di kagaya ng
kotse”
3. Privacy “No”
4. Privacy “Oo pero dapat wag bilisan ang takbo

and sapat sa gilid lang”
5. Nika Harly “Oo, basta nasa right way lang”

Castulo
6. Gian Castulo “Oo, dapat mabagal at dapat nasa

tamang daan dinadaanan mo”
7. Privacy “Sa awa ng Diyos by always

praying… oo ligtas ang E-bike”
8. Ed “Naka depende sa drayber”
27
9. Gemma Gonzales “Oo ligtas”
10. Bobby Gonzales “Ligtas naman”
11. Jesica Caburite “Oo basta sa mga maliit lang na lugar

tulad ng eskinita kasi delikado and
E-bike sa mga malalaking daan”
12. Larry Cayabyab “Naka depende sa driver”
13. Jose Socrates “Safe kapag sa small streets langand

Sonza delikado kapag sa highway”
14. Miguel Alfredo “Ayaw akong payagan mag ebike sa

Abalos highway at pwede lang sa small
streets”
15. Ojielyn Perez “Minsan safe kapag wala masyadong

sasakyan”
16. Laila Lodi “Oo naman sa nagdadala, dapat

responsible lagi sa pagmamaneho
17. Jose Rojo Ramos “It depends on the driver”
18. Easter Monez “Yes, safe siya basta dapat responsible

lagi”
19. Privacy “It depends on the model, because if

the e-bike work but if the e-bike has no
pedals and only depends on charging,
you can be stranded on the road and
needs pushing”
20. Privacy “Yes it would be safe on roads as long

as you take care driving and only focus
on the road”
Table 4.6
In table 4.6, the majority of the respondents stated that the safety of e-bikes depends on
the driver, that is, that E- bikes are safe provided the driver drives responsibly and keeps their
eyes on the road, and that E-Bikes are safe as long as the driver stays on the side of the lane and
avoids the main road.
28
For you, what are the 1. Maribel Dela Cruz “Convenient and magandang gamitin
sa road”
factors of E-Bikes that
2. Joan “Magandang gamitin at matipid pa”
help you a lot?
3. Privacy “It is very accessible and convenient
when doing errands and going to
places nearby”
4. Privacy “Convenient and magandang gamitin

nakakatipid mas convenient siyang
gamitin pang bayad ng bills ganon”
5. Nika Harly “Mas convenient siyang gamitin

Castulo pambayan”
6. Gian Castulo “Convenient at pwede pang service

araw araw”
7. Privacy “Matipid sa pamasahe at madali lang

pang byahe pag may pupuntahan hindi
mo na kailangan mag antay ng
sasakyan”
8. Ed “Hindi na mahihirapan mag pasyak at

mas madali na”
9. Gemma Gonzales “Pang service lang kahit saan sa

Dagupan”
10. Bobby Gonzales “Pang service rin”
11. Jesica Caburite “Maganda pang service”
12. Larry Cayabyab “Para may pang service at mas madali

kesa sumakay sa jeep na magbabayad
bayad”
13. Jose Socrates “Easy to operate ang E-bike”

Sonza
14. Miguel Alfredo “Convenient gamitin from bahay to

Abalos gate ng subdivision”
15. Ojielyn Perez “Magandang gamitin kapag pumunta

lang sa malapit na lugar, kaso
29
delikado kapag nasa highway.
Convenient at magandang ipoerate”
16. Laila Lodi “Matipid siyempre number one yan,

kumportable ka habang nag tatravel,
at madaling i-kontrol basta
responsible dapat”
17. Jose Rojo Ramos “E-bike is like a bike where you can go
to any events”
18. Easter Monez “Maganda ang E-bike pang service”
19. Privacy “I can use it to go to nearby places.

Convenience of using e-bikes in near
places”
20. Privacy “The convenience, you can easily go to

one place nearby, it is cost-efficient
unlike gas-powered vehicles and it is
fun to use”
Table 4.7
In table 4.7, most of the respondents also said that the E-bikes are convenient, safe but it
depends on how the driver drives, easy to operate, and easy to access. Majority of them also said
that E- Bike is mostly used in the nearby places within the city and is much cheaper than
commuting and paying a transportation fare and paying for gasoline.
TRAFFIC ENFORCERS
How frequently do riders of Participant #1 “Wala pa naman ako

nakikitang naaksidente na
E-Bikes have accidents? gumagamit ng E-Bike dito
eh”
Participant #2 “Wala pa rin ako nakikita”
Participant #3 “Wala pa naman ako

nakikitang naaksidente”
Table 4.8
30
In table 4.8, the three enforcers have not yet encountered any E-Bike accidents.`
Are E-Bikes accident Participant #1 “Oo, kasi ang E-Bike parang

bike lang din yan, hindi
prone? maiiwasan na madisgrasya
din sila”
Participant #2 “Normal lang, ang aksidente

kasi di mo alan kung kailan
eh”
Participant #3 “Naka depende na rin sa mga

driver yan”
Table 4.9
In table 4.9, according to the response of the enforcers, e-bikes are prone to accidents
because they happen casually, which is normal, but of course it should always be on the driver of
the e-bike.
What can you say about Participant #1 “Yung mga E-Bike kasi
parang mga Bike lang may
E-Bikes in general? makina lang.”
Participant #2 “Sakto lang ang bilis ng

E-bike hindi naman masyado
mabilis.”
Participant #3 “Ang mga E-Bikes hindi

pwede sa area ng highway
dapat pang baryo lang.”
Table 4.10
In table 4.10, the responses of the enforcers showcase how e-bikes were belittled.
According to them, E-bikes are just like a bike that should always be on the side of the lane;
should avoid highways that are too big and have a lot of vehicles; and should only be driven on
small streets.
31
DATA ANALYSIS
The researchers surveyed a total of 20 E-Bike users and 3 Traffic Enforcers for this
research. Based on all E-Bike users, they have said that E-Bikes are convenient and safe to use as
long as you focus on driving and always take care. The data given shows that there are 12 (60%)
female drivers and 8 (40%) male drivers out of 20, which is safe to say that E-Bikes could be
managed easily. The researchers conducted a survey on ages 13 to 65 years old, only 10% of
them had an accident record, which is shown above that it wasn’t the E-Bike’s fault, the only
female who had an accident was her the victim and not her fault, and the only male who had an
accident was his human error, not seeing the road. Nonetheless, this concludes that E-Bikes are
safe and convenient to use, since the youngest driver is 13 years old, then it states that E-Bikes
could be driven as long as you know how to drive regardless of age. Six (6) of them have bought
more than one E-Bike because they loved the way E-Bikes are. In general and based on data,
E-Bikes are safe, cost-efficient and convenient to use, just take care driving and always focus on
the road, because based on the interview, it all depends on the driver and not on the E-Bike itself,
E-Bikes are safe.
32
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter provides a summary of the research team's findings, conclusions drawn from
the results, and recommendations. The section aims to provide a concise review of significant
results and propose avenues for future research or practical implementations based on the study's
conclusions.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
Based on the found data, 90% of the drivers have never been in a road accident. While
those 10% drivers were in an accident, the female driver had encountered an accident but she
was the victim and it wasn’t her fault, the male driver otherwise was in an accident due to self
error, simply not focusing on the road and just went straight to the drainage system. Based on
survey and data, 100% of the drivers were not in fatal accidents or head-to-head accidents with
other vehicles. Based on data, all of them loved E-Bikes because it is a convenient vehicle to use,
especially if the target place is near. Also, they added that E-Bikes are also cost-efficient, they
saved a lot of money rather than using gas-equipped cars or commuting.
The research shows that the survey answers were almost similar to each other, the
answers were consistent. The research was conducted on a particular city. The research findings
show that most of the drivers were old (30+ years old) and they were taking care when driving,
all of them had never been in a car to car accident which may result in a concern of road safety. It
also shows that they drive on the side of the road and not on the main road because they consider
E-Bikes also a bike. Based on surveys, they also added that the size of E-Bikes are perfect for
their ideal vehicle, not too big and not too small. The research findings also state that regardless
of age, you can drive an E-Bike, just be safe and always focus on driving. The importance of
33
convenience is also huge to the finances of a person. In summary, E-Bikes have a positive impact
on road safety.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, Majority of the respondents had not yet been in an E-bike accident, only 2
out of 20 had been in an accident. According to the survey gathered by the respondents, E-Bikes
are safe as long as the driver stays on the side of the lane, travels not too fast, and is responsible.
All of the respondents also said that the E-bike is convenient, safe, easy to operate, and easy to
access. Majority of them also said that E- Bike is mostly used in the nearby places within the city
and is much cheaper than commuting and paying a transportation fare and paying for gasoline.
However, based on the survey from the three enforcers, there has not yet been an E-Bike
accident in the city. The three enforcers said the same thing that E-Bikes accidents happen
depending on how the driver drives.
The researchers additionally observed some of the disadvantages and limitations related
to e-bikes. Firstly, an accident on the road could result from e-bike tires easily falling into a
drainage system due to their small size. Last but not least, e-bikes have been criticized and
belittled and are not yet recognized as vehicles for highway use.
Summing this all up, E-bikes are good in sustaining road safety depending on the driver,
but the overall impact of E-Bikes in road safety are good and safe.
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Drivers, not just E-Bike riders, should be responsible anytime in driving and must always
focus on the road and should be aware of its surroundings for safety.
2. Gather further information on larger or more cities or municipalities. It is good to conduct
a survey on many places, to gather more information to further guide the research.
34
Coquia, Anna Cypree Daus
275, Caranglaan District. Dagupan City, Pangasinan
[email protected]
PERSONAL DATA
Gender: Female
Date of Birth: September 14, 2006
Place of Birth: Dagupan City
Citizenship: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Father: Alvin Tolentino Coquia
Mother: Almira Daus Coquia
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Pre-School 2012-2013 St. Albert the Great School Dagupan City
Elementary 2013- 2017 St. Albert the Great School Dagupan City
2017- 2019 La Marea Academy Dagupan City
High School 2019 - Recent La Marea Academy Dagupan City
35
Malicdem, Sean Dominic Sonza
Blk. 6 Lot 11, Camella Wedgewood, Sta. Barbara
[email protected]
PERSONAL DATA
Gender: Male
Date of Birth: March 5, 2007
Father: Alvin Jay F. Malicdem
Mother: Catherine S. Sonza
Pre-School 2012-2013 St. Albert the Great School Dagupan City
Elementary 2013- 2015 St. Albert the Great School Dagupan City
2015- 2018 University of Pangasinan Dagupan City
2018-2019 NorthField Academy Dagupan City
High School 2019- 2022 NorthField Academy Dagupan City
2022-Recent La Marea Academy Dagupan City
36
Romero, Cyrus Triton Samson
108 Alitaya, Mangaldan, Pangasinan
09153512878
[email protected]
PERSONAL DATA
Gender: Male
Date of Birth: November 27, 2006
Place of Birth: Dagupan City, Pangasinan
Father: Ignatius M. Romero
Mother: Teresita Natividad S. Romero
Pre-School 2009-2010 Day Care Dagupan City
2010-2011 YMCA Dagupan City
2011-2012 Dominican School Dagupan City
Elementary 2013-2019 Dominican School Dagupan City
High School 2019-Recent La Marea Academy Dagupan City
37
Samson, Park Johnson Fernandez
55F Burgos Street, Dagupan City
09605289815
[email protected]
PERSONAL DATA
Gender: Male
Date of Birth: September 30, 2007
Father: Louie Manaois Samson
Mother: Belen Fernandez Samson
Pre-School 2010- 2013 La Marea Academy Dagupan City
Elementary 2013-2019 La Marea Academy Dagupan City
High School 2019- Recent La Marea Academy Dagupan City
38
APPENDIX A
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE ON:
Examining the Effects of E-Bikes on Road Safety
Interview Questions
For E-Bike Users:
1. Name (Optional)
2. Age
3. Gender
4. How many years have you been using your E-Bike?
5. How many E-Bikes do you have specifically? Have you replaced your E-Bike since? If
you had replaced it, why? Accidents or E-Bike issue
6. Have you been in an “E-Bike” accident? If yes, what is the reason?
7. In your opinion, can E-Bikes be safe on roads?
8. For you, what are the factors of E-Bikes that help you a lot?
For Road Safety Experts, and Traffic Enforcers:
1. How frequently do riders of E-Bikes have accidents?
2. Are E-Bikes accident prone?
3. What can you say about E-Bikes in general?
39
APPENDIX B
Age Groups Frequency Percentage
Teen (13 to 19 yrs.) 4 20%
Adults (20-39 yrs.) 7 35%
Middle Age Adult (40-59) 6 30%
Senior Adult (60+ yrs) 3 15%
TOTAL 20 100%
Table 4.1
Q#1: NAME Q# 2: AGE(YEARS) Q#3: GENDER
Maribel Dela Cruz 28 Female
Joan 35 Female
(Privacy) 17 Female
(Privacy) 17 Female
Nika Harly Castulo 37 Female
Gian Castulo 32 Male
(Privacy) 58 Female
Ed 41 Male
Gemma Gonzalez 52 Female
Bobby Gonzalez 55 Male
Jesica Caburite 35 Female
Larry Cayabyab 64 Male
Jose Socrates Sonza 48 Male
Miguel Alfredo Abalos 21 Male
Ojielyn Perez 30 Female
40
Laila Lodi 54 Female
Jose Rojo Ramos 13 Male
Easter Monez 65 Female
(Privacy) 18 Female
(Privacy) 45 Male
Table 4.2
How many years have 21. Maribel Dela Cruz “Siguro mga tatlong(3) na rin.”
you been using your 22. Joan “Mga tatlong taon na”
E-Bike? 23. Privacy “10 months”
24. Privacy “10 months”
25. Nika Harly “Matagal na, mga 8 years na”

Castulo
26. Gian Castulo “8 Years”
27. Privacy “Apat(4) na taon na”
28. Ed “Magdadalawang(2) taon na”
29. Gemma Gonzales “2020 pa E-bike namin eh, bale mga 4

years na rin”
30. Bobby Gonzales “Mga 4 years na kami gumagamit ng

E-bike”
31. Jesica Caburite “Mga isang(1) taon pa lang ako

gumagamit ng E-bike.”
32. Larry Cayabyab “Mahigit tatlong(3) taon na”
33. Jose Sonza “9 months”
34. Miguel Alfredo “1 month”

Abalos
35. Ojielyn Perez “2 years”
41
36. Laila Lodi “10 years na”
37. Jose Rojo Ramos “4 years and 11 months”
38. Easter Monez “2 years”
39. Privacy “2 years”
40. Privacy “1 year”

Table 4.3
How many E-Bikes do 21. Maribel Dela Cruz “Isang E-bike pa lang”
you have specifically? 22. Joan “Iisa lang”
Have you replaced 23. Privacy “1 only”
24. Privacy “1 E-bike”

your E-Bike since? If
25. Nika Harly “Pangatlo na, nagdagdag lang kami
you had replaced it, Castulo ng E-bike”
why? 26. Gian Castulo “3 E-bikes na, nagdagdag kami kasi
maganda gamitin at yung nauna is
maliit kaya bumili pa ng mas malaki”
27. Privacy “Pangalawang E-bike na ito. Nagpalit

ako ng E-bike kasi maliin na yun gusto
ko ng mas malaki”
28. Ed “Isa pa lang”
29. Gemma Gonzales “Isa pa lang naman”
30. Bobby Gonzales “Isa lang”
31. Jesica Caburite “Isa pa lang”
32. Larry Cayabyab “Isa”
33. Jose Socrates “1 E-bike”

Sonza
34. Miguel Alfredo “1 E-bike”

Abalos
42
35. Ojielyn Perez “1 E-bike pa lang”
36. Laila Lodi “Dalawa na E-bike ko. Osa lang

talaga E-bike meron ako, pang single
lang sana, pero mumh dumating mister
ko from other country siyempre kami
nang dalawa, parang hindi na okay
kung iisa lang”
37. Jose Rojo Ramos “2 E-bikes”
38. Easter Monez “Isa pa lang”
39. Privacy “2, because the first one had a break

issue”
40. Privacy “Only 1”

Table 4.4
Have you been in an 21. Maribel Dela Cruz “Hindi pa naman”
“E-Bike” accident? If 22. Joan “Ay hindi pa”
yes, what is the 23. Privacy “No”
24. Privacy “No, not yet”

reason?
25. Nika Harly “Hindi pa”
Castulo
26. Gian Castulo “Hindi pa”
27. Privacy “Hindi pa. Agi yang mga questions mo

ampanget”
28. Ed “Hindi pa”
29. Gemma Gonzales “Hindi pa”
30. Bobby Gonzales “Hindi pa”
31. Jesica Caburite “Ay hinde, hindi pa naman”
32. Larry Cayabyab “Isang beses nashoot sa butas yung

gulong ko sa drainage”
43
33. Jose Socrates “No, hindi pa”
Sonza
34. Miguel Alfredo “Hindi pa naman”

Abalos
35. Ojielyn Perez “Hindi pa nadidisgrasya”
36. Laila Lodi “Hindi pa naman”
37. Jose Rojo Ramos “No”
38. Easter Monez “Oo isang beses, nabangga ako ng

single na motor pero hindi naman
malala, gasgas lang siya”
39. Privacy “Never been in an accident”
40. Privacy “Nope, never been in an accident”

Table 4.5
In your opinion, can 21. Maribel Dela Cruz “Oo safe lang and dapat mag ingat
palagi wag bibilisan and takbo”
E-Bikes be safe on
22. Joan “Oo safe siya dapat sa gilid lang dahil
roads? maliit na service lang di kagaya ng
kotse”
23. Privacy “No”
24. Privacy “Oo pero dapat wag bilisan ang takbo

and sapat sa gilid lang”
25. Nika Harly “Oo, basta nasa right way lang”

Castulo
26. Gian Castulo “Oo, dapat mabagal at dapat nasa

tamang daan dinadaanan mo”
27. Privacy “Sa awa ng Diyos by always

praying… oo ligtas ang E-bike”
28. Ed “Naka depende sa drayber”
29. Gemma Gonzales “Oo ligtas”
44
30. Bobby Gonzales “Ligtas naman”
31. Jesica Caburite “Oo basta sa mga maliit lang na lugar

tulad ng eskinita kasi delikado and
E-bike sa mga malalaking daan”
32. Larry Cayabyab “Naka depende sa driver”
33. Jose Socrates “Safe kapag sa small streets langand

Sonza delikado kapag sa highway”
34. Miguel Alfredo “Ayaw akong payagan mag ebike sa

Abalos highway at pwede lang sa small
streets”
35. Ojielyn Perez “Minsan safe kapag wala masyadong

sasakyan”
36. Laila Lodi “Oo naman sa nagdadala, dapat

responsible lagi sa pagmamaneho
37. Jose Rojo Ramos “It depends on the driver”
38. Easter Monez “Yes, safe siya basta dapat responsible

lagi”
39. Privacy “It depends on the model, because if

the e-bike work but if the e-bike has no
pedals and only depends on charging,
you can be stranded on the road and
needs pushing”
40. Privacy “Yes it would be safe on roads as long

as you take care driving and only focus
on the road”
Table 4.6
For you, what are the 21. Maribel Dela Cruz “Convenient and magandang gamitin
sa road”
factors of E-Bikes that
22. Joan “Magandang gamitin at matipid pa”
help you a lot?
23. Privacy “It is very accessible and convenient
when doing errands and going to
places nearby”
45
24. Privacy “Convenient and magandang gamitin
nakakatipid mas convenient siyang
gamitin pang bayad ng bills ganon”
25. Nika Harly “Mas convenient siyang gamitin

Castulo pambayan”
26. Gian Castulo “Convenient at pwede pang service

araw araw”
27. Privacy “Matipid sa pamasahe at madali lang

pang byahe pag may pupuntahan hindi
mo na kailangan mag antay ng
sasakyan”
28. Ed “Hindi na mahihirapan mag pasyak at

mas madali na”
29. Gemma Gonzales “Pang service lang kahit saan sa

Dagupan”
30. Bobby Gonzales “Pang service rin”
31. Jesica Caburite “Maganda pang service”
32. Larry Cayabyab “Para may pang service at mas madali

kesa sumakay sa jeep na magbabayad
bayad”
33. Jose Socrates “Easy to operate ang E-bike”

Sonza
34. Miguel Alfredo “Convenient gamitin from bahay to

Abalos gate ng subdivision”
35. Ojielyn Perez “Magandang gamitin kapag pumunta

lang sa malapit na lugar, kaso
delikado kapag nasa highway.
Convenient at magandang ipoerate”
36. Laila Lodi “Matipid siyempre number one yan,

kumportable ka habang nag tatravel,
at madaling i-kontrol basta
responsible dapat”
37. Jose Rojo Ramos “E-bike is like a bike where you can go
to any events”
46
38. Easter Monez “Maganda ang E-bike pang service”
39. Privacy “I can use it to go to near places.

Convenience of using e-bikes in near
places”
40. Privacy “The convenience, you can easily go to

one place nearby, it is cost-efficient
unlike gas-powered vehicles ans it is
fun to use”
Table 4.7
How frequently do riders of Participant #1 “Wala pa naman ako

nakikitang naaksidente na
E-Bikes have accidents? gumagamit ng E-Bike dito
eh”
Participant #2 “Wala pa rin ako nakikita”
Participant #3 “Wala pa naman ako

nakikitang naaksidente”
Table 4.8
Are E-Bikes accident Participant #1 “Oo, kasi ang E-Bike parang

bike lang din yan, hindi
prone? maiiwasan na madisgrasya
din sila”
Participant #2 “Normal lang, ang aksidente

kasi di mo alan kung kailan
eh”
Participant #3 “Naka depende na rin sa mga

driver yan”
Table 4.9
What can you say about Participant #1 “Yung mga E-Bike kasi
parang mga Bike lang may
makina lang.”
47
E-Bikes in general? Participant #2 “Sakto lang ang bilis ng
E-bike hindi naman masyado
mabilis.”
Participant #3 “Ang mga E-Bikes hindi

pwede sa area ng highway
dapat pang baryo lang.”
Table 4.10
SURVEY DATA FROM PARTICIPANTS
Name: Maribel Dela Cruz

Age: 28 yrs. old
Gender: Female
Questions Answers
How many years have you been using your “3 years”
E-Bike?
How many E-Bikes do you have “We only have only 1 E-Bike since”
specifically? Have you replaced your
E-Bike since? If you had replaced it, why?
Have you been in an “E-Bike” accident? If “Nope, we haven’t yet had an E-Bike
accident”
yes, what is the reason?
In your opinion, can E-Bikes be safe on “Yes, E-Bikes are safe as long as you’re
cautious”
roads?
For you, what are the factors of E-Bikes “Convenient and it is good for transportation
purposes”
that help you a lot?
48
Name: Joan
Age: 35 yrs. old
Gender: Female
Questions Answers
E-Bike?
How many E-Bikes do you have “One (1) E-Bike only”
Have you been in an “E-Bike” accident? If “Not yet, and hopefully it won't happen”
In your opinion, can E-Bikes be safe on “Yes it is safe on road but you should drive in
the side only because E-Bike is not a big
roads? vehicle”
For you, what are the factors of E-Bikes “It is convenient and good to use”
Name: (Privacy)
Age: 17
Gender: Female
Questions Answers
How many years have you been using your “10 months”
E-Bike?
49
How many E-Bikes do you have “1 only”
Have you been in an “E-Bike” accident? If “No”
In your opinion, can E-Bikes be safe on “No”
roads?
For you, what are the factors of E-Bikes “It is very accessible and convenient when
doing errands and going to places nearby.”
Name: (Privacy)
Age: 17
Gender: Female
Questions Answers
E-Bike?
How many E-Bikes do you have “1 E-Bike”
Have you been in an “E-Bike” accident? If “No”
50
In your opinion, can E-Bikes be safe on “Yes, but you should not be fast and always
stay on the side of the road.”
roads?
For you, what are the factors of E-Bikes “Convenient, Comfortable, and Cheaper”
Name: Nika Harly Castulo

Age: 37 yrs. old
Gender: Female
Questions Answers
How many years have you been using your “Not sure, but maybe more than 8 years”
E-Bike?
How many E-Bikes do you have “We do have 3 E-Bikes.”

“No, We haven’t replaced but we added
specifically? Have you replaced your E-Bike because it’s good to use”
Have you been in an “E-Bike” accident? If “Nope, Never been in an E-Bike accident”
In your opinion, can E-Bikes be safe on “Yes it’s safe if you’re on the right way(side
of the road)”
roads?
For you, what are the factors of E-Bikes “E-Bikes are much more Convenient to use
especially when paying bills”
51
Name: Gian Castulo
Age: 32 yrs. old
Gender: Male
Questions Answers
E-Bike?
How many E-Bikes do you have “3 E-Bikes, we added more because it is good
to use and the first ones were too small for us,
specifically? Have you replaced your so we bought another which is bigger”
Have you been in an “E-Bike” accident? If “Never been in an accident”
In your opinion, can E-Bikes be safe on “Yes it is safe as long as you are slow and you
are driving in the right spot”
roads?
For you, what are the factors of E-Bikes “It is convenient for everyday service use”
Name: (Privacy)
Age: 58 yrs. old
Gender: Female
Questions Answers
How many years have you been using your “4 years E-biking”
E-Bike?
52
How many E-Bikes do you have “2 Ebikes. I switched my E-bike because it’s
too small for me so when I got my 2nd E-Bike
specifically? Have you replaced your I customized it.”
Have you been in an “E-Bike” accident? If “In God’s Mercy, no. I haven't been in an
E-bike accident”
In your opinion, can E-Bikes be safe on “Yes, as long as you're on the right lane you
are safe.”
roads?
For you, what are the factors of E-Bikes “There’s no need to pay transportation fare,
less hustle, it’s Convenient and much
that help you a lot? Cheaper.”
Name: Ed
Age: 41 yrs. old
Gender: Male
Questions Answers
E-Bike?
How many E-Bikes do you have “1 E-Bike only”
53
In your opinion, can E-Bikes be safe on “It is safe if you are good at driving and you
drive safely”
roads?
For you, what are the factors of E-Bikes “It is no longer difficult to pedal a bike”
Name: Gemma Gonzalez

Age: 52 yrs. old
Gender: Female
Questions Answers
How many years have you been using your “We have had our E-bike since 2020, so
maybe it’s more than or less than 4 years
E-Bike? since then.”
How many E-Bikes do you have “1 E-bike”
Have you been in an “E-Bike” accident? If “Not yet”
In your opinion, can E-Bikes be safe on “Yes, E-bikes are safe”
roads?
For you, what are the factors of E-Bikes “Good for short-distance trips anywhere here
in Dagupan.”
54
Name: Bobby Gonzales
Age: 55
Gender: Male
Questions Answers
E-Bike?
In your opinion, can E-Bikes be safe on “Yes as long as you know how to drive and
your speed is not fast”
roads?
For you, what are the factors of E-Bikes “It is a good service for everyday use”
Name: Jesica Caburite

Age: 35 yrs. old
Gender: Female
Questions Answers
How many years have you been using your “Only just one year using E-bike.”
E-Bike?
55
How many E-Bikes do you have “I do only have 1 E-bike”
Have you been in an “E-Bike” accident? If “Not yet”
In your opinion, can E-Bikes be safe on “Yes, but not in highways.”
roads?
For you, what are the factors of E-Bikes “Good for service”
Name: Larry Cayabyab

Age: 64 yrs. old
Gender: Male
Questions Answers
E-Bike?
Have you been in an “E-Bike” accident? If “Yes, it was a human error, the wheel of my
E-Bike was thin and it fell to a drainage
yes, what is the reason? system that i haven’t noticed”
56
In your opinion, can E-Bikes be safe on “Yes it is safe as long as you focus driving”
roads?
For you, what are the factors of E-Bikes “It is a good service for everyday use for
going to somewhere nearby and much
that help you a lot? convenient than a regular car.”
Name: Jose Socrates Sonza

Age: 48 yrs. old
Gender: Male
Questions Answers
E-Bike?
How many E-Bikes do you have “1 E-bike”
Have you been in an “E-Bike” accident? If “No accident yet”
In your opinion, can E-Bikes be safe on “It’s safe in small streets but not on
highways.”
roads?
For you, what are the factors of E-Bikes “Easy to Operate”
57
Name: Miguel Alfredo Abalos
Age: 21
Gender: Male
Questions Answers
How many years have you been using your “1 month”
E-Bike?
How many E-Bikes do you have “1 E-Bike”
In your opinion, can E-Bikes be safe on “For me it is safe, but my parents won’t let me
drive in a highway but could let me drive in
roads? small streets”
For you, what are the factors of E-Bikes “It is convenient, good to use from house to a
gate of a subdivision”
Name: Ojielyn Perez

Age: 30 yrs. old
Gender: Female
Questions Answers
E-Bike?
58
How many E-Bikes do you have “Only 1”
In your opinion, can E-Bikes be safe on “Sometimes maybe, if there’s fewer vehicles
on the road than usual”
roads?
For you, what are the factors of E-Bikes “It’s better to use it when traveling nearer
places but, it’s a high risk if you’re on a
that help you a lot? highway. But all in all, it’s Convenient and it’s
good to operate. ”
Name: Laila Lodi

Age: 54 yrs. old
Gender: Female
Questions Answers
E-Bike?
How many E-Bikes do you have “2 E-Bikes, the first one was small, then my
husband came from overseas and then we
specifically? Have you replaced your bought a much bigger E-Bike for us to use”
59
In your opinion, can E-Bikes be safe on “Yes it is safe, just focus and take care
driving, and always be on the side of the road
roads? because E-Bikes are just bikes which are
small and always seen on the side of the road”
For you, what are the factors of E-Bikes “Convenient and good to use for service
everyday”
Name: Jose Rojo Ramos

Age: 13
Gender: Male
Questions Answers
E-Bike?
How many E-Bikes do you have “2 E-bikes, just for aesthetics”
In your opinion, can E-Bikes be safe on “It depends on the driver”
roads?
For you, what are the factors of E-Bikes “It is convenient to use for service when
going to somewhere nearby, it is also fast and
that help you a lot? it can reach 50 to 95 KPH”
60
Name: Easter Monez
Age: 65 years old
Gender: Female
Questions Answers
E-Bike?
Have you been in an “E-Bike” accident? If “Yes, i got crashed by a motor, he crashed into
me while i was peacefully driving”
In your opinion, can E-Bikes be safe on “Yes it is safe”
roads?
For you, what are the factors of E-Bikes “Good to use for service”
Name: (Privacy)
Age: 18
Gender: Female
Questions Answers
E-Bike?
61
How many E-Bikes do you have “2, because the first one had a brake issue”
Have you been in an “E-Bike” accident? If “Never been in an accident“
In your opinion, can E-Bikes be safe on “It depends on the model, because if the
e-bike has pedals you can make the e-bike
roads? work but if the e-bike has no pedals and only
depends on charging you can be stranded on
the road and needs pushing”
For you, what are the factors of E-Bikes “I can use it to go to near places, convenience
of using e-bike in near places”
Name: (Privacy)
Age: 45 years old
Gender: Male
Questions Answers
How many years have you been using your “1 year”
E-Bike?
62
In your opinion, can E-Bikes be safe on “Yes it would be safe on roads as long as you
take care driving and only focus on the road”
roads?
For you, what are the factors of E-Bikes “The convenience, you can easily go to one
place nearby, it is cost-efficient unlike
that help you a lot? gas-powered vehicles and it is fun to use”
Name: (Privacy)
Questions Answers
What are the limits and disadvantages of “It really depends on the driver, E-Bikes are
also considered as bikes so they should
E-Bikes on road safety? always be on the side of the road unlike those
big vehicles that could stay on the middle”
How frequently do riders of E-Bikes have “Never seen an E-Bike accident”
accidents?
Are E-Bikes accident prone? “It depends, no matter what vehicle you are
using, it really depends on the driver”
What can you say about E-Bikes in “The speed is just okay and normal, E-Bikes
are also considered as bikes so they should
general? always be on the side of the main road”
Name: (Privacy)
Questions Answers
What are the limits and disadvantages of “E-Bikes are just similar to other vehicle, it
all depends on the driver”
E-Bikes on road safety?
63
accidents?
Are E-Bikes accident prone? “For me, it depends on the driver”
What can you say about E-Bikes in “E-Bikes are okay, just like normal vehicles,
you should be taking care when driving and
general? always focus on the road, it depends on the
driver and not on the vehicle”
Name: (Privacy)
Questions Answers
What are the limits and disadvantages of “E-Bikes are just fair from other vehicles”
E-Bikes on road safety?
accidents?
Are E-Bikes accident prone? “Not really, because i haven’t seen an E-Bike
accident, but it depends on the driver”
What can you say about E-Bikes in “E-Bikes are just normal, but unpredictable, it
could be fast or slow, it may require less
general? driving skill but always be safe and just focus
driving to ensure safety”
64
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66

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CHAPTER I

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

electric bicycles, have become increasingly popular as an eco-friendly mode of transportation.

promoting sustainable transportation. However, as E-Bikes become more common on roads, it is

existing traffic systems.

to inform policy-makers and industry (Fishman, 2018).

vehicles like everyone has used already (Popovich et al., 2019).

accidents or improve safety.

advantages and disadvantages

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1. Could E-Bike have a positive or a negative effect on road safety?

2. Is E-Bike good for sustaining road safety?

Ho: Using E-Bike has beneficial effects on road accidents

Ha: Using an E-Bike has no beneficial effects on road accidents.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

safety regulations and infrastructure planning. Additionally, it informs sustainable practices

creating sustainable and efficient urban mobility.

perspectives, facilitating a deeper understanding of the implications of widespread e-bike

and lessen the negative effects of E-Bikes.

make e-bikes kinder to the environment.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS

and data in accordance to E-Bikes in road safety management.

time at any place.

bicycle that is augmented with an electric motor.

chance of injuries from road accidents.

and it is from them that the data is developed.

accidents, and provides service on roads and highways.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

having on the transport system (Fishman, 2021).

two-wheelers on the streets of China today (Fishman, 2021).

Electric bikes (e-bikes) have gained significant attention as a sustainable mode of

disabilities (Brown, 2022).

implementing quasi-drive systems, improving infrastructure, enhancing safety awareness, and

understand complex scenarios and intervention effects (Zhou, 2019).

In Belgium, a study investigates e-bike usage among older adults (≥ 65 years) as a

conventional bikes and cars. Approximately one-quarter of participants had experienced an

these findings (Cauwenberg, 2018).

countries are speeding up the development of electric vehicles. Implementation of EVs,

technologies for enhancing EV efficiency, reliability, and safety (Sun, 2019).

integration of EVs into transportation systems worldwide (Ajanovic, 2018).

transport sector is energy-intensive and contributes to environmental degradation, increasing

vehicle prices in Ukraine (Kostenko, 2023).

the Philippines Cleaner Air Act (Balaria et al., 2018).

adoption (Escalaw, 2022)

solve environmental issues, advance environmentally friendly transportation options, affect

advancements and the expansion of charging infrastructure (Santos, 2023).

In Cavite, this paper presents the performance characteristics of a locally-developed

mileage of 10.70 km/kWh (Tayo, 2023).

sustainable transportation—reliability, safety, comfort, environment, affordability, and facility.

opinion (Agaton, et al., 2020).

comparison of E-bikes to traditional motorbikes in terms of overall performance. In order to

(Bataller et al., 2024).

which corresponds to the DPWH-prescribed minimum measurement of 2.44 m. With these

results, developing bike lanes on national highways is suitable (Sagnip, 2023)

behaviors and outcomes.

This research aims to investigate in Dagupan City.

Participants of the Study

For E-Bike Users:

4. How many years have you been using your E-Bike?