GUC

MATH103
For Engineering
Winter 2023

Lecture # 5
Chapter 1
Basics: Types of functions
1
 Types of Functions
1. Polynomials.
2. Rational function.
3. Absolute value function “Modulus”.
4. Square root function “radicals”.
5. Exponential function.
6. Logarithmic function.
7. Trigonometric functions. & their inverse functions
8. Hyperbolic functions. & their inverse functions
4
 Inverse trigonometric functions
(1) The Inverse sine function
sin-1(x) “arcsin x” “it is an angle in the 1st or 4th quad”
 
Sin-1(x) is the
s in − 1 (s in x ) = x , −  x
angle whose
2 2
sine is x s in(s in − 1 x ) = x , −1  x  1

Now, Sin(x) has an

inverse because it
is 1-1 on the new
domain

By a property
of the inverse
function

− 1
I f y = s in x T he n x = s in y

5
5
 (2) The Inverse cosine function
cos-1(x) “arccos x” “it is an angle in the 1st or 2nd quad”

c o s − 1 (c o s x ) = x , 0 x
c o s (c o s − 1 x ) = x , −1  x  1

6
 (3) The Inverse tangent and
cotangent functions

 
tan − 1 (tan x ) = x , −  x c o t − 1 (c o t x ) = x , 0 x
2 2
tan(tan −1
x) = x, −  x   c o t(c o t − 1 x ) = x , −  x  

7
7
 Graphs of All Inverse
Trigonometric Functions

You must STUDY

ALL graphs

8
 Illustrative Examples sin-1(-1/√2) is the
angle in the fourth
sin-1√3/2 is the angle
in the first quad.
quad. whose sine
whose sine is√3/2 is -1/√2

In general, we can prove that:

sin−1(−x) = − sin−1(x)
Proof : Let y = sin−1 ( − x )  − x = sin y  x = − sin y = sin( − y ) 
− y = sin −1 ( x )  y = − sin−1 ( x ) = sin−1 ( − x ) 9
 cos-1(-1/2) is the
Illustrative Examples angle in the second
cos-11/√2is the angle
quad. whose cosine
in the first quad.
is (-1/2)
whose cosine is 1/√2

In general, we can prove that:

cos−1(− x) = π − cos−1(x)
Proof : Let  =  − cos−1 ( x )  cos−1 ( x ) =  −   x = cos( −  ), use addition rule
x = cos . cos + sin  . sin = − cos  − x = cos   = cos−1 ( − x ).

OR - - - Proof : Let y = cos−1 ( − x )  − x = cos y  x = − cos y = cos( − y ) 

10
 − y = cos−1 ( x )  y =  − cos−1 ( x )  cos−1 ( − x ) =  − cos−1 ( x )
 Illustrative examples

Similar to the case of the inverse

sine, we can prove that:
tan−1(− x) = − tan−1(x)

11
 An additional rule

Look at the
opposite figure

Conclusion

Thus: cos−1 (x) = /2 - sin−1(x)

The above identity can be used to find the values of the inverse cosine function
in terms of the values of the inverse sine function.

What about
For example: Cos-1(-1/2)?
Cos-1(1/2) = /2 - sin-1(1/2) = /2 - /6 = /3 12
 Some Values

(1) sin−1(x) + sin−1(-x) =0

(2) cos−1(x) + cos−1(-x) =
(3) sin−1(x) + cos−1(x) = /2
(4) tan-1(x) + tan-1(-x) =0 13
 Dealing with the inverse functions
Example:
Let  = sin−1(2/3). Find the values of all basic trig.
functions of :
What about sin-1(- 2/3)?

Solution:
From the opposite triangle we
can see that: Sin-1(2/3) is the
angle α in 1st
quad., whose

sin  = 2/3 & cos  = 5 sine is 2/3

3
3
csc  = 3/2 & sec  = 5
2 5
tan  = & cot  =
5 2
14
 Examples
Find : The angle whose sin−1(−x) = − sin−1(x)
sine is 1/2

−1 1 = −1 1 
a) sin ( )  6  b) sin (− ) = − 6
sin (sin x ) = x , 2 −  x 
−1
2
2 2
sin (sin −1 x ) = x , −1  x  1 Reference Angle :
3
1 −1 −1 1 d ) sin −1 (sin )
c) sin(sin ( )), sin(sin (− )) 4
 
=
1 2 = −
1 2 = sin −1 (sin
4
)=
4
 3
2 2
−1 −1
d ) sin (sin ), sin (sin )
 6 4
=
6  
sin −1 (sin x ) = x , −  x15
2 2
 Examples
The angle whose
cosine is 1/√2

1
−1 
a ) cos ( )=?
2 4

−1 1 3
b) cos (− )=?
2 4

cos−1(−1/√2) = π − cos−1(1/√2)
= π - π/4 = 3 π/4
16
 Examples

1  
2
−1
a) tan  =
1
 /6

 3 6 3

−1
( )
b ) tan − 3 = − tan −1
( 3 ) = − / 3
−1 2 2 
c ) ta n (ta n )=? tan−1 (tan )=− ?
3 3 3

17
18
 Challenging examples
(a ) Let y = sec −1 ( x )
(1) Prove that:
1
 x = sec y =
1 cos y
(a ) sec−1 ( x ) = cos−1 ( ),
x 1 −1 1
−1 −1 1
 cos y =  y = cos ( )
(b ) csc ( x ) = sin ( ), x x
x 1
1  sec−1 ( x ) = cos−1 ( )
(c ) cot −1 ( x ) = tan −1 ( ), x
x

These rules are very useful. Why?

2 −1
−1
(2) Find the value of: cot[sec ( − ) + csc ( −2)]
3  −1 
“Without Calculator” =  19
 3
 Next Lecture
8. Hyperbolic functions

Sinh (0) = 0

The two basic functions

From the graphs find the

domains and ranges
of these functions cosh (0) = 1
20
Basic identities

Try to prove
them

Use the definitions

of:
Sinh (x) = (ex - e-x)/2
and
Cosh (x) = (ex + e-x)/2

21
Thank you

22