LM2940

1-A LOW-DROPOUT VOLTAGE REGULATOR

www.ti.com SLVS634 – MAY 2006

FEATURES DCY (SOT-223) PACKAGE

• Dropout Voltage 0.385 V (Typ) at IO = 1 A (TOP VIEW)
• Output Current in Excess of 1 A
GND
• Output Voltage Trimmed Before Assembly
• Reverse-Battery Protection
• Internal Short-Circuit Current Limit 1 2 3
• Mirror-Image Insertion Protection

IN

GND

OUT
• Available in
– Commercial Temperature (0°C to 125°C)
– Extended Temperature (–40°C to 125°C) KTT (TO-263) PACKAGE
(TOP VIEW)
DESCRIPTION/ORDERING
INFORMATION 3 OUT

GND
The LM2940 positive-voltage regulator features the 2 GND
ability to source 1 A of output current, with a typical
dropout voltage of 0.385 V and a maximum of 1 IN
800 mV over the entire temperature range.
Furthermore, a quiescent current reduction circuit
has been included, which reduces the ground current
KCS (TO-220) PACKAGE
when the differential between the input voltage and
(TOP VIEW)
the output voltage exceeds approximately 3 V. The
quiescent current with 1 A of output current and an
input-output differential of 5 V is, therefore, only GND OUT
30 mA. Higher quiescent currents only exist when GND
the regulator is in the dropout mode (VI – VO ≤ 3 V). IN
Also designed for vehicular applications, the LM2940
and all regulated circuitry are protected from reverse
battery installations or two-battery jumps. During line
transients, such as load dump when the input
voltage can momentarily exceed the specified
maximum operating voltage, the regulator
automatically shuts down to protect both the internal
circuits and the load. The LM2940 is not harmed by
temporary mirror-image insertion. Familiar regulator
features, such as short-circuit and thermal-overload
protection, also are provided.

Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of Texas
Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet.

PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date. Copyright © 2006, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Products conform to specifications per the terms of the Texas
Instruments standard warranty. Production processing does not
necessarily include testing of all parameters.
LM2940
1-A LOW-DROPOUT VOLTAGE REGULATOR www.ti.com
SLVS634 – MAY 2006

ORDERING INFORMATION
TA VZ PACKAGE (1) ORDERABLE PART NUMBER TOP-SIDE MARKING
SOT-223 (DCY) Reel of 2500 LM2940-50CDCYR PREVIEW
5V TO-220 (KCS) Tube of 50 LM2940-50CKCSE3 LM2940-50C
TO-263 (KTT) Reel of 1000 LM2940-50CKTTR PREVIEW
SOT-223 (DCY) Reel of 2500 LM2940-80CDCYR PREVIEW
0°C to 125°C 8V TO-220 (KCS) Tube of 50 LM2940-80CKCS PREVIEW
TO-263 (KTT) Reel of 1000 LM2940-80CKTTR PREVIEW
SOT-223 (DCY) Reel of 2500 LM2940-120CDCYR PREVIEW
12 V TO-220 (KCS) Tube of 50 LM2940-120CKCS PREVIEW
TO-263 (KTT) Reel of 1000 LM2940-120CKTTR PREVIEW
SOT-223 (DCY) Reel of 2500 LM2940-50IDCYR PREVIEW
5V TO-220 (KCS) Tube of 50 LM2940-50IKCSE3 LM2940-50I
TO-263 (KTT) Reel of 1000 LM2940-50IKTTR PREVIEW
SOT-223 (DCY) Reel of 2500 LM2940-80IDCYR PREVIEW
–40°C to 125°C 8V TO-220 (KCS) Tube of 50 LM2940-80IKCS PREVIEW
TO-263 (KTT) Reel of 1000 LM2940-80IKTTR PREVIEW
SOT-223 (DCY) Reel of 2500 LM2940-120IDCYR PREVIEW
12 V TO-220 (KCS) Tube of 50 LM2940-120IKCS PREVIEW
TO-263 (KTT) Reel of 1000 LM2940-120IKTTR PREVIEW

(1) Package drawings, standard packing quantities, thermal data, symbolization, and PCB design guidelines are available at
www.ti.com/sc/package.

SIMPLIFIED SCHEMATIC
VIN

X 4X X

2 kW

350X
70X

.5X

.3X
2.5X
4X
X
.5X
VOUT

20 pF 4 pF

5.6 V 15 kW 13 kW

6 kW 19 kW
3 kW
2 kW
50 W 2.7 kW
3X 3X 4 kW
X X
X 4X

100 W 1.8 kW 2.4 kW 2.4 kW

GND

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 LM2940
www.ti.com
1-A LOW-DROPOUT VOLTAGE REGULATOR
SLVS634 – MAY 2006
(1)
Absolute Maximum Ratings
over free-air temperature range (unless otherwise noted)
MIN MAX UNIT
VI Input voltage range (2) –0.3 45 V
DCY package 52.8
θJA Package thermal impedance (3) (4) KCS package 24.8 °C/W
KTT package 25.3
TJ Operating virtual junction temperature 150 °C
Tstg Storage temperature range –65 150 °C
DCY package 4s 260
TL Maximum lead temperature, time for wave soldering KCS package 10 s 260 °C
KTT package 4s 245

(1) Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings
only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under Recommended Operating
Conditions is not implied. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
(2) If load is returned to a negative power supply, the output must be diode clamped to GND.
(3) Maximum power dissipation is a function of TJ(max), θJA, and TA. The maximum allowable power dissipation at any allowable ambient
temperature is PD = (TJ(max) – TA)/θJA. Operating at the absolute maximum TJ of 150°C can affect reliability.
(4) The package thermal impedance is calculated in accordance with JESD 51-7.

Recommended Operating Conditions

MIN MAX UNIT
VI Input voltage 26 V
Commercial temperature 0 125
TA Free-air temperature range °C
Extended temperature –40 125

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LM2940
1-A LOW-DROPOUT VOLTAGE REGULATOR www.ti.com
SLVS634 – MAY 2006

LM2940x Electrical Characteristics

VI = VO + 5 V, IO = 1 A, CO = 22 µF (unless otherwise noted)
5V 8V
PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS TA (1) UNIT
MIN TYP MAX MIN TYP MAX
5 mA ≤ IO ≤ 1 A, 25°C 4.85 5 5.15 7.76 8 8.24
VO Output voltage 5 V: 6.25 V ≤ VI ≤ 26 V, V
8 V: 9.4 V ≤ VI ≤ 26 V Full range 4.75 5.25 7.6 8.4
Line regulation VO + 2 V ≤ VI ≤ 26 V, IO = 5 mA 25°C 20 50 20 80 mV
25°C 35 50 55 80
LM2940I
Load regulation 50 mA ≤ IO ≤ 1 A Full range 80 130 mV
LM2940C 25°C 35 50 55 80
ZO Output impedance 100 mAdc, 20 mArms, fO = 120 Hz 25°C 35 55 mΩ
25°C 10 15 10 15
VO + 2 V ≤ VI ≤ 26 V, LM2940I
Full range 20 20
IO = 5 mA
IQ Quiescent current LM2940C 25°C 10 15 10 15 mA
25°C 30 45 30 45
VI = VO + 5 V, IO = 1 A
Full range 60 60
Output noise
Vn fO = 10 Hz to 100 kHz, IO = 5 mA 25°C 150 240 µVrms
voltage
25°C 60 72 54 66
fO = 120 Hz, 1 Vrms, LM2940I
Ripple rejection Full range 54 48 dB
IO = 100 mA
LM2940C 25°C 60 72 54 66
mV/
Long-term stability 25°C 20 32
1000 h
25°C 385 500 385 500
IO = 1 A
Full range 800 800
25°C 250 300
VI – VO Dropout voltage IO = 500 mA mV
Full range 600
25°C 110 150
IO = 100 mA
Full range 200
IO(MAX) Short-circuit current 25°C 1.6 1.9 1.6 1.9 A
RO = 100 Ω, 25°C 60 75 60 75
Maximum line LM2940I
t ≤ 100 ms Full range 60 60 V
transient
RO = 100 Ω, t ≤ 1 ms LM2940C 25°C 45 55 45 55
25°C –15 –30 –15 –30
Reverse polarity LM2940I
RO = 100 Ω Full range –15 –15 V
dc input voltage
LM2940C 25°C –15 –30 –15 –30
RO = 100 Ω, 25°C –50 –75 –50 –75
LM2940I
Reverse polarity t ≤ 100 ms Full range –50 –50
transient input V
voltage 25°C –45 –55 –50 –50
RO = 100 Ω, t ≤ 1 ms LM2940C
Full range –45 –50

(1) Full range TA is –40°C to 125°C for the LM2940I and 0°C to 125°C for the LM2940C.

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 LM2940
www.ti.com
1-A LOW-DROPOUT VOLTAGE REGULATOR
SLVS634 – MAY 2006

LM2940x Electrical Characteristics

VI = VO + 5 V, IO = 1 A, CO = 22 µF (unless otherwise noted)
12 V
PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS TA (1) UNIT
MIN TYP MAX
5 mA ≤ IO ≤ 1 A, 25°C 11.64 12 12.36
VO Output voltage 9 V: 10.5 V ≤ VI ≤ 26 V, V
12 V: 13.6 V ≤ VI ≤ 26 V Full range 11.4 12.6
Line regulation VO + 2 V ≤ VI ≤ 26 V, IO = 5 mA 25°C 20 120 mV
25°C 55 120
LM2940I
Load regulation 50 mA ≤ IO ≤ 1 A Full range 200 mV
LM2940C 25°C 55 120
ZO Output impedance 100 mAdc, 20 mArms, fO = 120 Hz 25°C 80 mΩ
25°C 10 15
VO + 2 V ≤ VI ≤ 26 V, LM2940I
Full range 20
IO = 5 mA
IQ Quiescent current LM2940C 25°C 10 15 mA
25°C 30 45
VI = VO + 5 V, IO = 1 A
Full range 60
Vn Output noise voltage fO = 10 Hz to 100 kHz, IO = 5 mA 25°C 360 µVrms
25°C 54 66
fO = 120 Hz, 1 Vrms, LM2940I
Ripple rejection Full range 48 dB
IO = 100 mA
LM2940C 25°C 54 66
mV/
Long-term stability 25°C 48
1000 h
25°C 400 500
IO = 1 A
Full range 800
VI – VO Dropout voltage mV
25°C 110 150
IO = 100 mA
Full range 200
IO(MAX) Short-circuit current 25°C 1.6 1.9 A
25°C 60 75
RO = 100 Ω, t ≤ 100 ms LM2940I
Maximum line transient Full range 60 V
RO = 100 Ω, t ≤ 1 ms LM2940C 25°C 45 55
25°C –15 –30
Reverse polarity LM2940I
RO = 100 Ω Full range –15 V
dc input voltage
LM2940C 25°C –15 –30
25°C –50 –75
RO = 100 Ω, t ≤ 100 ms LM2940I
Reverse polarity transient input Full range –50
V
voltage 25°C –45 –55
RO = 100 Ω, t ≤ 1 ms LM2940C
Full range –45

(1) Full range TA is –40°C to 125°C for the LM2940I and 0°C to 125°C for the LM2940C.

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LM2940
1-A LOW-DROPOUT VOLTAGE REGULATOR www.ti.com
SLVS634 – MAY 2006

TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS

DROPOUT VOLTAGE DROPOUT VOLTAGE

vs vs
OUTPUT CURRENT TEMPERATURE

500 600
550
450
500

(V I – V O) – Dropout Voltage – mV
(V I – V O) – Dropout Voltage – mV

400
450
350 IO = 1 A
400
300 350
300
250
250
200
200
150 150 IO = 100 mA
100 100

50 50
0
0
-40 -25 -10 5 20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
TA – Air Temperature – °C
IO – Output Current – A

OUTPUT VOLTAGE QUIESCENT CURRENT

vs vs
TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE

5.5 40
IO = 5 mA VI = VO + 5 V
5.4
VO = 5 V 35
5.3
IQ – Quiescent Current – mA

30
VO – Output Voltage – V

5.2
25 IO = 1 A
5.1

5 20

4.9
15
IO = 500 mA
4.8
10
4.7
5
4.6 IO = 10 mA

4.5 0
-40 -25 -10 5 20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125 -40 -25 -10 5 20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125

TA – Temperature – °C TA – Temperature – °C

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 LM2940
www.ti.com
1-A LOW-DROPOUT VOLTAGE REGULATOR
SLVS634 – MAY 2006

TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)

QUIESCENT CURRENT QUIESCENT CURRENT

vs vs
INPUT VOLTAGE LOAD CURRENT

100 40
VO = 5 V VI = 10 V
90
35 VO = 5 V
80 TJ = 25°C
IQ – Quiescent Current – mA

IQ – Quiescent Current – mA
30
70
25
60

50 IO = 1 A 20

40 IO = 500 mA 15
30 IO = 100 mA
10
20
5
10

0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

VI – Input Voltage – V IL – Load Current – A

LINE TRANSIENT RESPONSE LOAD TRANSIENT RESPONSE

40 18 0.5 5.6
0.4 VI = 10 V 5.2
VI = 10 V
30 16 0.3 VO = 5 V 4.8
VO = 5 V
0.2 CO = 22 µF 4.4
Output Voltage Deviation – mV

Output Voltage Deviation – V

20 IO = 0 mA 14 Output Voltage
Input Voltage Transient – V

Output Voltage 0.1 4

10 12 0 3.6

Load Current – A
-0.1 3.2
0 10 -0.2 2.8
-0.3 2.4
-10 8
-0.4 2
-20 6 -0.5 1.6
Load Current
Input Voltage -0.6 1.2
-30 4 -0.7 0.8
-0.8 0.4
-40 2
-0.9 0
-50 0 -1 -0.4
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

t – Time – µs t – Time – µs

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LM2940
1-A LOW-DROPOUT VOLTAGE REGULATOR www.ti.com
SLVS634 – MAY 2006

TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)

RIPPLE REJECTION LOW-VOLTAGE BEHAVIOR

vs OUTPUT VOLTAGE
FREQUENCY vs
INPUT VOLTAGE

110 6
VI = 10 V
100 5.5 IO = 1 A
CO = 22 µF TJ = 25°C
90 Vripple = 1 Vrms 5 VO = 5 V
80 IO = 10 mA

VO – Output Voltage – V
Ripple Rejection – dB

4.5
70
4
60
3.5
50 IO = 100 mA
40 3

30 2.5

20 2
10 1.5
0
1
10 100 1k
1000 10k
10000 100k
100000 1M
1000000
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
f – Frequency – Hz
VI – Input Voltage – V

OUTPUT AT VOLTAGE EXTREMES SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT

OUTPUT VOLTAGE vs
vs TEMPERATURE
INPUT VOLTAGE

10 5
RL = 100 Ω VI – VO = 10 V
9 4.5
VO = 5V
8
4
IO – Short-Circuit Current – A

7
VO – Output Voltage – V

3.5
6
5 3

4 2.5
3 2
2
1.5
1
1
0
-1 0.5

-2 0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 -40 -25 -10 5 20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125

VI – Input Voltage – V TA – Temperature – °C

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 LM2940
www.ti.com
1-A LOW-DROPOUT VOLTAGE REGULATOR
SLVS634 – MAY 2006

TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)

OUTPUT IMPEDANCE
vs
FREQUENCY

10
VI = 10 V
CO = 22 µF

ZO – Output Impedance – Ω
IO = 10 mA
Vripple = 1 VPP
1

0.1

0.01
10
1.E+01 100
1.E+02 1k
1.E+03 10k
1.E+04 100k
1.E+05 1M
1.E+06
f – Frequency – Hz

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LM2940
1-A LOW-DROPOUT VOLTAGE REGULATOR www.ti.com
SLVS634 – MAY 2006

APPLICATION INFORMATION

Typical Application
Figure 1 shows a typical circuit configuration for the LM2940.
VI VO
LM2940
Unregulated Input Regulated Output
C1 CO
0.47 µF IQ 22 µF
(see Note A) (see Note B)

A. Required in regulator if located far from power-supply filter

B. CO must be at least 22 µF to maintain stability. May be increased without bound to maintain regulation during
transients. Locate as close as possible to the regulator. This capacitor must be rated over the same operating
temperature range as the regulator, and proper ESR is critical.

Figure 1. Typical Application Circuit

External Capacitors
The output capacitor is critical to maintaining regulator stability and must meet the required conditions for both
equivalent series resistance (ESR) and minimum capacitance.

Minimum Capacitance
The minimum output capacitance required to maintain stability is 22 µF (this value may be increased without
limit). Larger values of output capacitance give improved transient response.

ESR Limits
The ESR of the output capacitor causes loop instability if it is too high or too low. The acceptable range of ESR
plotted versus load current is shown in Typical Characteristics. It is essential that the output capacitor meet
these requirements, or oscillations can result.
It is important to note that for most capacitors, ESR is specified only at room temperature. However, the
designer must ensure that the ESR stays inside the limits shown over the entire operating range for the design.
For aluminum electrolytic capacitors, ESR can increase by about 30 times as the temperature is reduced from
25°C to –40°C. This type of capacitor is not well suited for low-temperature operation.
Solid tantalum capacitors have a more stable ESR over temperature, but are more expensive than aluminum
electrolytics. A cost-effective approach sometimes used is to parallel an aluminum electrolytic with a solid
tantalum, with the total capacitance split about 75%/25% with the aluminum being the larger value.
If two capacitors are paralleled, the effective ESR is the parallel of the two individual values. The flatter ESR or
the tantalum keeps the effective ESR from rising as quickly at low temperatures.
ESR – Equivalent Series Resistance – Ω

100
CO = 22 µF
VO = 5 V
10

Stable Region

0.1

0.01
0 200 400 600 800 1000
IO – Output Current – mA

Figure 2. Output Capacitor ESR

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1-A LOW-DROPOUT VOLTAGE REGULATOR
SLVS634 – MAY 2006

APPLICATION INFORMATION (continued)

Heatsinking
A heatsink may be required, depending on the maximum power dissipation and maximum ambient temperature
of the application. Under all possible operating conditions, the junction temperature must be within the range
specified under absolute maximum ratings.
To determine if a heatsink is required, the power dissipated by the regulator, PD, must be calculated.
Figure 3 shows the voltages and currents that are present in the circuit, as well as the formula for calculating the
power dissipated in the regulator.
IIN
VOUT
VIN IN OUT
IL

GND LOAD

IG

II = IL + IG
PD = (VIN – VOUT)IL + (VIN)IG

Figure 3. Power Dissipation

The next parameter that must be calculated is the maximum allowable temperature rise, TR(max). This is
calculated using the formula:
TR(max) = TJ(max) – TA(max)
Where
TJ(max) is the maximum allowable junction temperature, which is 125°C for commercial parts.
TA(max) is the maximum ambient temperature encountered in the application.
Using the calculated valued for TR(max) and PD, the maximum allowable value for the junction-to-ambient
thermal resistance, θJA, now can be found:
θJA = TR(max) ÷ PD

NOTE:
If the maximum allowable value for θJA is found to be ≥53°C/W for the TO-220
package, ≥80°C/W for the TO-263 package, or ≥174°C/W for the SOT-223 package,
no heatsink is needed, because the package alone dissipates enough heat to satisfy
these requirements.
If the calculated value for θJA falls below these limits, a heatsink is required.

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LM2940
1-A LOW-DROPOUT VOLTAGE REGULATOR www.ti.com
SLVS634 – MAY 2006

APPLICATION INFORMATION (continued)

Heatsinking TO-220 Package Parts
The SOT-223 can be attached to a typical heatsink or secured to a copper plane on a PC board. If a copper
plane is use, the values of θJA are the same as shown in under Heatsinking TO-263 and SOT-223 Package
Parts.
If a manufactured heatsink is selected, the value of heatsink-to-ambient thermal resistance, θHA, must be
calculated:
θHA = θJA – θCH – θJC
Where
θJC is defined as the thermal resistance from the junction to the surface of the case. A value of 3°C/W can
be assumed for θJC for this calculation.
θCH is defined as the thermal resistance between the case and the surface of the heatsink. The value of θCH
varies from about 1.5°C/W to about 2.5°C/W, depending on the method of attachment, insulator, etc. If the
exact value is unknown, 2°C/W should be assumed for θCH.

Heatsinking TO-263 and SOT-223 Package Parts

Both the TO-263 and SOT-223 packages use a copper plane on the PCB and the PCB itself as a heatsink. To
optimize the heatsinking ability of the plane and PCB, solder the tab of the package to the plane.
Figure 4 shows the measured values of θJA for the TO-263 for different copper area sizes using a typical PCB
with 1-oz copper and no solder mask over the copper area used for heatsinking.
qJA – Thermal Resistance – °C/W

80

70

60

50

40

30
0 1 2 3
2
Copper Foil Area – in

Figure 4. θJA vs Copper (1 oz) Area for TO-263 Package

As shown in Figure 4, increasing the copper area beyond 1 in2 produces very little improvement. It should also
be observed that the minimum value of θJA for the TO-263 package mounted to a PCB is 32°C/W.
As a design aid, Figure 5 shows the maximum allowable power dissipation compared to ambient temperature for
the TO-263 device, assuming θJA is 35°C/W and the maximum junction temperature is 125°C.

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1-A LOW-DROPOUT VOLTAGE REGULATOR
SLVS634 – MAY 2006

APPLICATION INFORMATION (continued)

PD – Maximum Power Dissipation – W

5

2
TO-263 Package
1 PCB Mount
1-in2 Copper
0
-40 -25 25 75 125
TA – Ambient Temperature – °C

Figure 5. Maximum Power Dissipation vs Ambient Temperature for TO-263 Package

Figure 6 and Figure 7 show the information for the SOT-223 package. Figure 7 assumes a θJA of 74°C/W for
1-oz copper, 51°C/W for 2-oz copper, and a maximum junction temperature of 125°C.
qJA – Thermal Resistance – °C/W

200

170

140

110

80

50
0 1 2 3
2
Copper Foil Area – in

Figure 6. θJA vs Copper (2 oz) Area for SOT-223 Package

PD – Maximum Power Dissipation – W

5 SOT-223 Package
PCB Mount
2
4 1-in Copper

3 2-oz Copper

1 1-oz Copper

0
-40 -25 25 75 125
TA – Ambient Temperature – °C

Figure 7. Maximum Power Dissipation vs Ambient Temperature for SOT-223 Package

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