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4.1 DEFORMATION OF HARDENED CONCRETE

● It is a stress strain relationship under normal
loading and under sustained loading.
CHAPTER 4
PROPERTIES OF HARDENED
CONCRETE

Different type of deformation

DEFORMATION OF HARDENED CONCRETE
Stress Stress

●Under normal loading: the first effect of applying a

load to concrete is to produce an elastic
deformation i.e. as the load increases deformation
increases.
Strain Strain
●Under sustained loading: the continue application
of stress causes a slow increase in deformation
Stress Stress known as creep.
●at moderate and high stress the behavior of
concrete is non linear and inelastic

Strain
Strain

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DEFORMATION OF HARDENED CONCRETE DEFORMATION OF HARDENED CONCRETE

DEFORMATION OF HARDENED CONCRETE MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

● Slope of the relationship between stress and strain is called
modulus of elasticity

● For concrete we have 4 modulus of elasticity namely:

○ Initial tangent modulus
○ Tangent modulus
○ Secant modulus
○ chord modulus
● Since concrete is not a linearly elastic material, the slope of
stress-strain curve changes at every point. That's why 3 different
modulus are defined for concrete.

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MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
● Tangent modulus at a given stress: It is the inclination of a
●Initial tangent modulus: It is given by the inclination of a tangent line of the stress-strain diagram at any given stress. It is
tangent line at the origin of the stress-strain diagram. It is used to used to simulate the structure to loading or unloading at different
loading stages.
characterize concrete deflections at very low stresses.

Stress Stress

Strain Strain

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

● Secant modulus: It is given by the inclination of a secant ● Chord modulus: the slope of chord between any two
line obtained by joining origin to a point on the curve points is chord modulus
corresponding to 40% stress of the ultimate strength.
● the most commonly used static modulus is secant modulus
Stress
Stress
Ultimate stress

40% of
ultimate
stress

Strain Strain

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Stress
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

Strain

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY 4.2 SHRINKAGE AND CREEP

● Flexural modulus of elasticity
○ flexural modulus of elasticity can be determined from ● Creep: under sustained loading the concrete strain
the deflection test on loaded beam increases and is known as creep
P
P

Δ Δ Stress Strain

Δ=PL3/(48EI) Δ=PL3/(3EI)

E=PL3/(48ΔI) E=PL3/(3ΔI)

Time
Time

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SHRINKAGE AND CREEP SHRINKAGE AND CREEP

● Creep is time dependent deformations of concrete under ● Factors Affecting Creep:

permanent loads (self weight)
○ Concrete mix proportion
● When concrete is subjected to compressive loading it deforms ○ Aggregate properties
instantaneously. This immediate deformation is called
○ Age at loading
instantaneous strain.
○ Curing conditions
● Now, if the load is maintained for a considerable period of time,
○ Cement properties
concrete undergoes additional deformations even without any
increase in the load. This time-dependent strain is termed as ○ Temperature
creep. ○ Stress level

SHRINKAGE AND CREEP

SHRINKAGE AND CREEP
Shrinkage Of Concrete:
● The volumetric changes of concrete structures due to the
loss of moisture by evaporation is known as concrete
shrinkage or shrinkage of concrete.
● It is a time-dependent deformation which reduces the
volume of concrete without the impact of external forces.

Stress Strain

No Stress

Time
Time

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SHRINKAGE AND CREEP SHRINKAGE AND CREEP

➔ Types of shrinkage:
➔ Factors Affecting Shrinkage : ● Plastic Shrinkage
● Drying conditions ● Drying Shrinkage
● Time ● Autogenous Shrinkage
● Water cement ratio ● Carbonation Shrinkage

SHRINKAGE AND CREEP SHRINKAGE AND CREEP

1.Plastic shrinkage:
● Plastic shrinkage happens soon after the concrete is poured in the forms. 2.Drying shrinkage:

● The water evaporates and results in a reduction of volume, this causes the ● Just as the hydration of cement is an ever lasting process, the drying
shrinkage is also an everlasting process when concrete is subjected to
concrete on the surface to collapse. drying conditions.
● The aggregate particles or the reinforcement comes in the way of ● The loss of free water contained in hardened concrete, does not result in
subsidence due to which cracks may appear at the surface or internally any appreciable dimension change.
around the aggregate or reinforcement ● It is the loss of water held in gel pores that causes the change in the
volume
● High water/cement ratio, badly proportioned concrete, rapid drying, greater
● Under drying conditions, the gel water is lost progressively over a long
bleeding, unintended vibration etc. are some of the reasons for plastic time, as long as the concrete is kept in drying conditions.
shrinkage.
● The magnitude of drying shrinkage is also a function of the fineness of
● Plastic shrinkage can be reduced mainly by preventing the rapid loss of gel.
water from surface. ● The finer the gel the more is the shrinkage.
● It can be reduced by covering the surface with polyethylene sheeting ● It has been pointed out earlier that the high pressure steam cured
concrete with low specific surface of gel, shrinks much less than that of
immediately after it is poured. normally cured cement gel

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SHRINKAGE AND CREEP

SHRINKAGE AND CREEP
4.Carbonation shrinkage:
● Carbonation shrinkage is a phenomenon very recently recognized and is very
3.Autogenous shrinkage: important.
● In a conservative system i.e. where no moisture movement to or from ● Carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere reacts in the presence of water with
hydrated cement.
the paste is permitted, when temperature is constant some shrinkage
● Calcium hydroxide gets converted to calcium carbonate and also some other
may occur. The shrinkage of such a conservative system is known as cement compounds are decomposed.
autogenous shrinkage. ● Such a complete decomposition of calcium compound in hydrated cement is
● Autogenous shrinkage is of minor importance and is not applicable in chemically possible even at the low pressure of carbon dioxide in normal
atmosphere.
practice to many situations except that of mass of concrete in the
● Carbonation penetrates beyond the exposed surface of concrete only very slowly.
interior of a concrete dam.
● The rate of penetration of carbon dioxide depends also on the moisture content of
the concrete and the relative humidity of the ambient medium
● Carbonation is accompanied by an increase in weight of the concrete and by
shrinkage.
● Carbonation shrinkage is probably caused by the dissolution of crystals of calcium
hydroxide and deposition of calcium carbonate in its place.
● As the new product is less in volume than the product replaced, shrinkage takes
place.

SHRINKAGE AND CREEP SHRINKAGE AND CREEP

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4.3 FATIGUE, IMPACT AND DYNAMIC LOADING

FATIGUE
Fatigue:
● Numerous structural applications, such as bridge decks and pavements,
concrete members are subjected to repeated applications of load at a
level below the ultimate strength of the concrete.

● Like most materials, concrete exhibits fatigue behaviour, that is, when
subjected to cyclic loading of a given level but below its short-term static
strength, it will eventually fail.

● Fatigue strength is the greatest stress that can be sustained for a given
number of stress cycles without failure.

● The maximum and minimum values of repeated value in a cycle of

loading may be of the same sign or of opposite sign.

IMPACT STRENGTH IMPACT STRENGTH

● Impact strength is based on ability of specimen to withstand repeated

blows and absorb energy.

● There is not unique relation between impact strength and static

compressive strength. For instance, the number of blows which the
concrete can withstand before reaching the no-rebound condition
indicates a definite state of damage.

● In impact test, no redistribution of stress is possible during the very

short period of deformation

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4.4 EFFECT OF POROSITY, WATER-CEMENT

RATIO AND AGGREGATE SIZE Compressive
strength

● EFFECT OF POROSITY

The hydrated cement paste contains several types of pores which

have an important influence on its properties:

○ Gel pores (interlayer space in C-S-H)

○ Capillary pores

○ Air voids

Porosity

EFFECT OF POROSITY, WATER-CEMENT RATIO AND EFFECT OF POROSITY, WATER-CEMENT RATIO AND
AGGREGATE SIZE AGGREGATE SIZE

Gel pores: Capillary pores:

● Capillary pores represent the space not filled by the solid components of
● Gel pores are very small (about 2 nm in diameter) and the volume of gel
the hydrated cement paste.
water is about 28% of the cement gel.
● Capillary pores are much larger than gel pores (diameter about 1 mm).
● The pore size is too small to have an adverse effect on the strength and ● For fully hydrated cement with no excess water above that required for
permeability of the hydrated cement paste. hydration, capillary pores is about 18.5% of the original volume of dry

● ‘Gel Water’ can be held by hydrogen bonding, and its removal under cement. These pores can be empty or full of water, depending on the

certain conditions may contribute to drying shrinkage and creep. amount of water in the mix.
● When cement is partly hydrated, the cement paste contains an
interconnected system of capillary pores. The effect of this is a lower
strength and, through increased permeability, a higher vulnerability to
freezing and thawing and to chemical attacks.

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EFFECT OF POROSITY, WATER-CEMENT RATIO AND

EFFECT OF POROSITY, WATER-CEMENT RATIO AND AGGREGATE SIZE
AGGREGATE SIZE
●
Air Voids:

● Air voids are generally spherical. A small amount of air usually gets
trapped in cement paste during concrete mixing.

● There are two types of air voids:

(i) Entrapped air voids (may be as large as 3 mm) and

(ii) Entrained air voids (usually range from 50 to 200 μm).

● Both these voids in hydrated cement paste are much bigger than
capillary voids and are capable of adversely affecting the concrete.

EFFECT OF POROSITY, WATER-CEMENT RATIO AND

AGGREGATE SIZE 4.5 EFFECT OF GEL SPACE RATIO IN CONCRETE

Effect Of Aggregate Size: ● Since concrete is a brittle material, its porosity primarily governs
● The larger maximum size aggregates gives lower surface area for its strength. The compressive strength is found to be severely
developments of gel bonds which is responsible for the lower strength of decreasing with increase in the porosity.
the concrete. ● The porosity of concrete which governs the strength of concrete
● Secondly bigger aggregate size causes a more heterogeneity in the is affected by the gel/space ratio in concrete.
concrete which will prevent the uniform distribution of load when stressed. ● The gel/space ratio is the ratio of the solid products of hydration
● When large size aggregate is used, due to internal bleeding, the transition to the space available for these hydration products.
zone will become much weaker due to the development of micro cracks ● A higher gel/space ratio reduces the porosity and therefore
which results in lower compressive strength.
increases the strength of concrete.

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EFFECT OF GEL SPACE RATIO IN CONCRETE EFFECT OF GEL SPACE RATIO IN CONCRETE

● Power’s experiment showed that the strength of concrete

● The gel/space ratio, which governs the porosity of
bears a specific relationship with the gel/space ratio.
concrete affecting its strength, is affected by the
● He found the relationship to be 240 X3, where X is the
water/cement ratio of concrete.
gel/space ratio and 240 represents the intrinsic strength of
● A higher water/cement ratio decreases the gel/space ratio
the gel in MPa for the type of cement and specimen used.
increasing the porosity thereby decreases the strength of
concrete.

EFFECT OF GEL SPACE RATIO IN CONCRETE

uA sample of concrete is prepared by using 500 g of
Compressive
cement with water cement ratio of 0.55 and 240 N/mm
2 strength
intrinsic strength of gel. What will be the gel space ratio
and theoretical strength of concrete on
● a.full hydration?
● b.50% hydration?

Gel space ratio

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