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SECTION 2-3 REVIEW

S OLUTIONS
VOCABULARY REVIEW Define the following terms.

1. solvent

2. aqueous solution

3. hydroxide ion

4. base

5. buffer
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MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank.

1. The concentration of a solution is the measurement of the amount of

a. acid dissolved in a fixed amount c. solute dissolved in a fixed amount of
of base. the solution.
b. solvent dissolved in a fixed amount d. solvent dissolved in a fixed amount
of the solution. of the solute.

2. When water dissociates, it forms

a. H1 ions and H2O. c. H1 ions and H3O1 ions.
b. H1 ions and OH2 ions. d. OH1 ions and H3O2 ions.

3. An acid is a solution with more

a. hydronium ions than hydroxide ions. c. sodium ions than hydroxide ions.
b. hydroxide ions than hydronium ions. d. hydroxide ions than sodium ions.

4. An example of a base is
a. pure water. b. vinegar. c. ammonia. d. urine.

5. A solution with a pH above 7 is

a. logarithmic. b. neutral. c. acidic. d. alkaline.

Modern Biology Study Guide 13

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SHORT ANSWER Answer the questions in the space provided.

1. What are solutions?

What states of matter can solutions be composed of?

2. How much sugar is there in 100 mL of a 10 percent aqueous sugar solution?

What is the solvent in this solution?

3. What are the relative numbers of H3O1 and OH2 ions in an acidic, an alkaline, and a neutral solution?

4. How many times more hydroxide ions are there in a solution with a pH of 9 than in a solution

with a pH of 3?

5. How are buffers important to the functioning of living systems?

6. Critical Thinking If a solution has a pH of 7.5, what would its new pH be if the concentration

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of H3O1 ions in the solution were increased by 100 times? Explain your reasoning.

STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS In the space below each solution, indicate whether that
solution is acidic, alkaline, or neutral.

The diagrams below represent three solutions with different relative amounts of hydronium and
hydroxide ions.

Hydronium ion
Hydroxide ion

a b c

14 Section 2-3 Review

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Section 1-4 Section 2-2
VOCABULARY REVIEW VOCABULARY REVIEW
1. Light electron does not belong; the other three are 1. Free energy is the energy in a system that is avail-
types of microscopes. able for work; activation energy is the amount of
2. Base unit does not belong; the other three are energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
parts of a light microscope. 2. Exergonic reactions involve a net release of free
3. Mass density does not belong; the other three are energy; endergonic reactions involve a net absorp-
characteristics of microscopes. tion of free energy.
4. Minute does not belong; the other three are SI base 3. In an oxidation reaction, a reactant loses one or
units. more electrons; in a reduction reaction, a reactant
5. Meter does not belong; the other three are SI gains one or more electrons.
derived units.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. b 2. c 3. d 4. a 5. b
1. d 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. c
SHORT ANSWER
SHORT ANSWER 1. Reactants: C12H22O11, H2O, Products: C6H12O6, C6H12O6
1. light source, specimen, objective lens, body tube, 2. By reducing the activation energy that is needed
ocular lens for a reaction, a catalyst allows the reaction to
2. LM, about 2,000×; TEM, 200,000×; SEM, 100,000× proceed spontaneously or with the addition of a
3. m, km, cm, mm, µm. 1 km = 1,000 m; 1 cm = 0.01 m; small amount of energy.
1 mm = 0.001 m; 1 µm = 0.000001 m 3. It indicates that the reaction can proceed in either
4. They should use a TEM, since it has the magnifica- the forward or the reverse direction.
tion necessary to view viruses and, unlike an SEM, 4. Cl is reduced; Na is oxidized.
can reveal structures that are inside cells. 5. The reaction proceeds slowly because the activa-
tion energy is high. An enzyme or other catalyst is
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS needed to lower the activation energy and speed
a, ocular lens; b, body tube; c, nosepiece; up the reaction.
d, objective lenses; e, stage; f, light source
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
1. energy needed without a catalyst 2. energy need-
Section 2-1 ed with a catalyst 3. The reaction is exergonic
VOCABULARY REVIEW because there is a net release of energy.
1. An atom is the simplest particle of an element that
retains all of the properties of that element.
2. A neutron is a nuclear particle that has no elec-
Section 2-3
trical charge. VOCABULARY REVIEW
3. A compound is a pure substance that is made up 1. A solvent is a substance in which a solute is
of atoms of two or more elements. dissolved.

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4. A covalent bond is an attachment between two 2. An aqueous solution is a solution in which water
atoms that share one or more pairs of electrons. is the solvent.
5. An ion is an atom or molecule with an electrical 3. A hydroxide ion is a negatively charged ion con-
charge. sisting of one oxygen atom and one hydrogen
atom, OH–.
MULTIPLE CHOICE 4. A base is a solution that contains more hydroxide
1. b 2. a 3. d 4. c 5. a ions than hydronium ions.
5. A buffer is a chemical substance that neutralizes
SHORT ANSWER
small amounts of either an acid or a base added to
1. Mass is the quantity of matter an object has, while a solution.
weight is a measure of the pull of gravity on mass.
2. BO2, 1 boron and 2 oxygen atoms; C6H12O6, MULTIPLE CHOICE
6 carbon, 12 hydrogen, and 6 oxygen atoms; KCl, 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. d
1 potassium and 1 chlorine atom; NH3, 1 nitrogen
and 3 hydrogen atoms SHORT ANSWER
3. The oxygen atoms share two pairs of electrons, 1. Solutions are mixtures in which one or more sub-
since each atom needs two more electrons to fill stances are uniformly distributed in another sub-
its outermost energy level. stance. Solutions can be composed of liquids,
4. Argon will not tend to form bonds with other el- solids, or gases.
ements. With an atomic number of 18, argon must 2. The solution contains 10 g of sugar, and the sol-
have 18 electrons: 2 in the first energy level, 8 in vent is water.
the second, and 8 in the third. Since its outermost 3. Acidic: more H3O1 ions than OH– ions. Alkaline:
energy level is filled, argon is chemically stable. more OH2 ions than H3O1 ions. Neutral: equal
number of H3O1 and OH2 ions.
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS 4. The solution with a pH of 9 has 106, or 1,000,000,
a, carbon (two electrons in inner energy level, times more hydroxide ions.
four electrons in outer energy level); b, helium 5. By neutralizing small amounts of acid or base that
(two electrons in energy level); c, sulfur (two electrons may be added to a solution, buffers keep pH
in inner energy level, eight electrons in middle energy values at normal and safe levels. The control of
level, six electrons in outer energy level) pH is essential for the function of enzymes.

2 Modern Biology Study Guide Answer Key

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1
6. Since a tenfold increase in H3O ion concentration 4. A monomer is a simple molecule that can bond to
reflects a decrease of one pH unit, a 100-fold others of its kind to form more complex mol-
increase in concentration reflects a decrease of ecules. Examples: glucose, fructose.
two pH units. Therefore, the new pH would be 5.5. 5. A polymer is a complex molecule that consists of
repeated, linked units. Example: sucrose.
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
1. a, alkaline; b, neutral; c, acidic MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. a 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. d

Section 3-1 SHORT ANSWER

VOCABULARY REVIEW 1. The hydroxyl group on alcohols is polar, and this
makes alcohols polar compounds. Alcohols can
1. A polar compound is one with an uneven distribu-
therefore form hydrogen bonds.
tion of positive and negative charges.
2. carbon atom, monomer, polymer, macromolecule
2. A hydrogen bond is an attraction between a
3. The glucose molecule releases a hydroxide ion,
hydrogen atom in one molecule and a region of
OH2, and the fructose molecule releases a
negative charge on another molecule.
hydrogen ion, H1. These two ions combine to
3. Cohesion is an attractive force between particles
produce water, H2O.
of the same kind.
4. The hydrolysis products are ADP and inorganic
4. Adhesion is an attractive force between unlike
phosphate. Energy is released.
substances.
5. With seven electrons in its outermost energy level,
MULTIPLE CHOICE carbon could not form double or triple bonds with
1. b 2. a 3. c 4. d 5. d other atoms, so far fewer organic compounds
could be formed.
SHORT ANSWER
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
1. Water’s polar nature allows it to dissolve other
polar substances as well as ionic compounds. 1. Forward reaction: reactants, glucose and fructose;
2. Any molecule that has a region of negative charge products, sucrose and H2O. 2. condensation
or a hydrogen atom with a slight positive charge reaction 3. Reverse reaction: reactants,
can be involved in hydrogen bonding. sucrose and H2O; products, glucose and fructose.
3. Adhesion allows water to stick to a dry surface. 4. hydrolysis
4. Because of its hydrogen bonds, water must gain or
lose a relatively large amount of energy for its tem-
perature to change. It therefore tends to resist
Section 3-3
temperature changes. VOCABULARY REVIEW
5. Cohesive forces cause the water molecules in each 1. A monosaccharide is a simple sugar containing
drop to move as close as possible to one another, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1;
making the drop round. a polysaccharide is a complex molecule composed
6. It suggests that the substances are most often of three or more monosaccharides.
polar molecules or ionic compounds. 2. Hydrophilic means “water-loving,” or attracted to
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water; hydrophobic means “water-fearing,” or

STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS tending not to interact with water molecules.
Drawings should show two water molecules below and 3. A nucleotide is a compound containing a phos-
one above the central water molecule. The molecules phate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a ring-
below should have their H atoms facing away from the shaped nitrogen base; a nucleic acid is a very
central molecule, and the molecule above should have large polymer of nucleotides.
one of its H atoms pointing toward the central mol-
ecule. Dashed lines should be drawn between each MULTIPLE CHOICE
H atom in the central molecule and the O atom in each 1. c 2. a 3. d 4. b 5. d
of the lower water molecules, and between the O atom
SHORT ANSWER
in the central molecule and the nearer H atom in the
upper water molecule. 1. The storage form is glycogen, and the quick-energy
form is glucose. Glycogen consists of hundreds
of glucose molecules linked in a highly
Section 3-2 branched chain.
VOCABULARY REVIEW 2. Starch, 1; proteins, 20; nucleic acids, 4.
3. Phospholipid composes most of the cell mem-
1. An organic compound is a compound containing
brane. The hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids
carbon atoms covalently bonded to other carbon
provide a barrier between the inside and outside
atoms and to other elements. Examples: any
of the cell.
carbon-containing compound, such as benzene,
4. Steroids are lipids. Examples: testosterone and
ethanol, glycerol, glucose, fructose, sucrose, ATP,
cholesterol.
and ADP.
5. Wax serves as a waterproof layer, limiting
2. A functional group is a cluster of atoms in a com-
water loss and preventing insects from
pound that influences the properties of that com-
drying out.
pound. Examples: hydroxyl group, phosphate
group. STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
3. An alcohol is an organic compound with a 1. a, substrate; b, enzyme; c, products
hydroxyl group attached to one of its carbon
atoms. Examples: ethanol, methanol, glycerol.

Modern Biology Study Guide Answer Key 3