Creative Science Scholar

Date : 11-07-2024 STD 11 Science Chemistry Total Marks : 160

revision

* Choose The Right Answer From The Given Options.[1 Marks Each] [5]
1. The value of 1 amu is equal to:
(A) 1.66 × 10−8 g (B) 1.66 × 10−4 g
(C) 1.66 × 10−16 g (D) 1.66 × 10−24 g
2. ˆ
In the Schrodinger equation, H .

(A) A mathematical operator called Hamiltonian operator.

(B) Introduced by Schrodinger from the expression for the total energy of the system.
(C) Both (a) and (b).
(D) None of the above.
3. A neutral atom has 13 electrons and 14 neutrons. Its mass number is ____________.
(A) 13 (B) 26 (C) 27 (D) 28
4. The pair of ions having same electronic configuration is ______.
(A) Cr3+, Fe3+ (B) Fe3+, Mn2+ + (C) Fe3+, CO3+ (D) Sc3+, Cr3+
5. The angular moment of electron in d-orbital is equal to:
( Where h̸
h
=
2π
)
– −
− –
(A) 2√3 /
h (B) 0 /
h (C) √6 /
h (D) √2h̸

* a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). [5]

Choose the correct option.
6. Note: In the following questions a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a statement of
Reason (R) is given. Choose the correct option out of the choices given below each
question.
Assertion (A): One atomic mass unit is defined as one twelfth of the mass of one
carbon-12 atom.
Reason (R): Carbon-12 isotope is the most abundunt isotope of carbon and has been
chosen as standard.
i. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
ii. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
iii. A is true but R is false.
iv. Both A and R are false.

7. Note: In the following questions a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a statement of

Reason (R) is given. Choose the correct option out of the choices given below each
question.
Assertion (A): Significant figures for 0.200 is 3 where as for 200 it is 1.
Reason (R): Zero at the end or right of a number are significant provided they are not
on the right side of the decimal point.
i. Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A.
ii. Both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of A.

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 iii. A is true but R is false.
iv. Both A and R are false.
8. Note: In the following questions a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a statement of
Reason (R) is given. Choose the correct option out of the choices given below each
question.
Assertion (A): Combustion of 16g of methane gives 18g of water.
Reason (R): In the combustion of methane, water is one of the products.
i. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
ii. A is true but R is false.
iii. A is false but R is true.
iv. Both A and R are false.
9. Note: In the following questions a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a statement of
Reason (R) is given. Choose the correct option out of the choices given below each
question.
Assertion (A): Black body is an ideal body that emits and absorbs radiations of all
frequencies.
Reason (R): The frequency of radiation emitted by a body goes from a lower
frequency to higher frequency with an increase in temperature.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b. Both A and R are true but R is not the explanation of A.
c. A is true and R is false.
d. Both A and R are false.
10. Note: In the following questions a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a statement of
Reason (R) is given. Choose the correct option out of the choices given below each
question.
Assertion (A): It is impossible to determine the exact position and exact momentum of
an electron simultaneously.
Reason (R): The path of an electron in an atom is clearly defined.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b. Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
c. A is true and R is false.
d. Both A and R are false.

* Answer The Following Questions In One Sentence.[1 Marks Each] [10]

11. ˚
Calculate the number of nm in 5839A .

12. A substance has molecular formula C6 H 12 O6 . What is its empirical formula?

13. Give one example each of homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture.

14. What is the mass of 1L of mercury in grams and in kilograms, if the density of liquid
mercury is 13.6g cm-3 ?
15. Using s, p, d notations, describe the orbital with the following quantum numbers.
n = 1; l = 0.
16. What are four quantum numbers of 19th electron of copper?
17. How many unpaired electrons are present in N(7)? Name the principle which explains
the presence of these unpaired electrons.
18.

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 What physical meaning is attributed to the square of the absolute value of wave
2
function, |ψ| ?

19. What is the possible value of angular momentum quantum number (l) for the unpaired
electron in the atom of an element whose atomic number is 17?

20. An element has electronic configuration [Ar] 3d4 in its +3 oxidation state. What will be
electronic configuration of its atom?

* Given Section consists of questions of 2 marks each. [20]

21. In a reaction
A + B2 → AB2
Identify the limiting reagent, if any, in the following reaction mixtures.
300 atoms of A + 200 molecules of B.
22. What mass of silver nitrate will react with 5.85g of sodium chloride to produce 14.35g of
silver chloride and 8.5g of sodium nitrate, if the law of conservation of mass is true?
23. When 4.2g of NaHCO3 is added to a solution of CH 3 COOH weighing 10.0g, 1120cm2 at
of CO2 at is released into atmosphere leaving behind 12.0g of residue. Prove that this
observation is in accordance with law of conservation of mass.
24. Which is more informative? Empirical or molecular formula?
25. How is the term material different from matter?

26. Indicate the number of unpaired electrons in:

Cr.
27. How many electrons will be present in the subshells having ms value of −
1
for n = 4?
2

28. What will be the wavelength of a ball of mass 0.1kg moving with a velocity of 10ms-1 ?
29. Red light has wavelength 750nm, whereas violet light has wavelength 400nm. Calculate
their frequency and energy,
(c = 3 × 108 ms-1, h = 6.63 × 10-34 Js).

30. Explain giving reason, which of the following sets of quantum numbers are not possible:
i. n = 1, l = 1ml = 0ms = +
1

ii.
1
n = 0, l = 2, ml = −2, ms = −
2

* Given Section consists of questions of 3 marks each. [30]

31. Calculate the total number of electrons present in 1.6g of methane.

32. Calculate the mass percent of different elements present in sodium sulphate (Na 2 SO4 ).

33. Calculate the concentration of nitric acid in moles per litre in a sample which has a
density, 1.41g mL–1 and the mass per cent of nitric acid in it being 69%.
34. If the density of methanol is 0.793kg L–1 , what is its volume needed for making 2.5L of
its 0.25M solution?

35. Two oxides of a metal contain 27.6% and 30.0% of oxygen respectively. If the formula of
the first oxide is M3 O4 , find that of the second.

36. Chlorine is prepared in the laboratory by treating manganese dioxide (MnO2 ) with
aqueous hydrochloric acid according to the reaction

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 4HCl(aq) + MnO2(s) → 2H 2 O(l) + MnCl2(aq) + Cl2(g)
How many grams of HCl react with 5.0g of manganese dioxide?

37. The average molar mass of a mixture of methane (CH 4 ) and ethane (C2 H 4 ) present in
the ratio of a : b is found to be 20.0g mol-1 . If the ratio were reversed, what would be the
molar mass of the mixture?
38. What are the frequency and wavelength of a photon during a transition from n = 5 state
to n = 2 state in the He+ ion.

39. According to de Broglie, matter should exhibit dual behaviour, that is both particle and
wave like properties. However, a cricket ball of mass 100g does not move like a wave
when it is thrown by a bowler at a speed of 100km/h. Calculate the wavelength of the
ball and explain why it does not show wave nature.

40. Find
a. The total number and.
b. The total mass of protons in 34mg of NH 3 at STP.
Will the answer change if the temperature and pressure are changed?

* Case study based questions [40]

41. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions from 1 to 5.
After having some idea about the terms atomsand molecules, it is appropriate here
tounderstand what do we mean by atomic andmolecular masses.One atomicmass unit
is defined as a mass exactly equal to one-twelfth of the mass of one carbon – 12
atom.Molecular mass is the sum of atomic masses of the elements present in a
molecule. It is obtained by multiplying the atomic mass of each element by the number
of its atoms and adding them together. Some substances, such as sodium chloride, do
not contain discrete molecules as their constituent units. In such compounds, positive
(sodium ion) and negative (chloride ion) entities are arranged in a three dimensional
structure. The mole, symbol mol, is the SI unit of amount of substance. One mole
contains exactly 6.02214076× 1023 elementary entities. This number is the fixed
numerical value of the Avogadro constant, NA , when expressed in the unit mol–1 and is
called the Avogadro number. The amount of substance, symbol n, of a system is a
measure of the number of specified elementary entities. An elementary entity may be
an atom, a molecule, an ion, an electron, any other particle or specified group of
particles. It may be emphasised that the mole of a substance always contains the same
number of entities, no matter what the substance may be. In order to determine this
number precisely, the mass of a carbon–12 atom was determined by a mass
spectrometer and found to be equal to 1.992648 × 10–23 g. Knowing that one mole of
carbon weighs 12 g, the number of atoms in it is equal to:
12 g /mol C-12 .
1.992648 × 1023 g / C- 12 atom. = 6.0221367 × 1023 atoms/mol.
The mass of one mole of a substance in grams is called its molar mass. the molar mass
in grams is numerically equal to atomic molecular/formula mass in u.An empirical
formula represents the simplestwhole number ratio of various atoms present ina
compound, whereas, the molecular formulashows the exact number of different types
ofatoms present in a molecule of a compound. If the mass per cent of variouselements
present in a compound is known, its empiricalformula can be determined. Molecular
formulacan further be obtained if the molar mass isknown.Many a time, reactions are
carried out with the Amounts of reactants that are different than The amounts as
required by a balanced chemical reaction. In such situations, one Reactant is in more

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 amount than the amount required by balanced chemical reaction. The reactant which is
present in the least amount Many a time, reactions are carried out with the
amounts of reactants that are different than the amounts as required by a balanced
chemical reaction. In such situations, one reactant is in more amount than the amount
required by balanced chemical reaction. The reactant which is present in the least
amount gets consumed after sometime and after that further reaction does not take
place whatever be the amount of the other reactant. Hence, the reactant, which gets
consumed first, limits the amount of product formed and is, therefore, called the
limiting reagent.
i. One atomic mass unit (amu) is defined as a mass exactly equal to one-twelfth
of the mass of one …atom.
a. Hydrogen – 1
b. Carbon – 12
c. Oxygen -12
d. Chlorine – 35
ii. The mass of one mole of a substance in grams is called its..
a. Atomic mass
b. Molecular Weight
c. Molecular mass
d. Molar mass.
iii. … is the sum of atomic massesof the elements present in a molecule.
a. Atomic mass
b. Molecular Weight
c. Molecular mass
d. Molar mass.
iv. One mole contains exactly …elementary entities.
a. 02214076 × 1021
b. 02214076 × 1022
c. 6.02214076 × 1023
d. 02214076 × 1024
v. For which of the following compound , formula mass is preferred instead of
molecular mass?
a. NaCl
b. C2H6
c. N2
d. H2O​

42. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions from 1 to 5.
Chemistry is the science of molecules and theirtransformations. It is the science not so
much of the one hundred elements but of the infinite variety of molecules thatmay be
built from them. Chemistry plays a central role in science andis often intertwined with
other branches ofscience.to understand thebasic concepts of chemistry, which begin
withthe concept of matter. Let us start with thenature of matter. matter can exist in
threephysical states viz. solid, liquid and gas.Particles are held very close to each
otherin solids in an orderly fashion and there is notmuch freedom of movement. In
liquids, theparticles are close to each other but they canmove around. However, in
gases, the particlesare far apart as compared to those present insolid or liquid states
and their movement iseasy and fast. different states of matter exhibitthe following
characteristics:
1. Solids have definite volume and definiteshape.
2. Liquids have definite volume but do nothave definite shape. They take the
shapeof the container in which they are placed.

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 3. Gases have neither definite volume nordefinite shape. They completely occupy
thespace in the container in which they are placed.
Matter can be classified as mixture or pure substance. A mixture may be homogeneous
or heterogeneous. Pure substances can further be classified into elements and
compounds. Particles of an element consist of only one type of atoms. These particles
may exist as atoms or molecules. When two or more atoms of different elements
combine together in a definite ratio, the molecule of a compound is obtained.
Every substance has unique or characteristic properties. These properties can be
classified into two categories — physical properties, such as colour, odour, melting
point, boiling point, density, etc., and chemical properties, like composition,
combustibility, ractivity with acids and bases, etc. Physical properties can be measured
or observed without changing the identity or the composition of the substance. The
measurement or observation of chemical properties requires a chemical change to
occur. Measurement of physical properties does not require occurance of a chemical
change.
i. Which of the following state of matter have definite volume but do not have
definite shape?
a. Solid
b. Liquid
c. Gas
d. Plasma
ii. Particles are held very close to each other in … in an orderly fashion and there
is not much freedom of movement.
a. Liquid
b. Gas
c. Solid
d. Plasma
iii. Particles of …. consist of only one type of atom.
a. Compound
b. Mixture
c. Element
d. All the above
iv. Water molecule comprises …hydrogen atoms and … oxygen atom.
a. One, two
b. Three, one
c. One, three
d. Two, one
v. Which of the following is not an example of Physical Properties of substance.?
a. Odour
b. Melting point
c. Density
d. Composition
43. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions from 1 to 5.
Quantitative measurement of properties isreaquired for scientific investigation. Earlier,
two different systems of measurement, i.e., the English System and the Metric System
were being used indifferent parts of the world. The metric system, which originated in
France in late eighteenth century. The SI system has seven base units. these are listed
as follow.
Base Physical Quantities Unit
1 Length Metre – m
2 Mass Kilogram – kg

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 3 Time Second – s
4 Electric current Ampere- A
5 Thermodynamic Temperature Kelvin – K
6 Amount of substance Mole – mol
7 Luminous intensity Candela- cd
Here , Mass of a substance is the amount of matter present in it, while weight is the
force exerted by gravity on an object. Density of a substance is its amount of mass per
unit volume. The mole, symbol mol, is the SI unit of amount of substance. One mole
contains exactly 6.02214076 × 1023 elementary entities. This number is the fixed
numerical value of the Avogadro constant, NA, when expressed in the unit per moland is
called the Avogadro number. The amount of substance, symbol n, of a system is a
measure of the number of specified elementary entities. An elementary entity may be
an atom, a molecule, an ion, an electron, any other particle or specified group of
particles.There are three common scales to measure temperature — °C (degree
celsius), °F (degree fahrenheit) and K (kelvin). Here, K is the SIunit. Generally, the
thermometer with celsius scale are calibrated from 0° to 100°, where these two
temperatures are the freezing point and the boiling point of water, respectively. The
fahrenheit scale is represented between 32° to 212°.
The temperatures on two scales are related to each other by the following relationship:
°F = 9 (°C) + 32
5
The kelvin scale is related to celsius scaleas follows:
K = °C + 273.15
i. The metric system,which originated in … in late eighteenthcentury.
a. Ukraine
b. German
c. Russia
d. France
ii. The SI system has …. base units.
a. 7
b. 3
c. 9
d. 1
iii. The symbol for SI unit of thermodynamic temperature is …
a. Kelvin
b. K
c. Degree Celsius
d. °C
iv. A prefix giga equivalents to:
a. 109
b. 1010
c. 1011
d. 1012
v. The fahrenheit scale is represented between..
a. 0°F to 100°F
b. 32°F to 212°.F
c. 15° F to 373° F
44. The uncertainty in the experimental or the calculated values is indicated by mentioning
the number of significant figures. Significant figures are meaningful digits which are
known with certainty plus one which is estimated or uncertain. The uncertainty is

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indicated by writing the certain digits and the last uncertain digit. there are certain rules
for determining the Number of significant figures. These are Stated below:
All non-zero digits are significant. For Example in 285cm, there are three
Significant figures and in 0.25 mL, there are two significant figures.
Zeros preceding to first non-zero digit are not significant. such zero indicates
the position of decimal point. thus, 0.03 has one significant figure and 0.0052
has two significant figures.
Zeros between two non-zero digits are significant. thus, 2.005 has four
Significant figures.
Zeros at the end or right of a number are significant, provided they are on the
right side of the decimal point. For example, 0.200 g has three significant
figures. But, if otherwise, the terminal zeros are not significant if there is no
decimal point.
Precision refers to the closeness of various measurements for the same quantity.
However, accuracy is the agreement of a particular valueto the true value of the result.
LAWS OF CHEMICALCOMBINATIONS- The combination of elements to form compounds
is governed by the following five basic laws.
1. Law of Conservation of Mass-This law was put forth by Antoine Lavoisierin 1789.
He performed careful experimental studies for combustion reactions and
reached to the conclusion that in all physical andchemical changes, there is no
net change inmassduring the process. Hence, he reachedto the conclusion that
matter can neither becreated nor destroyed. This is called ‘Law ofConservation
of Mass’.
2. Law of Definite Proportions-This law was given by, a French chemist, Joseph
Proust. He stated that a given compound always contains exactly the same
proportion of elements by weight.
3. Law of Multiple Proportions-This law was proposed by John Dalton. According to
this law, if two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the
masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the other element,
are in the ratio of small whole numbers. For example, hydrogen combines with
oxygen to form two compounds, namely, water and hydrogen peroxide.
Hydrogen + Oxygen→ Water
2g 16g 18g
Hydrogen + Oxygen → Hydrogen Peroxide
2g 32g 34g
Here, the masses of oxygen (i.e., 16 g and 32 g), which combine with a fixed mass
of hydrogen (2g) bear a simple ratio, i.e., 16:32 or 1:2.
4. Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes-This law was given by Gay Lussac in
1808. Heobserved that when gases combine or are produced in a
chemicalreaction they do so in asimple ratio by volume,provided all gases are
at the same temperature and pressure.
5. Avogadro’s Law – In 1811, Avogadro proposed that equal volumes of all gases
at the same temperature and pressure should contain equal number of
molecules.
In 1808, Dalton published ‘A New System of Chemical Philosophy’, in which he proposed
the following :
1. Matter consists of indivisible atoms.

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 2. All atoms of a given element have identical properties, including identical
mass. Atoms of different elements differ in mass.
3. Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine in a fixed
ratio.
4. Chemical reactions involve reorganisati on of atoms. These are neither created
nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
i. … refers to the closeness of variousmeasurements for the same quantity.
a. Accuracy
b. Reliability
c. Precision
d. Uncertainty
ii. Law of Conservation of mass was put forth by ….in 1789.
a. Joseph Proust
b. Antoine Lavoisier
c. Joseph Louis
d. Gay Lussac
iii. Which of the following number has twosignificant figures.
a. 0.0052
b. 052
c. 52
d. 0052
iv. … is the agreement of a particular valueto the true value of the result.
a. Accuracy
b. Reliability
c. Precision
d. Uncertainty
v. Law of Multiple Proportions proposed by....
a. Joseph Proust
b. Antoine Lavoisier
c. Joseph Louis
d. John Dalton
45. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions from (i) to (v).
The identity of a substance is defined not only by the types of atoms or ions it contains,
but by the quantity of each type of atom or ion. The experimental approach required
the introduction of a new unit for amount of substances, the mole, which remains
indispensable in modern chemical science. The mole is an amount unit similar to
familiar units like pair, dozen, gross, etc. It provides a specific measure of the number of
atoms or molecules in a bulk sample of matter. A mole is defined as the amount of
substance containing the same number of discrete entities (atoms, molecules, ions,
etc.) as the number of atoms in a sample of pure 12C weighing exactly 12g. One Latin
connotation for the word “mole” is “large mass” or “bulk,” which is consistent with its
use as the name for this unit. The mole provides a link between an easily measured
macroscopic property, bulk mass, and an extremely important fundamental property,
number of atoms, molecules and so forth. The number of entities composing a mole
has been experimentally determined to be 6.02214179 × 1023 .
6.02214179 × 1023 , a fundamental constant named Avogadro’s number (NA ) or the
Avogadro constant in honor of Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro. This constant is
properly reported with an explicit unit of “per mole,” a conveniently rounded version
being 6.022×1023 /mol. Consistent with its definition as an amount unit, 1 mole of any
element contains the same number of atoms as 1 mole of any other element. The
masses of 1 mole of different elements, however, are different, since the masses of the

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 individual atoms are drastically different. The molar mass of an element (or compound)
is the mass in grams of 1 mole of that substance, a property expressed in units of grams
per mole (g/mol).
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate
answer:
i. A sample of copper sulphate pentahydrate contains 8.64g of oxygen. How
many grams of Cu is present in the sample?
a. 0.952g
b. 3.816g
c. 3.782g
d. 8.64g
ii. A gas mixture contains 50% helium and 50% methane by volume. What is the
percent by \ weight of methane in the mixture?
a. 19.97%
b. 20.05%
c. 50%
d. 80.03%
iii. The mass of oxygen gas which occupies 5.6 litres at STP could be:
a. Gram atomic mass of oxygen
b. One fourth of the gram atomic mass of oxygen
c. Double the gram atomic mass of oxygen
d. Half of the gram atomic mass of oxygen
iv. What is the mass of one molecule of yellow phosphorus? (Atomic mass of
phosphorus = 30)
a. 1.993 x 10-22 mg
b. 1.993 x 10-19 mg
c. 4.983 x 10-20 mg
d. 4.983 x 10-23 mg
v. The number of moles of oxygen in 1L of air containing 21% oxygen by volume,
in standard conditions is:
a. 0.186 mol
b. 0.21 mol
c. 2.10 mol
d. 0.0093 mol

46. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions from (i) to (vi).
The atomic theory of matter was first proposed on afirm scientific basis by JohnDalton, a
British schoolteacher in 1808. His theory, called Dalton’s atomictheory, regarded the
atom as the ultimate particle ofmatter Dalton’s atomic theory was able to explainthe
law of conservation of mass, law of constantcomposition and law of multiple proportion
verysuccessfully. However, it failed to explain the results ofmany experiments.In mid
1850s many scientists mainlyFaraday began to study electrical dischargein partially
evacuated tubes, known ascathode ray discharge tubes.Electrical discharge carried out
in the modifiedcathode ray tube led to the discovery of canalrays carrying positively
charged particles. Thecharacteristics of these positively chargedparticles are listed
below.
1. Unlike cathode rays, mass of positivelycharged particles depends upon
thenature of gas present in the cathode raytube. These are simply the
positivelycharged gaseous ions.
2. The charge to mass ratio of the particlesdepends on the gas from which
theseoriginate.

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 3. Some of the positively charged particlescarry a multiple of the fundamental
unitof electrical charge.
4. The behaviour of these particles in themagnetic or electrical field is opposite
tothat observed for electron or cathoderays.
The smallest and lightest positive ion wasobtained from hydrogen and was called
proton. This positively charged particle wascharacterised in 1919. Later, a need was
feltfor the presence of electrically neutral particleas one of the constituent of atom.
Theseparticles were discovered by Chadwick (1932)by bombarding a thin sheet of
beryllium byα-particles. When electrically neutral particleshaving a mass slightly
greater than that ofprotons were emitted. He named theseparticles as neutrons.J. J.
Thomson, in 1898, proposed that an atom possesses a spherical shape
(radiusapproximately 10–10 m) in which the positivecharge is uniformly distributed. The
electronsare embedded into it in such a manner as togive the most stable electrostatic
arrangementMany different names are given tothis model, for example, plum pudding,
raisinpudding or watermelon. This model can be visualised as a pudding or watermelon
ofpositive charge with plums or seeds (electrons)embedded into it. An important
feature of thismodel is that the mass of the atom is assumed to be uniformly distributed
over theatom.Rutherford and his students (Hans Geiger andErnest Marsden)
bombarded very thin gold foilwith α–particles. Rutherford’s famous α–particle scattering
experiment.The observations of Scattering experiment are as follows-:
I. most of the α–particles passed throughthe gold foil undeflected.
II. a small fraction of the α–particles wasdeflected by small angles.
III. a very few α–particles (∼1 in 20,000)bounced back, that is, were deflected
bynearly 180°.
On the basis of observations andconclusions from this experiment, Rutherford proposed
the nuclearmodel of atom. According to this model:
1. The positive charge and most of the massof the atom was densely
concentrated inextremely small region. This very smallportion of the atom was
called nucleusby Rutherford.
2. The nucleus is surrounded by electronsthat move around the nucleus with a
veryhigh speed in circular paths called orbits.Thus, Rutherford’s model of
atomresembles the solar system in which thenucleus plays the role of sun and
theelectrons that of revolving planets.
3. Electrons and the nucleus are held together by electrostatic forces of
attraction.
i. The atomic theory of matter was first proposed on afirm scientific basis by:
a. John Dalton
b. Ernest Rutherford
c. J.Thomson
d. Henry Moseley
ii. The cathode rays start from … and move towards the….
a. Anode, Cathode
b. Centre, Anode
c. Cathod, Anode
d. Cathod, Centre
iii. Negativelycharged particles in atoms, called…
a. Protons
b. Electrons
c. Neutron
d. Positron
iv. The smallest and lightest positive ion wasobtained from …. and was
called proton.

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 a. Oxygen
b. Nitrogen
c. Carbon
d. Hydrogen
v. Electrically neutral particles having a mass slightly greater than that of protons,
these particles termed as:
a. Protons
b. Electrons
c. Neutron
d. Positron
vi. J.J. Thomson’s atomic model is also named as:
a. Plum pudding
b. Raisin pudding
c. Watermelon
d. All the above

47. The French physicist, de Broglie, in 1924proposed that matter, like radiation, shouldalso
exhibit dual behaviour i.e., both particleand wavelike properties. This means that justas
the photon has momentum as well aswavelength, electrons should also
havemomentum as well as wavelength, de Broglie,from this analogy, gave the following
relationbetween wavelength (λ) and momentum (p) ofa material particle
h h
λ = =
mv p

where m is the mass of the particle, v itsvelocity and p its momentum.

Werner Heisenberg a German physicist in1927, stated uncertainty principle which is
theconsequence of dual behaviour of matter andradiation. It states that it is impossible
todetermine simultaneously, the exact position and exact momentum (or velocity)of an
electron.Mathematically, it can be given as inequation
h
△x × △p ≥
x 4π

h
or △x × △(mv x ) ≥
4π

h
or △x × △(vx ) ≥
4πm

where △x is the uncertainty in position and △px(or△vx) is the uncertainty in

momentum (orvelocity) of the particle.
One of the important implications of theHeisenberg Uncertainty Principle is that itrules
out existence of definite paths ortrajectories of electrons and other similarparticles. The
effect of Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle is significant only for motion of microscopic
objects and is negligible for that of macroscopic objects. It, therefore, means that
theprecise statements of the position andmomentum of electrons have to bereplaced
by the statements of probability,that the electron has at a given positionand
momentum. This is what happens inthe quantum mechanical model of atom. In Bohr
model, anelectron is regarded as a charged particlemovingin well defined circular
orbits aboutthe nucleus. The wave character of the electronis not considered in Bohr
model. Further, anorbit is a clearly defined path and this pathcan completely be defined
only if both theposition and the velocity of the electron areknown exactly at the same
time. This is notpossible according to the Heisenberguncertainty principle. Bohr model
of thehydrogen atom, therefore, not only ignoresdual behaviour of matter but also
contradictsHeisenberg uncertainty principle. The structure of the atom was needed
which could account for wave-particle duality of matter and be consistent with
Heisenberg uncertainty Principle. This came with the advent of Quantum mechanics.
This is mainly becauseof the fact thatclassical mechanics ignores theconcept of dual
behaviour of matter especiallyfor sub-atomic particles and the uncertaintyprinciple.

[12]
The branch of science that takes intoaccount this dual behaviour of matter is
calledquantum mechanics.Quantum mechanics is a theoreticalscience that deals with
the study of the motionsof the microscopic objects that have bothobservable wave like
and particle likeproperties.When Schrödinger equation is solved forhydrogen atom, the
solution gives the possibleenergy levels the electron can occupy and thecorresponding
wave function(s) ψ of theelectron associated with each energy level. A large number of
orbitals are possible in anatom. Qualitatively these orbitals can bedistinguished by their
size, shape andorientation. An orbital of smaller size meansthere is more chance of
finding the electron nearthe nucleus. Similarly shape and orientationmean that there is
more probability of findingthe electron along certain directions thanalong others.
Atomic orbitals are preciselydistinguished by what are known as quantumnumbers.
Each orbital is designated by threequantum numbers labelled as n, l and m1.
The principal quantum number ‘n’ isa positive integer with value of n = 1,2,3…….The
principal quantum number determines thesize and to large extent the energy of
theorbital. Azimuthal quantum number. ‘l’ is alsoknown as orbital angular momentum
orsubsidiary quantum number. It defines thethree-dimensional shape of the orbital.. For
agiven value of n, l can have n values rangingfrom 0 to n – 1, that is, for a given value of
n,the possible value of l are : l = 0, 1, 2, ……….(n–1)
Magnetic orbital quantum number. ‘mlgives information about the spatialorientation of
the orbital with respect tostandard set of co-ordinate axis. For anysub-shell (defined by
‘l’ value) 2l+1 valuesof ml are possible and these values are givenbuy :ml = – l, – (l –1),
– (l–2)… 0,1… (l –2), (l–1)..
In 1925, George Uhlenbeck and SamuelGoudsmit proposed the presence of the
fourthquantum number known as the electronspin quantum number (ms). electron has,
besides charge and mass,intrinsic spin angular quantum number. Spinangular
momentum of the electron — a vectorquantity, can have two orientations relative tothe
chosen axis. These two orientations aredistinguished by the spin quantum numbersms
which can take the values of +½ or –½.These are called the two spin states of
theelectron and are normally represented by twoarrows, ↑ (spin up) and ↓ (spin
down).the four quantum numbersprovide the following information :
1. n defines the shell, determines the size ofthe orbital and also to a large extent
theenergy of the orbital.
2. There are n subshells in the n the shell. Lidentifies the subshell and determines
the shape of the orbital (see section 2.6.2).There are (2l+1) orbitals of each
type in asubshell, that is, one s orbital (l = 0), threep orbitals (l = 1) and five d
orbitals (l = 2)per subshell. To some extent l alsodetermines the energy of the
orbital in amulti-electron atom.
3. ml designates the orientation of the orbital.For a given value of l, mlhas (2l+1)
values,the same as the number of orbitals persubshell. It means that the
number oforbitals is equal to the number of ways inwhich they are oriented.
4. ms refers to orientation of the spin of the electron.
i. Uncertainty principle was given by:
a. Werner Heisenberg
b. George Uhlenbeck
c. Samuel Goudsmit
d. De Broglie
ii. Quantum mechanics is a theoretical science that deals with the study of the
motions of the ….. objects.
a. Macroscopic
b. Microscopic
c. Laparoscopic
d. All the above

[13]
 iii. The principal quantum number …
a. l
b. m
c. n
d. p
iv. …is also known as orbital angular momentum or subsidiary quantum number.
a. Principal quantum number
b. Electron spin quantum number
c. Magnetic orbital quantum number.
d. Azimuthal quantum number
v. George Uhlenbeck and Samuel Goudsmit proposed the presence of the fourth
quantum number known as the …
a. Principal quantum number
b. Electron spin quantum number
c. Magnetic orbital quantum number.
d. Azimuthal quantum number
48. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions from (i) to (v).
The first concreteexplanation for the phenomenon of the blackbody radiation was given
byMax Planck in 1900.An ideal body, which emits and absorbs radiations of
allfrequencies uniformly, is called a black bodyand the radiation emitted by such a body
is called black body radiation. Max Planck arrived at a satisfactory relationshipbymaking
an assumption that absorption andemmission of radiation arises from oscillatori.e.,
atoms in the wall of black body.He suggested that atoms andmolecules could emit or
absorb energy onlyin discrete quantities and not in a continuousmanner. He gave the
name quantum to thesmallest quantity of energy that can be emitted or absorbed in the
form of electromagnetic radiation. The energy (E) of aquantum of radiation is
proportionalto its frequency (ν) and is expressed byequation .
E = hυ.
The proportionality constant, ‘h’ is knownas Planck’s constant and has the
value6.626×10–34 Js.In 1887, H. Hertz performed a very interestingexperiment in which
electrons (or electriccurrent) were ejected when certain metals (forexample potassium,
rubidium, caesium etc.)were exposed to a beam of light. The phenomenon is
calledPhotoelectric effect. The results observed inthis experiment were:
1. The electrons are ejected from the metalsurface as soon as the beam of light
strikesthe surface, i.e., there is no time lagbetween the striking of light beam
and theejection of electrons from the metal surface.
2. The number of electrons ejected is proportional to the intensity or brightness of
light.
3. For each metal, there is a characteristicminimum frequency,ν0(also known
asthreshold frequency) below which photoelectric effect is not observed. At
afrequency ν >ν0 , the ejected electrons comeout with certain kinetic energy.
The kineticenergies of these electrons increase withthe increase of frequency
of the light used.
The particle nature of light posed a dilemmafor scientists. Theonly way to resolve the
dilemma was to acceptthe idea that light possesses both particle andwave-like
properties, i.e., light has dualbehaviour. Depending on the experiment, wefind that light
behaves either as a wave or as astream of particles. Whenever radiationinteracts with
matter, it displays particle likeproperties in contrast to the wavelike properties
(interference and diffraction), whichit exhibits when it propagates. This conceptwas
totally alien to the way the scientiststhought about matter and radiation and it tookthem
a long time to become convincedof itsvalidity.

[14]
The study of emission or absorption spectra is referred to as spectroscopy.The emission
spectra of atoms inthe gas phase, on the other hand, do not showa continuous spread
of wavelength from redto violet, rather they emit light only at specificwavelengths with
dark spaces between them.Such spectra are called line spectra or atomicspectra.The
Swedishspectroscopist, Johannes Rydberg, noted that
all series of lines in the hydrogen spectrumcould be described by the following
expression:
1 1 −1
v̄ = 109, 677( − ) cm
2 2
n n
1 2

The value 109,677 cm–1 is called theRydberg constant for hydrogen. The first fiveseries
of lines that correspond to n1 = 1, 2, 3,4, 5 are known as Lyman, Balmer,
Paschen,Bracket and Pfund series, respectively.Neils Bohr (1913) was the first to
explainquantitatively the general features of thestructure of hydrogen atom and its
spectrum.He used Planck’s concept of quantisation ofenergy. Though the theory is not
the modernquantum mechanics, it can still be used to rationalize many points in the
atomic structureand spectra. Bohr’s model for hydrogen atomis based on the following
postulates:
1. The electron in the hydrogen atom canmove around the nucleus in a circular
pathof fixed radius and energy. These paths arecalled orbits, stationary states
or allowedenergy states. These orbits are arrangedconcentrically around the
nucleus.
2. The energy of an electron in the orbit doesnot change with time. However,
theelectron will move from a lower stationarystate to a higher stationary state
whenrequired amount of energy is absorbedby the electron or energy is
emitted when electron moves from higher stationarystate to lower stationary
state. The energychange does not takeplace in a continuous manner.
3. The frequency of radiation absorbed oremitted when transition occurs between
two stationary states that differ in energyby △E, is given by:
△E E2 −E1
v = =
h h

Where E1 and E2 are the energies of the lower and higher allowed energy
statesrespectively. This expression is commonly known as Bohr’s frequency rule.
4. The angular momentum of an electron isquantised. In a given stationary state
itcan be expressed as in equation
h
me vr = n. n = 1, 2, 3.....
2π

i. The first concrete explanation for the phenomenon of the black body radiation
was given by ….in 1900.
a. Max Planck
b. De Broglie
c. Albert Einstein,
d. Niels Bohr
ii. Which of the following equation is Planck’s equation?
a. E= mc2
b. E = hυ
c. E= hc2
d. E= vc2 .
iii. What is nature of light?
a. Wave
b. Particle
c. Wave and Particle
d. None of above

[15]
 iv. The value …. is called theRydberg constant for hydrogen.
a. 109,674cm–1
b. 109,675cm–1
c. 109,676cm–1
d. 109,677cm–1
v. …was the first to explain quantitatively the general features of the structure of
hydrogen atom and its spectrum.
a. Max Planck
b. De Broglie
c. Albert Einstein,
d. Niels Bohr
49. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions from (i) to (v).
The presence of positive charge on thenucleus is due to the protons in the nucleus.As
established earlier, the charge on the proton is equal but opposite to that of
electron.Atomic number (Z) = number of protons inthe nucleus of an atom = number of
electrons in a nuetral atom. protons and neutrons present in thenucleus are collectively
known as nucleons.The total number of nucleons is termed asmass number (A) of the
atom.
mass number (A) = number of protons (Z) + number of neutrons (n).
Isobars are the atoms with same massnumber but different atomic number
forexample, 6 4 C and 7 14 N. On the other hand, atomswith identical atomic number but
differentatomic mass number are known as Isotopes.For example,considering of
hydrogen atom again, 99.985% of hydrogen atoms contain only one proton.This isotope
is called protium (1 1 H). Rest of thepercentage of hydrogen atom contains two
otherisotopes, the one containing 1 proton and 1neutron is called deuterium (2 1 D,
0.015%)and the other one possessing 1 proton and 2neutrons is called tritium (1 3 T )..the
studiesof interactions of radiations with matter haveprovided immense information
regarding thestructure of atoms and molecules. Neils Bohrutilised these results to
improve upon themodel proposed by Rutherford. Twodevelopments played a major role
in theformulation of Bohr’s model of atom. Thesewere:
1. Dual character of the electromagneticradiation which means that radiations
possess both wave like and particle likeproperties, and
2. Experimental results regarding atomicspectra.
James Maxwell (1870) was the first to givea comprehensive explanation about
theinteraction between the charged bodies andthe behaviour of electrical and
magnetic fieldson macroscopic level. He suggested that whenelectrically charged
particle moves underaccelaration, alternating electrical and magnetic fields are
produced and transmitted.These fields are transmitted in the forms ofwaves called
electromagnetic waves orelectromagnetic radiation.radiations are characterised by
theproperties, namely, frequency (ν) and wavelength (λ).The SI unit for frequency (ν) is
hertz(Hz, s–1 ), after Heinrich Hertz. It is defined asthe number of waves that pass a given
pointin one second.Wavelength should have the units of lengthand as you know that the
SI units of length ismeter (m). Since electromagnetic radiationconsists of different kinds
of waves of muchsmaller wavelengths, smaller units are used.In vaccum all types of
electromagneticradiations, regardless of wavelength, travel atthe same speed, i.e., 3.0
× 108 m s–1 (2.997925× 108 ms–1 , to be precise). This is called speedof light and is
given the symbol ‘c‘. Thefrequency (ν), wavelength (λ) and velocity of light(c) are
related by the following equation .
c = vλ

[16]
 The other commonly used quantityspecially in spectroscopy, is the wavenumber.It is
defined as the number of wavelengthsper unit length. Its units are reciprocal
ofwavelength unit, i.e., m–1 . However commonlyused unit is cm–1
i. The presence of positive charge on the nucleus is due to the …. in the nucleus.
a. Protons
b. Neutrons
c. Electron
d. Nucleons
ii. Atomic Number is denoted by:
a. A
b. Z
c. N
d. M
iii. Atomic Mass number is denoted by:
a. M
b. Z
c. N
d. A
iv. … are the atoms with same mass number but different atomic number.
a. Isotopes
b. Allotropes
c. Isobars
d. None of above
v. Atoms with identical atomic number but different atomic mass number are
known as ..
a. Isotopes
b. Allotropes
c. Isobars
d. None of above

50. The orbital wave function or ψ for an electronin an atom has no physical meaning. It
issimply a mathematical function of thecoordinates of the electron. However,
fordifferent orbitals the plots of correspondingwave functions as a function of r (the
distancefrom the nucleus) are different. According to the German physicist, MaxBorn,
the square of the wave function(i.e.,ψ2 ) at a point gives the probability densityof the
electron at that point. Boundary surface diagrams of constantprobability density for
different orbitals give afairly good representation of the shapes of theorbitals. In this
representation, a boundarysurface or contour surface is drawn in spacefor an orbital on
which the value of probabilitydensity ∣ψ ∣ 2 is constant. In principle manysuch boundary
surfaces may be possible.However, for a given orbital, only thatboundary surface
diagram of constantprobability density* is taken to be goodrepresentation of the shape
of the orbital whichencloses a region or volume in which theprobability of finding the
electron is very high,say, 90%.
In hydrogen atom, electron has the same energy when it is in the2s orbital as when it is
present in 2p orbital.The orbitals having the same energy are calleddegenerate. The 1s
orbital in a hydrogenatom, as said earlier, corresponds to the moststable condition and
is called the ground stateand an electron residing in this orbital is moststrongly held by
the nucleus.
An electron inthe 2s, 2p or higher orbitals in a hydrogen atomis in excited state.The
filling of electrons into the orbitals ofdifferent atoms takes place according to theaufbau
principle which is based on the Pauli’sexclusion principle, the Hund’s rule ofmaximum
multiplicity and the relativeenergies of the orbitals. Theaufbausprinciple states : In the

[17]
 ground state of theatoms, the orbitals are filled in order oftheir increasing energies. In
other words,electrons first occupy the lowest energy orbitalavailable to them and enter
into higher energyorbitals only after the lower energy orbitals arefilled.The number of
electrons to be filled in variousorbitals is restricted by the exclusion principle,given by
the Austrian scientist Wolfgang Pauli(1926). According to this principle : No twoelectrons
in an atom can have the sameset of four quantum numbers. Pauliexclusion principle
can also be stated as : “Onlytwo electrons may exist in the same orbitaland these
electrons must have oppositespin.” This means that the two electrons canhave the
same value of three quantum numbersn, l and ml, but must have the opposite
spinquantum number.Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity rule deals with the filling of
electrons into the orbitals belonging to the same subshell. It states : pairing ofelectrons
in the orbitals belonging to thesame subshell (p, d or f) does not take placeuntil each
orbital belonging to thatsubshell has got one electron each i.e., itis singly occupied.
The distribution of electrons into orbitals of anatom is called its electronic
configuration.If one keeps in mind the basic rules whichgovern the filling of different
atomic orbitals,the electronic configurations of different atomscan be written very
easily.The electronic configuration of differentatoms can be represented in two ways.
Forexample :
1. sa pb dc …… notation
2. Orbital diagram

i. …at a point gives the probability density of the electron at that point.
a. ψ ×2

b. −ψ
2

c. ψ

d. ψ
2

ii. Only …. electrons may exist in the same orbital and these electrons must have
opposite spin.
a. One
b. Two
c. Three
d. Four
iii. …deals with the filling of electrons into the orbitals belonging to the same
subshell.
a. Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity rule
b. Pauli’s exclusion principle
c. Aufbau principle
d. Werner Heisenberg
iv. Electrons first occupy the …. energy orbital available to them and enter into …
energy orbitals.
a. Lowest, Higher
b. Higher, Lowest
c. Middle, Higher
d. Higher, Middle

* Given Section consists of questions of 5 marks each. [50]

51. Calculate the molarity of a solution of ethanol in water, in which the mole fraction of
ethanol is 0.040 (assume the density of water to be one).

[18]
52. Pressure is determined as force per unit area of the surface. The SI unit of pressure,
Pascal is as shown below:
1Pa = 1N m–2
If mass of air at sea level is 1034g cm–2 , calculate the pressure in Pascal.

53. What volume of 0.1 M NaOH solution is required to neutralise 100ml of concentrated
aqueous sulphuric acid which contains 98% H 2 SO4 by mass. The density of
concentrated sulphuric acid solution is 1.84g ml-1 NaOH reacts with H 2 SO4 according to
the following reaction:
2NaOH + H 2 SO4 → Na 2 SO4 + 2H 2 O
(Atomic mass/ g mol-1 H = 1, S = 32, O = 16).
54. Calculate the moles of NaOH required to neutralize the solution produced by
dissolvingg 1.1gP4 O6 in water. Use the following reactions:
P4 O6 + 6H 2 O → 4H 3 PO3
2NaOH + H 3 PO3 → Na 2 HPO3 + 2H 2 O
(Atomic mass/ g mol-1 ; P = 31, O = 16)
55. A compound made up of two elements A and B has A = 70%, B = 30%. Their relative
number of moles in the compound are 1.25 and 1.88. Calculate.
i. Atomic masses of the elements A and B.
ii. Molecular formula of the compound, if its molecular mass is found to be 160.

56. i. Why is +2 oxidation state of Mn (25) quite stable, while the same is not true for
iron (26)?
ii. What is meant by dual nature of electrons? Calculate the energy and
wavelength of the photon emitted by hydrogen atom when electron makes a
transition from n = 2 to n = 1. Given that the ionisation potential is 13.6 eV.
(1eV = 1.6 × 10-19 J).

57. The longest wavelength doublet absorption transition is observed at 589 and 589.6nm.
Calcualte the frequency of each transition and energy difference between two excited
states.

58. How many neutrons and protons are there in the following nuclei?
13 16 24 56 88
C, O, Mg, Fe, Sr
06 08 12 26 38

59. ˚
The diameter of zinc atom is 2.6 A .Calculate,
a. Radius of zinc atom in pm
b. Number of atoms present in a length of 1.6cm if the zinc atoms are arranged
side by side lengthwise.
60. Calculate the wavenumber for the longest wavelength transition in the Balmer series of
atomic hydrogen.

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